Table of Contents
Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke, ukusasazwa kwegunya likarhulumente phakathi kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, anegunya, kunye nezomthetho, kuveza isiseko sokulawula. (icandelo lolawulo oluphezulu). Oku kwahlulwa kwamagunya, okuqale kucaciswe sisithandi sobulumko esikhanyiselwe nguMontesquieu, kuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekuqokeleleni ulawulo olungathintelwanga. Ngokubeka umthetho, nokucaciswa komthetho ukuze kwahlukane namaziko, ulawulo lwedemokhrasi olunamandla okwaziwa njengeecheke-e nemilinganiselo elungeleleneyo. Ukuqonda ezi misebenzi akuyo nje kuphela kubafundi bezaphuli-mthetho kodwa nabani na ofuna ukuqhubana norhulumente wakhe. Eli nqaku lilungiselela ukuvavanywa kolawulo olunentsingiselo lwesebe ngalinye, imisebenzi yabo, ukudibana, ukudibana, kunye nokuzigcina okugxeka okugcina idemokhrasi.
Isebe Lomthetho: Injini Yokwenza Imithetho
Isebe lowiso-mthetho linembopheleleko eyintloko yokwenza, ukuphikisana, nokumisela imithetho elawula uhlanga. Kwinkoliso yeenkqubo zedemokhrasi, liqulu-okanye amagumbi amabini .Iyindawo elungelelanisiweyo ukulinganisa umelo phakathi kombutho osekelwe kubemi nommandla. Umzekelo, iUnited States Congress iquka iNdlu yabameli neCathera, ngelixa iPalamente yoManyeneyo iquka iNdlu yeeNdlu zoQoqo neNdlulo lweNkosi. Ngaphandle kolwakhiwo, imisebenzi engundoqo yendlu yowiso-mthetho ihlala ime ngokutyibilikayo: umelo, ulawulo, ulawulo, kunye nogunyaziso lweziko.
Ukwakhiwa Komthetho
Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ze-Badameral zisebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kwigumbi eliphezulu kunye negumbi elisezantsi, ngalinye elinesiseko sokhetho olukhethekileyo kunye nobude. Igumbi elisezantsi .Indlu yabameli . "Indlu yabameli" inyulwe ngqo ngabantu, enezihlalo ezahlulwe ngabantu. Amalungu asebenza izihlalo ezimfutshane, ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka emibini, eqinisekisa ukuba ahlala esabelana noluntu. Igumbi eliphezulu [“engako iCanternet" ngokulinganayo, ngokulingana neendawo, ngemiqathango emide (iminyaka emithandathu e-U.S.) ukulungiselela ukuzinza nokuqhubekeka. Ezinye iidemodefiliti, njengeKhanada, amisela amalungu egumbini eliphezulu kunokuba abanyulele, avumele ubuchule kunye nokuzimela. Iinkqubo zokungalawule, ezifumaneka kumazwe afana ne-Sweden, onke amaqela amaqela eekhonkile, kodwa anyusa i-eromil-emil.
Imisebenzi naMagunya Asekuqaleni
Ukwenza umthetho: Isebe lowiso-mthetho liqala, linempikiswano, lilungisa, livote kumatyala. Naliphi na ilungu lingacebisa umthetho, nangona amatyala amaninzi ephuma kwiikomiti apho iingcali zemibandela isulungekisa ulwimi. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukufundwa okuninzi, ukuva, kunye neekomiti zengqungquthela ukuxolelanisa umahluko phakathi kwamagumbi. Emva kokudlula zombini izindlu, incwadi yesandla ishukumagunyazo okanye iveto.
Ulwahlulo: Abameli basebenza njengelizwi labameli babo, bekhuthaza iimfuno zobulali ngexesha beqwalasela izilangazelelo zesizwe. Badibana nabemi, baphendule kwimibuzo, kwaye bazise amaxhala engingqi kwiqonga lesizwe. Olu nxulumano olungqalileyo phakathi kolawulo lolawulo-demokhrasi norhulumente luphawu logunyaziso lwedemokhrasi.
Ukugqithisa: Ngezimvo zekomiti, uphando, kunye nezicelo zamaxwebhu, isebe lewino-mthetho lijonga ukuphunyezwa kwesebe elilawulayo lemithetho. Umzekelo, iKhomishini yesebe eliphetheyo iyakwazi ukukhokela amagosa aphezulu e-poena, inyanzela ubungqina, kwaye iqalisa imibuzo etyholwa ukuba iphosakele. Lo msebenzi uqinisekisa ukuba umphathi ophetheyo uhlala enoxanduva kubameli babantu. Umqulu oluncedo wokujongana noxanduva lubugqeshoba [[FLT:]USA].
Amandla eBreatriarity: Imithetho ibambe “amandla engxowa-mali.” Kufuneka ivumele zonke iindleko zemali nerhafu karhulumente. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, umphathi ucebisa uqingqo-mali, kodwa indlu yowiso-mthetho icebisa iingxoxo kunye namavoti kuyo. Ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho, akukho mali inokukhululwa, inika indlu yowiso-mthetho isongelelo esikhulu phezu kwemithetho.
Iimbopheleleko Ezongezelelekileyo
Kwakhona izikhululo zowiso-mthetho ezininzi ziqinisekisa ukumiswa kwabalawuli abaphezulu, izivumelwano ze-rafy, kunye ne-(in systems), zinegunya lokukhupha amagosa aphezulu okanye agwebayo. Umzekelo, iNdlu yeeNkundla ye-U.S. iqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi abaPhakamileyo kunye noonobhala-mthetho abaphezulu, kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yezomthetho iqalisa izicelo zokungagunyazi. La mandla aqinisa ukuxhomekeka kobugxala-mali phakathi kwamasebe.
Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Ukuthobela Imithetho Yohlanga
Isebe elilawulayo libekwa ityala lokumisa imithetho, ukulungiselela iinkqubo zikarhulumente, ukuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, nokulawula ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Likhokelwa ngumongameli (kwinkqubo yomongameli) okanye ngumphathiswa omkhulu (kwimigaqo yepalamente), oxhaswa likhabhathi kunye nesebe elikhulu. Ukuphumelela kwegunya eliphetheyo kuxhomekeke kubuchule balo bokuguqulela iinjongo zomthetho kwisenzo esiqinisekileyo.
Isakhiwo solawulo oluphezulu
Kwinkqubo zomongameli ezinjenge-United States, umongameli uyintloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente, unyulwe ngokwayo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Umongameli umisela oonobhala--8.Iinkokeli zesebe eliphetheyo elinjengoKhuselo, uRhulumente, kunye ne-Otherine(sss) ezithobela uqinisekiso lowiso-mthetho. Ngaphantsi kwekhabhinethi uxoka uburhulumente, ubungameli, ii-ofisi, kunye nee-ofisi ezizalisekisa iinkqubo ezisukela kukhuseleko lwentlalo-ntlalo-ntle.
Iinkqubo zePalamente ezifana neUnited Kingdom zisebenza njengeNkulumbuso engumphathi-mikhosi, ngoxa umongameli okanye umongameli wesithethe ekhonza njengentloko karhulumente. Ngokuqhelekileyo umphathi-nkulu uyinkokeli yeqela elininzi kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, eqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso olusondeleyo phakathi kwemimiselo yesebe eliphetheyo neyowiso-mthetho. Oku kudityaniswa kwamagunya kungakhawulezisa ukwenza umthetho kodwa kusenokunciphisa ubunzulu bovavanyo nokulungelelanisa.
Amagunya Nemisebenzi
Umthetho onyanzelisayo: Igunya eliphetheyo liqinisekisa ukuba yonke imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho iyaphunyezwa. Oku kubandakanya ukukhupha imimiselo, ukuvavanya, nokuvelela amasebe okunyanzelisa umthetho. Umzekelo, iSebe leSigwebo le-U.S. linyanzelisa imimiselo yorhulumente, ngelixa i-Agency yeNkunganiso yokuKhuselwa kweNkathela isebenza umoya ococekileyo kunye nemithetho yamanzi.
Imicimbi yasebuRhadeni neTreasure: Isigqeba simela ilizwe kuthungelwano-zwe lonke, izivumelwano, kwaye siyalela imikhosi exhobileyo. EUnited States, imiqondiso kamongameli, kodwa ifuna i-ratiation (ivoti yesithathu se-STATE). Igunya eliphetheyo likwakhupha nemiyalelo yolawulo oluphezulu lukarhulumente ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ngumthetho, nangona imiyalelo enjalo inokuthi iguqulwe ngabaphathi bexesha elizayo okanye itshatyala.
IVEto Power: Kwinkqubo zomongameli, isebe eliphetheyo lingawulawula umthetho odluliselwe yiKhonkxa. Oku kusebenza njengovavanyo olukhulu: indlu yowiso-mthetho ingawususa umgangatho kuphela ngoo-3 abaninzi kuzo zombini iigumbi, nto leyo enzima ukuyifumana. Iveto inyanzela ukuyekelela kwaye ithintele umthetho wendlu yowiso-mthetho ekumiseleni imithetho isikhulu esithatha izithuba sobugqeba okanye ukungalumki.
Iprojekthi ye-BP: Umphathi ophambili ulungiselela kwaye anikeze uqingqo-mali oluneenkcukacha kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, echaza izinto eziza kuqala kusetyenziswa kunyaka ozayo. Ngexa indlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka ivume, izicelo zegunya leqela zibumba ingxoxo kwaye zicwangcise ulwano olusisiseko.
Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje
Isebe eliphetheyo liye lakhula kakhulu kwaye lafikelela kubungakanani benkulungwane edlulileyo. Oku kwandiswa kuphakamise inkxalabo malunga “norhulumente wolawulo”" qha, abaphathi abagunya elibalulekileyo lokumisela umthetho. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi oku kulula ukujongela phantsi ulawulo lwedemokhrasi, ngeli lixa abaxhasi bephikisa ukuba ulawulo lwale mihla oluntsonkothileyo lufuna ubuchule. Ukujongana nolawulo olulungeleleneyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho nokuhlola kusebalulekile ukugcina amandla olawulo lweziko.
Isebe Lezahlulelo: Ukutolika Umthetho Nokukhusela Amalungelo
Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho, licombulule iimpikiswano, liqinisekise ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente ziyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko. Isebenza ngenqanaba lenkundla, ukusuka kwiinkundla zamatyala zasekuhlaleni ukuya kwinkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe. Ukuzimele kwejaji. /ukukhululeka kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika /ukubalulekile ukwenzela okusesikweni nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye.
Isakhiwo Sendlu Yomculo
Inkoliso yeedemokhrasi zinenkqubo yenkundla ephindiweyo. Emazantsi kukho iinkundla zamatyala, apho kuthethwa khona amatyala, kunikelwa ubungqina, kwaye amajaji angagqiba izibakala. Ngaphezu kwazo ziinkundla ezijongene neempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni, ezihlola izigqibo zezomthetho-siseko. Entla kuhlala inkundla ephakamileyo (okanye inkundla yezomgaqo-siseko), eyenza ingcaciso yokugqibela yomgaqo-siseko kwaye izinzisa imithetho ephikisanayo kwiinkundla ezisezantsi. Abagwebi bamiselwa ngokusesikweni ngabalawuli abaphezulu nabalawuli bemithetho esemthethweni, okanye kwamanye amazwe, abanyulwa ngurhulumente okanye abamiselwe yikomiti yezomthetho ezimeleyo.
Iimbopheleleko Zeentambo
Imithetho engenisayo: Iinkundla zicacisa intsingiselo yemimiselo nemithetho xa kuvela iimpikiswano. Umzekelo, ukuba umthetho uthi “iivili azivumelekanga kwiipaki,” inkundla kufuneka igqibe ukuba izithuthuthu zombane zibala njengezithuthi. Lo msebenzi wokutolika uqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa okungaguquguqukiyo komthetho.
[[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review: Esona sixhobo sinamandla sejaji sinegunya lokuvakalisa imithetho okanye imisebenzi yolawulo lungangqubani. Eli gunya, elimiselwe eUnited States Joudial bury v. Madison [1803] [iiiintloko-mthetho], livumela iinkundla ukuba ziphelise izenzo zikarhulumente ezichasene nomgaqo-siseko. Amagunya afanayo akwimigangatho emininzi yedemocrafication, nangona ngezahluke: iNkunga okuPhakathiswa kweNkundla ye-UK inokuthi icelele “impikiswano yeBhosahlulo lokuhambelana kwemeko” kodwa ayikwazi ukubetha umthetho oyintloko ngenxa yolawulo lwepalamente.
[[NTLA:0] Isigqibo seNkundla sinika uxanduva lobundilele ekucombululeni iingxabano phakathi kwabantu, imibutho, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. Ngezilingo zoburhulumente nezezaphuli-mthetho, baphumeza imigwebo, iimali, izalathiso, kunye nemiyalelo.
Ukukhusela Amalungelo: Ijudiaring khusela amalungelo asisiseko anjengenkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Iimeko zophawulo njenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954] yagawula ucalulo lohlanga, lo gama imarand v. Arizonary[[FLT:] [196] yamisela amalungelo okumangalelwa. Ngokuthobela ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, iinkundla zisebenza njengendawo ekhusela ulawulo oluchasene nolawulo lolawulo oluphezulu.
Inkululeko neNkxaso
Ukuphakamisa ukungakhethe, abagwebi basoloko benandipha ukubekwa okanye imibandela emide kunye nokukhuselwa ekuncitshisweni komvuzo. Noko ke, bahlala benoxanduva lweendlela ezifana nokucetyiswa kwemithetho yabo engafanelekanga nokuhlolisiswa nguwonke-wonke. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwenkululeko nokuziphendulela lubuthathaka; umlinganiselo ogqithisileyo ungabangela ukungakhathaleli, ngoxa ulawulo lwezobupolitika oluninzi lungakuphelisa ukuthemba. Kwingxoxo enzulu ngokuhlola ucalulo, i-Cornell Information Institute yolwazi lwasemthethweni lungumthombo obalaseleyo wokuhlola ikomiti yezemthetho []
Iindlela Zokusebenzisana Nesebe
Iingqiniba kunye nolungelelwano lubuchule obunceda isebe ngalinye likwazi ukulinganisela amandla amanye. Kunokuba libe yingcamango nje yengcinga, ezi ntshukumo zenzeka yonke imihla kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Olu luhlu lulandelayo lushwankathela uvavanyo olungundoqo:
| Branch | Check on Others | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Legislative | Oversees executive actions; approves appointments and treaties; can impeach and remove; controls funding | Congress holds hearings on presidential conduct |
| Executive | Vetoes legislation; appoints judges; commands military; conducts foreign diplomacy | President vetoes a bill passed by Congress |
| Judicial | Declares laws unconstitutional; reviews executive orders; interprets legal disputes | Supreme Court strikes down a statute |
Ezinye ii-checks ezibalulekileyo ziquka amandla owiso-mthetho okuphelisa i-veto (ukufuna ukulawulwa okuphezulu), amandla omphathi okukhupha ingxolelo (ukungagwebi ngokusesikweni), namandla okugweba okuvakalisa izenzo zegunya elilawulayo ngaphandle komthetho. Oku kuthintela intsebenziswano kunye nokulalanisa, kuthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni abanye.
Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yeengqikelelo ezisebenzayo
Ngo- 1974, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yayalela uMongameli Nixon ukuba akhuphe iikhasethi zeWatergate, eqinisekisa ukuba akukho sigqeba siphezulu kunomthetho. Esi siganeko sakhokelela ekuyekeni kukaNixon, sibonakalisa iimvavanyo zomthetho nezowiso-mthetho kugunyazo. Kutshanje, iBhunga lisebenzise igunya lalo ukuphanda izenzo zesebe elilawulayo, kwaye oomongameli baye basebenzisa i-vetoes ukubumba umthetho.
Ukubaluleka Kokwahlukana Kwamandla
Ukwahlukana kwamagunya akuyonto nje yokwakha, kodwa kusisiseko solawulo olulinganiselweyo nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ngokwahlula-hlula igunya, ulawulo-melo luthintela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla akhokelela kwingcinezelo. Imizekelo yembali, efana nezixhobo zolawulo lookumkani beYurophu kunye nemikhosi yezolawulo-mthetho yanamhlanje, ibonisa oko kwenzekayo xa isebe elinye lilawula. Ngokwahlukileyo, ulawulo-mthetho-siseko olugcina ukwahlulwa okusempilweni nokulungeleleneyo luthambeka ekukhuseleni amalungelo ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kwaye lukhuthaze uzinzo lwezobupolitika.
Iingenelo Zabemi
- [[Ukhuseleko:0] Ukhuseleko ngokuxhatshazwa: Akukho mdlali omnye onokubhaqa, irhafu, okanye abemi abathulileyo ngaphandle kokukhangela kwamanye amasebe.
- Uxanduva lwemali: Isebe ngalinye lingabhenca kwaye lilungise ukuziphatha okubi kwezinye, ukugcina urhulumente ecace gca.
- [[Umthetho:0] Ukhupho-mthetho oluninzi lwesigqibo: inqaku lesigqibo liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ixakene ngokucokisekileyo phambi kokumiswa, ukucutha imigaqo engxamile okanye engenziwanga kakuhle.
- [[Ukhuseleko lobunyani: 0] Ukhuseleko lwe-Judicial: iinkundla ezizimeleyo zingakhusela amalungelo amancinane kwintshukumisa ezininzi okanye ukuphangwa kwegunya.
Ucelomngeni Neziqu Zabantu
Ukwahlukana kwamandla kungenza ulawulo oluphezulu, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zomongameli apho umlawuli kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho ilawulwa ngamaqela awahlukeneyo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi maxa wambi impumelelo iyaphumelela kwaye impendulo yengxaki isenokucotha. Noko ke, abaxhasi baphendula ngokuthi ukucotha, ulawulo lwamabhongo lukhetha ukuthatha inyathelo elikhawulezayo, elingathintelwanga. Isitshixo sixhomekeke ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano oluvumela urhulumente osebenzayo ngaphandle kokuncama inkululeko.
Isebe Elithathu Elenziweyo: Imbono Ethelekisayo
Ngeli xesha imodeli yesithathu yebranch ingulawulo-bume jikelele, uzalisekiso lwayo luyehluka-hluka kakhulu. EUnited States, ulwahlulo olucacileyo lukhona ngee-checks eziqinileyo. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente ezifana neJamani okanye iIndiya, umphathi onegunya uphuma kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, efinyeza ukwahlukana kodwa eyomeleza intsebenziswano. Ijudicary kwiinkqubo ezinjalo isoloko ibamba amandla omeleleyo okuhlola. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zinceda abemi kuyo nayiphi na idemokhrasithi yendlela yabo ekhethekileyo echaphazela ulawulo-mpumente. Kwinkangeleko yomahluko, IDEA'S
Isiphelo
Ukuqondwa ngokucokisekileyo kwamasebe owiso-mthetho, alawulayo, kunye nezomthetho kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Isebe ngalinye lineembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo, kodwa libotshelelwe ngenkqubo yokuvelelana abagcini-mikhosi abajongeneyo nabalawuli abachasene nomthetho. Ngokufunda ezi misebenzi, abafundisi banika izibonelelo eziphezulu, kwaye abalawuli bewonga imigaqo yezomthetho bayazichaza. Njengabemi bethu, umsebenzi wethu uhlala usazile, ukuvota, kwaye ubamba onke amasebe ahlala ethembekile, nangona ngamanye amaxesha edideko kwaye ecotha, ukhusela inkululeko yaye uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala ethembekile ebantwini. Ngokufunda ezi misebenzi, abaphathi-mikhosi abafundisayo abanolwazi ngemigaqo-demokhrasi. Njengobahlali, umsebenzi wethu umele ukugcinwa, ukuvota, kwaye ugcina onke amasebe ajonge inkqubo yexesha lokuhlala.
Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, umgaqo-siseko wogcino-lwazi lwelizwe iinkcukacha zokwahlula kwasekuqaleni kwamandla e-U.S. kunye ne Ikhonrever. isikhokelo somthetho-mthetho senkqubo yegov sikhanyisa indlela izijungqu eziba ngumthetho ngayo.