Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seGunya loMgaqo-siseko

IBhunga le-United States lifumana igunya lalo lowiso-mthetho kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ngokukodwa Igcisa I, efaka onke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwindlu yowiso-mthetho e-bimaral. Eli gunya alingomgqeba; lichazwa lize linyanzelwe ngononophelo lumbhalo woMgaqo-siseko, ukulungisa, kunye neenkulungwane zokucaciswa kwezogwebo. Ukuqonda oko iBhunga kusenokukufuna ukuvavanya amandla adwelisiweyo, amandla acacileyo, kunye nemisebenzi yokuhlola i-wistom.

Abalathisi bomGaqo-siseko bafuna ukwakha indlu yowiso-mthetho eyomeleleyo ngokwaneleyo ukulawula uhlanga olwakhulayo kodwa engekho mandla kangangokuba banyathele inkululeko yomntu ngamnye okanye imvume yamazwe. Baluphumeza olu mlinganiselo ngoluhlu lwamandla olunenkcukacha ku ISiqendu sesi-8, Icandelo [[, kwaye kusetyenziswa [[FLT:]] i-MCloch. [FLT] [5] [18] [19] [19], nto leyo enika iBhunga-Mbandeliyo ukwenza imisebenzi yayo eqingqiweyo.[5]

Ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu okubhaliweyo komgaqo-siseko, tyelela i [[FLT: 0].gov ulwahlulo lwenqaku I[FLT: 1].

Amandla Amiselweyo: Igunya Lengqungquthela

Amagunya adwelisiweyo ngala magunya akhethekileyo anikwe yiNgqungquthela. La magama aquka amandla erhafu yerhafu [[FLT: 0], , i-borrow yemali[[, [[FLT:] ii-ofisi zeposi [[FLT:], [[FLT]], [[FLT]], [[FLT]]], [[FLT]], [iiiiindlela ezithenjiweyo], [iiiindlela ezithenjiweyo], [[FLT], [FLT] kunye ne-ogracts , zisetyenziswa ngamandla athengwa kakhulu.[FLT] kwaye zisetyenziswa ngurhulumente ngamnye.

Urhwebo LweClaus

IChwetheza uClaus (Umbatho I, ICandelo 8, u-Classias 3) unika iNgqungquthela "ukulawula urhwebo nezizwe zasemzini, kunye namaZwe aliqela, kunye neZizwe laseIndiya. Eli binzana liye laba sisiseko somthetho omkhulu wesizwe, ukusuka kwi- iSikolo soMdamampuko woMsebenzi wezorhwebo [[[[FLT]]1]]] kumthetho we-[FLT][FLT]]]. Ukutolikwa kweNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo kutshintshiwe ixesha elide: ngexesha leNkuhla, iNkundla echazwe ngokubanziwa "kuthengiselelana kwezoshishino" ukuvumela ukuba kulawule nawu nawu nawu nawuphi na umsebenzi wezoqoqosho. Noko ke, [FLD][5]][5] [FFFF]] kunye ne-G:[5]

Ukuhlawula Irhafu Nokusebenzisa Amandla Emali

Igunya leBhunga lokuhlawula irhafu nokulisebenzisela "intlalo-ntle" (Icandelo lesi-8, u-Classia (1) yenye i-injini engundoqo yenkqubo karhulumente. Eli gunya livumela iKhomishini ukuba imisele irhafu inyuse kunye nemali efanelekileyo yeenkqubo ezisuka ku [] uKhuselo[[[FLT:]] oluphakathi] ne [[FLT]] Imisebenzi ye-[FFLT]1] [FFLT]]] kunye [FLT]] kunye [FFOLT]]. [incilcegosssss ezikhoyo zisetyenziswa ngokwemeko yemali ethile, umzekelo othe kka, wokufumana ingeniso ye-ogratoggggg.[2][10][10][10]]

Amagunya emfazwe nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Ingqungquthela ibamba isiqu samandla emfazwe [ ichaza imfazwe , kodwa uMongameli, njengoMlawuli kwiNtloko, unamandla okuthumela amajoni ngaphandle kwesaziso esisemthethweni. Amandla emfazwe e-Gawulayo ka 1973[[ uzama ukuchaza imida yesenzo sikamongameli ngokufuna ukuba uMongameli azise iNgqungquthela kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-49, ade aqhube amajoni kwaye arhoxe emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga ligunyazinze inyathelo eliqhubeke liqhubeka. Lo mthetho uye waqhutyelwa ngumthetho owe liqhutywe lisebe eliphethe igunya. [FFF] kwaye ugunyaze ulawulo lwelizwe lomkhosi wolawulo lwemikhosi.[5]

Amandla Asetyenziswayo Nokubaluleka Nokufanelekileyo KukaClaus

[[NTL:0]. I-Naclises ne The The tye Claus (Icandelo I, iCandelo 8, u-Claus 18) inika iBhunga igunya "lenza yonke iMithetho ezakufuneka kwaye ifaneleke ekuthwaleni iphulo" amandla ayo adwelisweyo. Eli binzana lingumthombo wamandla eBhunga [[FLT:]2] ] [amandla angadweliswanga ngokucacileyo] kodwa athathiwe ngokufanelekileyo yimithetho ekwizikhankankanyayo. Imeko ecacileyo ye [MCulkloch. v. Mary [[FLT]]] [FLT]]] [18]) imisela oko kumiselwe ibhanki yesizwe, nangona kungekho siseko somthetho-mthetho-siseko wesizwe, ngenxa yokuba ithenjiwe "intengiso, kunye nemali, kunye nemali enikwe "ityala, kunye nemali, kunye nemali efanele ukuboleka.

Amandla asetyenziswayo enze iNgqungquthela ukuba ivelise Inkqubo yeReserve eFederal , imisele amasebe aphetheyo [ njengendawo engqongileyo yokhuseleko, kwaye idlulise imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho ethintela isithuthi sezithuthi ezibiweyo. Umlinganiselo wamandla athenjiweyo ubanzi kodwa awupheli; iNkubekwa phantsi kwemithetho efunyanwa kungekho nxibelelwano naliphi na igunya eliphindaphindiweyo.

Isakhiwo Sengqungquthela: Ukusetyenziswa Kwezikhundla Zoluntu Nokudideka Kwaso

Ingqungquthela yahlulwe yaba ngamagumbi amabini: Indlu yabameli [[FLT: 1] kunye ne shente. Esi sakhiwo se-bizameral sasikulalanisa phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinci kwiNdibano yezomthetho kwaye sidala amandla ahlukeneyo omthetho-siseko.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu inamalungu ovota ahlukeneyo ngokwemiqathango yeminyaka emibini. Ngenxa yexesha elifutshane kunye nonyulo olungqalileyo, iNdlu isoloko ithathwa njengeyamkelekileyo kuluvo oluqhelekileyo. Indlu inamandla apheleleyo e- amaphepha emali emali [[ (Icandelo l, iCandelo le 7, Claus 1) kunye ne-alumin amagosa asekuhlaleni []] (ISiqengqele I, ICandelo 2, Claus5]. Indlu I-Groute ilawula ukuhanjiswa komthetho kumgangatho, inika ulawulo olubalulekileyo lweqela lomthetho.

IBhunga

IBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi linamalungu ali-100, amabini ngesizwe, asebenza iminyaka emithandathu. Amabinzana amade eNdlu yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nomelo olusekelwe kurhulumente lwenza ingabi namdla kwaye ikhuseleke kakhulu ekujijijekeni koluvo lwasekuhlaleni. IBhunga liphethe amagunya apheleleyo kumongameli [ [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] iqinisekisa amatyala oonozakubekwa-mongameli [ (kuquka abagwebi bamakhabhabha, abagwebi borhulumente, nabagwebi beNku-Onkela) kunye [[FLT]] nezenzo zokuvota ezithiweyo eziziiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii. IB. Ngokufuthene, i-Pigres .

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka KwiBhili Ukuya Kumthetho

Uhambo lwetyala eliya kwiiKhonkxamentu lunzima yaye luquka amanyathelo amaninzi, ngalinye elenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba liza kuphendula ngokucokisekileyo kwezopolitiko.

Ukwazisa kunye nokubuyisela

Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga lingangenisa ityala. Ngoko ityala libhekiswa kwikomiti emile kakuhle esekelwe kumbandela walo. Umzekelo, ityala lonyango lisiya kwi- [[FLT: 0] IKomiti yeNdlu kunye nezorhwebo okanye [[FLT]] Senate Health, Education, Labor, kunye nePenssions Committee. Isitulo sekomiti sidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ngaba umbathi uyawufumana na umlomo.

Isenzo seKomiti

IiKomiti zisoloko zibizwa ngokuba "ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezincinane" kuba zisenza owona msebenzi untsonkothileyo ematyala. Zibamba iindlebe, zimema ubungqina obunobuchule, zize ziqwalasele utshintsho kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi "makethe-upha." Iikomiti zingavota ukuchaza ityala ngokufanelekileyo, ngokungafanelekanga, okanye ngokulungisa. Ityala lingafa kwakhona ukuba ikomiti ayithathi nyathelo. Iikomiti ezingaphantsi zisoloko zisingatha uhlolo lokuqala, kwaye ikomiti epheleleyo ngoko isenokuphikisana nezincomelo zekomiti engaphantsi.

Ukuze ufumane uqwalaselo lwezabelo zekomiti zangoku kunye negunya, bona i .gov iphepha lekomiti.

Ulwandiso

Kwindlu, ingxoxo yomgangatho ibekelwe umda yiKomiti yeMimiselo, emisela ixesha lengxoxo, neziphi iinguquko ezivumelekileyo. KwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, impikiswano isoloko ingenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba kukhutshelwe ihlwili. Ii-Arhente zinganika i-germane-mentements[, umkhwa owaziwayo ngokuba "ngabaqhubi," onokudibanisa imigaqo engahambelaniyo kwiintlawulo ezimele zidluliselwe. Igumbi elipheleleyo ngoko linokuvota kwimali. Imithetho emininzi ifuna uninzi olulula ukudlula, kodwa izenzo ezithile. "ezifana nokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ophezulu okanye orhwasa i-anti."

Uxolelwaniso Phakathi Kwamagumbi

Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlela yeNdlu yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, ikomiti evumelanayo ekhiwe ngamalungu avela kuzo zombini iigumbi ithethana ngolalaniso. Le ngxelo yengqungquthela ngoko ibuyiselwa kuzo zombini iigumbi ukwenzela ukuvota okuphezulu okanye okuhlayo, kungekho zilungiso. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kweekomiti zengqungquthela kuye kwaphelelwa ukuxhasa ukuxoxa okungacwangciswangacwangciswanga kunye noqheliselo "indlela yokulungisa i-pong," apho kudluliswa khona ukurhoxiswa nokuphuma komphindwa kwamacala de kufikelelwe emva koko isivumelwano.

Isenzo soMongameli

Xa omabini afumana imali efanayo, ithunyelwa kuMongameli. UMongameli uneentsuku ezilishumi (ukrwela iiCawa) ukuze enze. Iinketho ziquka: ukusayina ireyithi yomthetho, ukuyibuyisela (ukuyibuyisela kwiKhomishini ngokuphikisa), okanye ukuyiyeka ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino (ukuba iBhunga likwintlanganiso). Ukuba uMongameli uvatoes, iBhunga linokuqhubana noninzi oluzii-isithathu emagumbini omabini. Ingxowa yenzeke xa uMongameli engatyiki umthetho kunye nengqungquthela kusuku lweshumi lonyaka ifa.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Ulawulo oluseburhulumenteni kunye nolawulo olungqongqo

UMgaqo-siseko umisela inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwamasebe amathathu. Ingqungquthela inezixhobo eziliqela zokuhlola amasebe alawulayo nagwebayo, ngoxa nawo enyanzelwa ngawo.

Ukulawula kwesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

IKhomishini iqhuba ulawulo ngokuchotshelwa, uphando, izicelo zamaxwebhu, kunye nee-poenas. Iikomiti ezikhoyo zisoloko zibiza amagosa aseburhulumenteni ukuba anikele ubungqina. I-ofisi yeGovernment Accounting (GAO) kunye [[FLT]] ne-[FLT] Congress ezizimeleyo zoNyaka zoHlawulo (CBO)[FLT] [FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT]] inika amagosa angophi nako. IBhunga elizimeleyo linika uHlulekiso-mthetho. [[FLT] uMthetho-NS

Amandla Okufikelela

Indlu yabameli inamandla okuphela okungamele amagosa karhulumente, kuquka uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, kunye nabagwebi. I-Impeace iyayigunyazisa ityala; ifuna ivoti elula. [i-SAN] ngoku iqhuba ukuvavanywa, iJaji enguMongameli oyintloko weNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo elawula ukuvavanywa komongameli, kunye nabagwebi abagwebi. Ukunconywa kususa igosa-ofisi kwaye kufuna ivoti ezimbini-zi. Eli gunya lisetyenziswe ngokungenalusilo (Andreny Johnson, uBill Clinton, no-Dracdmin) beliye bahlulwa yindlu ebon, yaye bengabonswe yiNt.

Ukuqinisekisa kunye neSivumelwano

IBhunga leNtlanganiso kufuneka linikezele "imvume kunye nemvume" kumadinga omongameli kunye nezivumelwano. Kumadinga, uvoti olulula, uvoti oluninzi luqinisekisa ii-minenene, nangona i-filibuster iye yasetyenziselwa inkundla esezantsi de "ukhetho lwenyukliya" iyishenxise kuninzi lwabathunywa ngaphandle koogxa babalawuli abaphezulu beNkundla ePhakamileyo (ukusukela ngo-2017 ukuya phambili, kuphela uninzi olufunekayo). Ucango-mthetho lufuna ivoti-yo yesithathu esibini ukuba ivunywe. Umongameli kwakhona angangena kwizivumelwano ze- ezithi zipheleyo kwizivumelwano zezoNkundla yeNkundla ePhakakhulu leNkundla (ukuyamanyeneyo, ukusuka kuseNtshona Koloni]) kunye namazwe afunangafuni neenkcukacha zeNkomvo, kodwa ezigunyazisayo ngokusemthethweni kwimithetho yolawulo lwexesha elizayo.

Ingqungquthela Ijongisisa Ngengoma

IBhunga lingaguqula igunya leenkundla (ezithobela imida yomgaqo-siseko), limise okanye liphelise iinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo, lize licebise ukuba kulungiswe izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ngaphezu koko, iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abagwebi besizwe banendima enkulu ekulungiseni icandelo lejaji.

Imida Kumandla Engqungquthela

UMgaqo-siseko ukwabeka imiqathango ekhethekileyo kwiKhongozelo ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nolawulo lorhulumente. Ingqungquthela ayinakudlula [[[FLT: 0] izijungqu zesixhobo sokufumana (isohlwayo esikhoyo ngaphandle kokuvavanywa), [ esithe ngqo semithetho yeposi [ [iizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho] [izenzo ezisemthethweni [ziyathi], okanye [[FLT]] isohlwayo] yehabeaspuspus[[[FLT:]] (kunye kumatyala emvukelo okanye ukuhlasela). [[FLT] iziko] ezisetyenziswayo phantsi kwegunya eligunya eligunya eligunyazweyo.[FLD]] [FLT]]

Ukongeza, uHlaziyo lweNkqutyana (Ulwandiso 5) lunika iNgqungquthela amandla okunyanzela amalungiselelo ayo, athe iNkundla Ephakamileyo yawatolika ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezifana namalungelo oluntu kunye namalungelo okuvota, kodwa kwakhona yanyanzelwa kwiimeko ezifana iDolot of Boerne v. Flores [1997], okuthi kusikelele amandla eNkuchaza amalungelo omgaqo-siseko wamalungelo ngaphaya koko kuqwalaselwe yiNkundla ngokwayo.

Iimbambano Zexesha Elilandelayo Negunya Elilawulayo

Umlinganiselo wamandla ombuso uhlala ungumbandela wengxoxo enzulu yezopolitiko neyomthetho. Impikiswano enjengeyoburhulumente , egcina ukuba iNgqungquthela yesebe yesebe ingakwazi ukukhupha igunya layo lomthetho, iye yaphelelwa ubukhulu becala ukususela kuma-1930, kodwa kutshanje amatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo afana [[FLT:]. [iiii-omatiliti], elithi liba libambele ukuba iNgqungquthelane yemithetho-siseko yemithetho yezomthetho, iye yayeka ukunikezela ubukhulu bayo ukususela kuma-1930, kodwa ityala aphezulu eCequlurgion anjenge . [i-iPUT][FLD] [25:2] [202] [202]) ivuselk'ediasethi ye-BB.

Ezinye iimpikiswano ezikhoyo ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yoxolelwano [[FLT: 0] ukugqithisa umthetho omkhulu kuphela ngendlu yendlu yemida (ngokudlulisa iNdlu yeNdlu yeSikolo), ubugqeba bomgaqo-siseko we [ obunomthetho-siseko we-'putepoenas kuxwebhu nobungqina, kunye nemida yamandla alawulayo kwiindawo ezifana i-'ethenwa yi-'at''''''', [[FLT] umgaqo wesiseko sesebe [[FLT]], kunye nolawulo olulawulayolulo] oluthe rhoqo. [FLT:]

Ngokungakumbi kwimfundiso engabekwanga mthethweni kunye neziphumo zayo zale mihla, bona le [[FLT: 0] Ingxelo yeNkonzo yophando lonikezelo malunga nokwahlulwa kwamandla.

Isiphelo: Igunya Eliphilayo Lengqungquthela

Igunya lowiso-mthetho loMbutho lisekelwe ngokunzulu kwinkqubo yantlandlolo yomgaqo-siseko kwaye lisoloko licazululwa ngoqheliselo, umzekelo, kunye nokucaciswa kwezomthetho. Ngeli xesha lamandla adwelisweyo anika isiseko, iMpatho-siseko eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo ka-Claus ivumela iNgqungquthela ukuba ivumelane neemfuno zohlanga lwangoku. Kwangaxeshanye, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, ulawulo, kunye namalungiselelo angomnye amalungelo asebenza njengokuthintela ukuphamba. Abafundi bakarhulumente, abafundisi, kunye nabemi abathembise, ukuqonda okucacileyo oko kunokwenziwa yiBhunga-Romslamsko-omstyhaka-odom, kwaye kumele ukuba abameli abanyuliweyo baphendule.

Ukuhlolisisa umsebenzi wangoku wowiso-mthetho kunye neendleko zemali ngexesha lokwenene, sebenzisa i- Congress.gov webhsayithi.