Ukwazisa

Ulawulo lwedemokhrasi luyaphumelela xa abemi beneendlela ezizizo zokubumba imithetho abahlala phantsi kwayo. Phakathi kwezixhobo ezinamandla zokuthabatha inxaxheba ngqo kubami zinyathelo lokuvota kunye nee-arhenteum. Ezi nkqubo zivumela abavoti ukuba baphume okanye bahlole ngezantsi //okanye iziphumo zabo ezinyuliweyo kwimibuzo ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo. Ngeli xesha benenxaxheba kumsebenzi oqhelekileyo wokuvota kawonke-wonke, inyathelo lokwenza inyathelo kunye neengxoxo ezithelekelelwayo ziyahluka kwimvelaphi, iinkqubo, neenjongo. Ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi ngamnye obaluleke ngayo nakweliphi na ivoti ebhatiweyo. Eli nqaku linika ukujonga zonke izixhobo, kuquka neengcambutho zazo zembali, ii-procedials, iimpembelelo zokwenene zehlabathi, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo ezikhoyo ekusetyenzweni kwazo.

Yintoni Imidlalo Eyingozi?

Inyathelo lokuvota liyinkqubo enika abemi amandla okucebisa ngokungqalileyo umthetho omtsha okanye ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho osungulwe ngummisi-mthetho, inyathelo lokuqala liqala kubantu. Ukuba abaququzeleli baqokelela intsayino ezaneleyo ezisebenzayo ezivela kubavoti ababhalisiweyo kwi-frame yexesha elichaziweyo, umlinganiselo ocetyiweyo uyakufanelekela ukufakwa kwelothi. NgoSuku lokhetho, lonke unyulo lonyulo lugqiba ukuba uthathe umlinganiselo kusini na kusini na.

Iindidi Zokuqala Zebhola

Asizizo zonke inyathelo elithatha inyathelo elisebenza ngendlela efanayo. Iindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo ze:

  • I-Direct Initation: Xa utyikityo olufunekayo luqinisekisiwe, umlinganiselo uhamba ngqo kwivoti ethandwayo. Le yimodeli eqhelekileyo kumazwe anjenge California ne Oregon.
  • Inyathelo elingangqalanga: Emva kokuba kuqokelelwe utyikityo, izicelo zinikezelwa kuqala kwindlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente. Ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho iyayidlulisa, imilinganiselo iba ngumthetho ngaphandle kwevoti kawonke-wonke. Ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho iyala okanye ayithathi nyathelo, inyathelo lokuqala ngoko liya kwibholathi. Le modeli isetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge-Maine ne-Massachusetts.

Indlela yokwenza

Nangona imithetho echanileyo yahluka ngokwamandla, ibhayisekile eqhelekileyo ehamba phambili ilandela la manyathelo:

  1. Ifaka iProtosal: Izilawuli-mahlelo ``````''''''amaqela e-advocation''', iminqongo, okanye abemi babucala] ukurhwebisa umbhalo womthetho ocetyisiweyo okanye womvakaliso-siseko. Uhlolo lwasemthethweni luqhelekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba olo lwimi lucacile kwaye luyasebenza.
  2. Ukuhamba namagosa: Idrafti ifakwa kwiofisi yonyulo karhulumente, enokunika isiqu esisemthethweni kunye nesishwankathelo. Kwamanye amazwe, ibhodi yokuhlola ivavanya ukuthobela kunye nokudityaniswa okusemthethweni.
  3. [[FLT: 0] Iqela lophawu lonobumba:[[FLT: 1] Abajikelezi kunye namatsha - ntliziyo aqokelela utyikityo olusuka kubavoti ababhalisiweyo. Inani elifunekayo lidla ngokuba yipesenti yamavoti aphoswe kunyulo lwakutshanje lwerhuluneli okanye umongameli.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Uqinisekiso: Amagosa okhetho ajonga utyikityo ngalunye ngokuchasene neerekhodi zobhaliso lovoti. Utyikityo olungangqinelaniyo okanye olungaluyo kubavoti abangabhaliswanga iyalahlwa. Ukuba ubalo lusilela, umlinganiselo awufezeki.
  5. [[FLT: 0] Indawo efihlakeleyo: Xa iqinisekisiwe, umlinganiselo unikwa inani okanye ileta kwaye uvela kwi blott. Amaphecana olwazi lolwazi lolwimi lwe Voter asasazwa rhoqo.
  6. Ikhampaign kunye noluvo: Abaxhasi kunye nabachasi. Ngosuku lonyulo, abavoti baphawula ukhetho lwabo. Imilinganiselo emininzi ifuna uninzi olulula ukudlula, nangona iinguquko zomGaqo-siseko maxa wambi zifuna intlawulo enkulu.
  7. [[UMTL: 0] Ubuchule: Ukuba ugqithisiwe, umlinganiselo uba ngumthetho, ngokufuthi unomhla osebenzayo ochazwe kumlinganiselo ngokwawo. Umthetho udla ngokungabinako ukuphinda uthathe amanyathelo agunyazisiweyo ngaphandle kokuvota okulandelayo.

Ziyintoni IiReferendendom?

I-axistendim yivoti engqalileyo evotiweyo ngomvoti okhethekileyo kwisicelo esiqhelekileyo esivela kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho okanye kwelinye igunya lorhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo neenyathelo, ezingowabemi-driven, ngokuqhelekileyo zibangelwa zizenzo ezithatyathwa ngamagosa anyuliweyo. Injongo kukunika abavoti isibhengezo sokugqibela kumthetho osele udlulisiwe (okanye ucetyiswe) ngabameli babo.

Iintlobo Zee-Referendendom

Ii-parendendum ziza ngeendlela ezininzi, nganye isebenza umsebenzi owahlukileyo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Referendendum egunyazisiweyo: Ifunwa ngumthetho kwiindidi ezithile zezigqibo, ezifana nokuguqulelwa kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe, ukukhupha amaqhina kawonke-wonke, okanye ukuvuma ulwando lwerhafu yasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente akanakwenza ngaphandle komvoti.
  • [[UMTL: 0] i-Referenceum (Umthetho): Indlu yowiso-mthetho ikhetha ukubhekisa umthetho kubavoti ukuze bafumane ulwahlulo. Oku kunokwenziwa ukufuna ugunyaziso olucacileyo kwimbambano ephikisanayo okanye ukwabelana ngoxanduva lwesigqibo esinzima.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Referendem (Isiphelo): Abami bangacela ukunqumamisa umthetho odluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho de kugcinwe ivoti kawonke-wonke. Le yinkqubo edityanisiweyo yabemi, kodwa ngokungafaniyo nenyathelo lokuqala, ijolise kumthetho okhoyo kunokuba ivelise entsha. Ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yi "vetoatendimum".
  • Advisory Referendem: Yivoti engabopheleliyo elinganisa uluvo lukawonke-wonke kumxholo. Urhulumente akafunwa ngokusemthethweni ukulandela iziphumo, kodwa isoloko ithwala ubunzima bezobupolitika.

Inkqubo ye Referendom

Amanyathelo e-athodendum ayahluka ngokwendlela abhalwe ngayo, kodwa isakhiwo jikelele siquka:

  1. [[UMTL: 0] Isenzo somthetho: Isivumelwano sidluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye libhunga lasekuhlaleni. Ukuba umlinganiselo uphantsi kwe-asendum enyanzelekileyo, ayinakwenza de ivunywe ngabavoti.
  2. I-Referral okanye Isicelo: Kwi-'readerendam yowiso-mthetho, urhulumente ubeka umbuzo kwibholaot. Kwi-corentendum ethandwayo, amaqela abami aqokelela utyikityo kwifestile emfutshane ukunyanzela ivoti.
  3. [[UMTL:0] Ingxoxo yePublic: omabini amacala anikela iimpikiswano ngolwazi lolwazi, uwonke-wonke, kunye nezixhobo zephulo.
  4. Ukhetho: [[FLT: 0] luvumela okanye lugatye umthetho. Ukuvunywa kuthetha ukuba umthetho uthatha isiphumo; ukulahliwa kuthetha ukuba iphinde yalahlwa okanye ivaliwe.
  5. Ulungelelaniso: Ukuba uvunyiwe, umthetho uyamiswa. Ukuba uyalahliwa, lo mba ungawiswa okanye uphinde ufakwe ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

Umahluko Ongundoqo Phakathi Kwezinyathelo Zebhola NeeReferendendom

Ngoxa zombini ezi zixhobo zibeka izigqibo ngokuthe ngqo ezandleni zabavoti, ziyahluka kwimiba emininzi ebalulekileyo:

  • ingcaciso: ivela kubemi; intentedums ivela kurhulumente (okanye njengommi wendlela yokwenza urhulumente).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Purpose: Amaqela aqalayo ukwenza imithetho emitsha okanye imimiselo yokuphelisa; isalathisi sivunywa okanye sigatye imithetho esele idluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Intshukumo eziphambili zifuna utyikityo; intlawulo ibangelwa yintshukumo yowiso-mthetho okanye yizicelo zommi ukunqumamisa umthetho.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho: izindululo ziyabavumela abemi bashiye indlu yowiso-mthetho engasabeliyo; amaphetshana avumela abemi ukuba bajonge abaphangi bomthetho okanye baqinisekise izigqibo ezingundoqo.
  • Ubuninzi obungasetyenziswayo bubonakala kaninzi ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu lokuqokelela utyikityo; ii-avenlums zixhaphake kakhulu, ingakumbi kwimiba egunyazisiweyo efana namanyathelo omanyano.

Ukubaluleka Kwezithathi - nxaxheba Zebhola Nee - referendendom

Ezi nkqubo zingaphezulu kunee-procedial. Zizimbo ezibalulekileyo zedemokhrasi ezikwinkqubo engqalileyo yabameli.

Ukunika Ummi Isabelo

Amanyathelo eebhola kunye nama-arhente anika abantu abaqhelekileyo indlela yokubumba inkqubo ngaphandle kwemijikelo yonyulo. Xa imithetho yowiso-mthetho inqatyiswe okanye ingazimisele ukuphendula impikiswano, amanyathelo anika enye indlela. Izihloko ezifana nokubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni komjuxuzo, ukwanda kwemivuzo encinane, kwaye ukukhuselwa kwemekobume konke kuye kwahambela phambili ngamanyathelo asungulwayo abemi kumazwe apho abenzi bomthetho banqanda khona.

Ukuphenduliswa

I-arhendendum ingenza abamisi-mthetho baphenduleke. Ukwazi ukuba umthetho unokubangacelw'ucelw'ucelw'a ngabenzi bomthetho abadumileyo kukhuthaza abenzi bomthetho ukuba benze imithetho engqinelana noluvo lukawonke-wonke. AmaReferendendum akwanyanzela abalawuli ukuba bakhusele izenzo zabo esidlangalaleni.

Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo wokuyila

IStates ezineenkqubo zobuchule obunamandla zisebenza njengeelaboratori zedemokhrasi. Amanyathelo aphumelelayo kwelinye ilizwe angakhuthaza imigudu efanayo kwenye indawo, ikhokelela ekukhuthuzweni kwenkqubo. Umzekelo, Ballopedia[ ilandela amakhulu eenyathelo lomgangatho karhulumente nyaka ngamnye, ezininzi zazo ezizisa iindlela zokufikelela kwiindlela zolawulo.

Ukumisela Izigqibo Ezinzima Ngokwasemthethweni

Iimpikiswano ezinjengokwanda kwerhafu, ukugunyaziswa kwamaqhina, okanye iinguqulelo kwinkqubo yokusesikweni zinokuba netyhefu yezobupolitika kubamisi-mthetho. I-astendim inika abavoti ithuba lokukhetha isigqibo, isongeza ukugunyazisa kwedemokhrasi kwisiphumo. Kwanamanyathelo aphikisanayo angamkelwa xa abavoti bevume ngqo.

Iingenelo Zokuqala Kweentshaba

  • [[UMTL:0] I-Direct Democracy: Abalawuli abaxhomekeki kuphela kubameli abanyuliweyo ukuphendula imicimbi yabo. Izithathi-nxaxheba zinika abemi isixhobo sowiso-mthetho esithe ngqo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuqalisa kobupolisa: Ukuthatha inyathelo kungazisa utshintsho olunokuthi iindlu zowiso-mthetho zingaze zicinge ngenxa yokuququzelela i-grid okanye uxinzelelo olukhupha imvume.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isivumelwano esithe vetshe: Inyathelo eliphambili leprofile lidla ngokuqhuba umvoti ujika, ingakumbi phakathi kwamaqela avakalelwa kukuba amazwi awo atyeshelwa kunyulo oluqhelekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Intshukumo ezilula: inokwenziwa ibhekiswe kwimiba yobulali okanye ecacileyo karhulumente engenayo ingqalelo yesizwe.

Iingenelo Zokubuyiselwa

  • I-Legitacy: Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho idlulisa umthetho wengxabano, i-arhenteum ivumela abavoti ukuba bawuvume okanye bawugatye, inika ulawulo lwedemokhrasi olucacileyo.
  • Ukuthembana okungatshintshiyo: umqondiso wokuba urhulumente uthemba abantu ukwenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo, ukomeleza umanyano phakathi kwabalawulwa nabameli babo.
  • IChecks kuMandla: Ii-arhentendium ezithandwayo (iivendendums) zisebenza njengesivalo sokhuseleko, zivumela abemi ukuba babhukuqe imithetho abayifumaniyo ukuba ayivumi phambi kokuba basebenze.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uluvo kwiMiba eQhelekileyo: I-athetrantem inyanzela ingxoxo kawonke-wonke eqwalaselweyo, ngokufuthi ekhokelela kubavoti abanolwazi olungcono kunye neziphumo ezicacileyo kunengxoxo yegumbi langasemva.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Phezu kwako nje ukubhenela kwedemokhrasi, amanyathelo okufaka ibhola kunye nee-asendendum awenzi amatyala anzulu. Abahlalutyi bakhomba kwiingxaki eziliqela ezizingisileyo:

Ulwazi Oluntsonkothileyo Nobuntsonkothileyo

Imilinganiso emininzi yebhola elula imixholo entsonkothileyo . "njengekhowudi yokulungisa irhafu, umgaqo wezonyango, okanye imigaqo yokwaphula umthetho yokugweba) enzima ukucinezela amagama angamakhulu ambalwa kwibhola. Iincwadi zisenokungabi naxesha okanye ubuchule bokuqonda ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba abavoti basoloko bexhomekeke kwimithetho esetyenziswayo njengenkxaso-mali okanye kwisandi sesihloko kunokuba baxilonge isigqeba. Oku kungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, njengemithetho engqubanayo nemigaqo ekhoyo okanye ivelise ukusetyenziswa kwexabiso eliphezulu.

Imali yephulo nempembelelo yeqela lenzala

Inkqubo yokuqalisa ingabanjwa ngabantu abazizityebi kunye namaqumrhu. Ukuhlanganisa utyikityo kubiza ixabiso elikhulu; inyathelo elinye lorhulumente ngokubanzi lingabiza izigidi zeerandi nje ukufanelekela ibhola. Izilangazelelo ezinzulu ze-audio zinokuzalisa izibhengezo, zikhukula amaphimbo abaxhasi abangcakazayo. Oku kunciphisa intelekelelo yokuqalisa ipropulist njengesixhobo sabemi abaqhelekileyo. Ngokutsho kwe- Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Legislatures (NCSL)[FLL:1], iindleko zokutyikityaniselana intswana kuphela, izenze amanyathelo okuthatha inyathelo okuqulungela i "mali emali" kumazwe amaninzi.

Ukususwa koMthetho weSixhobo esinye

Uninzi lwamazwe lunomthetho oyintloko omnye othintela inyathelo lokuthetha imixholo emininzi engahambelaniyo nomlinganiselo omnye. Noko ke, imizobo ekrelekrele ingadibanisa imiyalelo eyaziwayo nengathandwayo kwipakethi enye "yokuqengqela", inyanzelisa abavoti ukuba bamkele yonke okanye into. Umzekelo, inyathelo lokuqala lokunyusa umfundisi- ntsapho eliquka imiqathango edityanisiweyo, eyenza kube nzima ukuvota ukwahlula ukhetho lwabo.

Ukwenziwa komsebenzi ontsonkothileyo

Kwanaxa kudlula inyathelo lokuqala, ukuzalisekisa kusenokuba yimposiso. Ii-Legislature zingaxhathisa inkxaso-mali okanye ukunyanzelisa umlinganiselo othile eziwuchasayo. Imingeni yenkundla idla ngokulandela, ibophe umthetho kangangeminyaka. Kwezinye iimeko, amanyathelo aye abethelelwa phantsi njengengenagunyaziso. I-Intive & Referendendum Institute ibhale phantsi iimeko ezininzi apho imilinganiselo esemthethweni yalahlwayo kamva ngohlalutyo lwejaji.

Iqokobhe elisezantsi lombane ukwenzela ukhetho olukhethekileyo

Xa amanyathelo okanye amatshati e-arhente evela kwiqela eliphambili okanye elikhethekileyo lonyulo, ukujika kusoloko kusezantsi kakhulu kunokhetho jikelele. Abavoti ababonisayo abangengobameli bokhetho olubanzi, abakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingabonisiyo ukuthanda koninzi. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokugunyaziswa kwedemokhrasi kwemilinganiselo evunyiweyo kukhuphiswano olusezantsi.

Umngcipheko Wokucinezela Ijoni

Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo ingasetyenziselwa ukujolisa kumaqela amancinane. Imizekelo yembali iquka amanyathelo okuthintela amalungelo omtshato, ucalucalulo, okanye iinkqubo zokufuduka. Ngenxa yokuba amanyathelo angathotyelwanga kwisigqibo esinye kunye nokulalanisa njengenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, anokufaka ikhethe. Iinkundla zidla ngokungena nxaxheba ekubetheni amanyathelo anjalo, kodwa inkqubo isenokwenzakalisa ngaphambi kokuba kuvele uhlolo lwetyala.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene

Iindlela zokudlala zebhola kunye nee-asendem zichaphazelele inkqubo eUnited States nasehlabathini jikelele. Imizekelo engenakubonwa iquka:

  • [[NTLA] ICalifornia's Proce 13 (1978): Yinyathelo lommi elizalisa irhafu yempahla kwaye lifuna irhafu eninzi ukwenzela unyuko, ngokubhekiselele kwintsingiselo yemeko yelizwe yeKhalifoniya.
  • IsiHlalisi soMphetho seColorado 64 (202): olusemthethweni lokuzonwabisa intsangu, olulungisa indlela yamanyathelo afanayo kwamanye amazwe.
  • Switzerland's Federal Referendems: iSwitzerland inenye yezona nkqubo ziphuhlisiweyo zedemokhrasi ethe ngqo, enezibophelelo kwimiqathango yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko kunye nee-asendim ezingokhetho kwimithetho emininzi ye-oventine.
  • Ulwandiso lweMedicaid (2017): Abavolontiya bagunyazisa inyathelo lokwandisa iMedicaid emva kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho inqabile ngokuphindaphindiweyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Breits Referendum (2016): Umzekelo we-arhentesum yesizwe kumbuzo ongundoqo wolawulo, nangona yayiyi-dvisory kwaye engabopheleliyo ngokwemigaqo esemthethweni.

Indima Yobugcisa Neenguqu Zale Mihla

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubugcisa buqalisile ukuphinda kuqale indlela ezisebenza ngayo inyathelo kunye nee-computers. Ukutyikityola iqonga kungene, nangona kusekho imingeni esemthethweni. Uvotelo noqinisekiso lwe-electronic nolwezithintelo lomatshini lungenza inkqubo yotyikityo ikhuseleke kwaye ifikeleleke. Amanye amazwe ahlola iinguqu ezifana ne:

  • Kucelwe ixesha lokuphinda uhlole inyathelo ngaphambi kokuba utyikitye ukuze ubambe iimpazamo zomthetho kwangoko.
  • Ukunika abalawuli abasemthethweni abanolwazi olulungeleleneyo ngempikiswano ezikhoyo kunye neengxelo ezichaphazelekayo.
  • Ukwandisa imiphetho yotyikityo ukunciphisa amanyathelo angeyomfuneko.
  • Ukuvumela izindlu zowiso-mthetho zigqibe amanyathelo agunyazisiweyo kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezithile (umz., ukusombulula iingxabano okanye ukwandisa imihla emisiweyo).

Ezi nguqu zijolise ekulondolozeni inzuzo yedemokhrasi engqalileyo ngeli lixa ziqinisekisa ubuncinci bayo obunzulu. NCSL inika uhlalutyo oluqhubekayo lweenguqu zemithetho ezinxulumene nokuthatha inyathelo lokuqala kunye nemithetho ye-arhenteum.

Isiphelo

Inyathelo lokuqala lebhola kunye nee-arhenteaders zizixhobo ezinamandla ezenza abavoti bakwazi ukuba nenxaxheba ngqo ekwenzeni umthetho kunye nokuhluza inkqubo. Badibanisa umgaqo wokuba ulawulo olupheleleyo luhlala ebantwini. Noko ke, ezi zixhobo azinazingxaki. Ukuntsonkotha kwemiba, impembelelo yemali, kunye namandla eziphumo ezingacwangciswanga afuna abavoti ukuba basondele kubo ngenkathalo nangengcinga enzima. Ngokuqonda iinkqubo, zilinganisa iingenelo ezichasene nokuchasana nokuphambuka, kwaye zihlale zinolwazi, abemi bayakwazi ukusebenzisa inyathelo lokusebenzisa inyathelo lokulawula idemokhrasi kunokulicekisa. Kwixesha lokulawula kwezobupolitika kunye nomthetho-ejonga, ezi nkqubo zihlala zibalulekile kubantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba balungele ubume belizwe labo kunye nabantu babo.