Ukwazisa

IBhunga lase-Rajeya Sabba, okanye iBhunga lase-United States, lisebenza njengendlu ephezulu yePalamente yaseIndiya, intsika engundoqo yendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe ephakamileyo. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabhaha, enamalungu anyulwe ngokuthe ngqo ngabantu jikelele nge-frankase, iRajeya Sabhaha imiswe ngenkqubo yokunyulwa engangqalanga. Amalungu ayo akhethwa yikholeji enyulwe ngabameli abanyuliweyo abavela kumazwe nakwimimandla ye-Uni. Le ndlela ayiyo engomthetho wasemthethweni owendalo inenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukuba izilangazelelo zamazwe zimelelwe kumgangatho wesizwe kwaye ibonelela ukulawulwa kwezixhobo, njengomnye wamalungu ayo arhoxiweyo yonke iminyaka emibini. Ukuqonda oko kunyulweyo kwekholeji yeSanya elungele amalungu eNtshonatweyo.

Ukubekwa kweKholeji ye-Electoral

Ikholeji yonyulo yeRajeya Sabba ayingonophelo olusisigxina, ingumzimba omileyo kodwa ilungiselelwe unyulo ngalunye. Iquka onke amalungu anyuliweyo eMithetho yoMgaqo-siseko (MLS) worhulumente ngamnye kunye neendibano zeengingqi zemithetho-siseko zemimandla ye-Union ezinendlu yowiso-mthetho, enjengeDelhi nePuducherry. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba amalungu atyunjwe ngurhulumente owiso-mthetho akawavota kuRota-s-rajya Sabra, njengoko umGaqo-siseko umisela ngokucacileyo ukubambathano kumalungu onyuliweyo kuphela.

Ubungakanani bekholeji yabavoti bayahluka ngqo nabemi belizwe ngalinye. Umzekelo, u-Uttar Pradesh, kunye nendibano yakhe enkulu yemithetho-siseko yamalungu angama-403, inekholeji enkulu kakhulu yonyulo kunemeko encinane efana neSikkim, ene 32 MLA. Olu tshintsho luqinisekisa ukuba ubunzima bombuso ngamnye ekunyuleni iRapya Sabbahha ilungelelaniswa ngokwexabiso layo, ummeli wayo ngengqungquthela yequmrhu. Inani elipheleleyo labavoti abanokuyifaka kuwo onke amazwe liyinani elinyuliweyo le-MLSML, elidlula izi-4000.

Ikholeji ekhethekileyo yelizwe ngalinye isebenza ngokwayo. ivoti nganye karhulumente eML njengeML iza kugcwalisa izihlalo zikaRajiya Sabba ezabelwe elo lizwe. Inani leesihlalo ngombuso ngamnye limiselwe linguGatya 80 lomGaqo-siseko, onika izihlalo ezisekelwe kubemi, nomelo oluzinzileyo lwemimandla ye-Union. Ngokwendawo yakutshanje, ichaza njenge Uttar Pradesh enezihlalo eziyi 31, lo gama ezinye ezifana neGoa zinenye kuphela. Olu lwabiwo luphinda luphinda-phindwe rhoqo emva kobalo ngalunye, nangona iShedyuli yesine ilungisa unikezelo.

Inkqubo yokukhupha: Umelo lwepropoti ngomjikelo omnye odluliselweyo

IIndiya isebenzisa uvotelo oludluliswayo kanye (STV) indlela, uhlobo lomelo olulungelelanisiweyo, kunyulo lwe Rajeya Sabba. Le nkqubo yahluke ngokusisiseko kumthetho wokuqala ongaphambili (FTPP) osetyenziswayo kuLok Sabba kunye nonyulo lwengqungquthela. Phantsi kwe-STV, abavoti abathathi-nxaxheba kulandelelwano lwezinto ezikhethwayo, kunokuba baphawule ukhetho olunye. Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba umlinganiselo wezihlalo ziphumelele kwi-Rayya Sabba cishe uhambelana namandla awo kwintlanganiso.

Indlela Ozikhetha Ngayo Umsebenzi

UMLA nganye ifumana uluhlu lwephepha lebhola ekhatywayo lokukhuphisana nonyulo. Endaweni yokuphawula umvo omnye ngomnqamlezo omnye, iMLA yabela ukhetho lwamanani: '1' kukhetho lwabo lokuqala, '2' ngolwesibini, '3' kwisithathu sabo, njalo njalo. UMLA ingakhetha ukuvota kuphela kubathathi-nxaxheba, kodwa ibekelw' indawo ephezulu yonke iluncedo ukwandisa amathuba eqela. Olu khetho luyimfihlo kwaye lubalwa ngolungelelwano olukhethekileyo.

Ukubala Iingcaphulo: UMda Ophumeleleyo

Ukubhengezwa, umvotelwa kufuneka akhusele umlinganiselo othile weevoti. Umlinganiselo ubalwa usebenzisa umlinganiselo wobalo [[FLT: 1]:

Quota = (Inani leetropu ezisebenzayo / (Inani leetroli ezizakugcwaliswa + 1) + 1]

Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente une 240 ML njengovota kunye ne 3 Rajiya Sabha ayibakho, umlinganiselo uyakuba (240 / 3+1) + 1 = (240 / 4) + 1 = 60 + 1 = 61 ivoti. Ngoko ke, nawuphi na umntu ofumana ubuncinane ivoti yokuqala engu 61 unyulwe ngoko nangoko. I "+1" iqinisekisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abanyulwanga ngaphezu kwezihlalo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe Droop recute kuyenza ingabi nako zonke izihlalo ezizaliswa ngomntlulo kuphela ukuba inkqubano zinevoti, njengoko kunyanzeleka ukuba bafikelele kumgangatho opheleleyo oqinisekisiweyo.

Inkqubela yokubala: uthutho oludluliswayo kunye nokukhupha ii-Candidathi ezisezantsi

Inkqubo yokubala yenziwe kwimijikelo emininzi:

  1. Ubalo lokuqala: lonke uvoti lokuqala- olugqithisiweyo lubalwa. Nabani na odibana okanye ogqitha umlinganiselo unyuliweyo. Ukuba umbatisi ufumana ivoti eninzi kune qumrhu, intsalela (iiincopho ngaphezulu komlinganiselo) itshintshelwa kwabalandelayo ababekwayo kuloo maphepha ebhola. Ukuthunyelelwa kwenziwa ngexabiso leqhezu elisekelwe kumlinganiselo oseleyo.
  2. Amanani aphezulu: Emva kokugqithiswa okugqithisiweyo, ukuba bambalwa abathe bafikelela kwinani leetroli ezizakuzaliswa, umvotelwa ngevoti yokuqala encinci. Amaphepha alo mvoti athunyelwa kukhetho olulandelayo olukhoyo kwiphepha ngalinye.
  3. Imijikelo ekhoyo: Inkqubo yokususa oyena mvoti ubuthathaka nokufudusa amavoti abo iyaqhubeka de zonke izihlalo zigcwaliswe. Kwiimeko ezininzi, xa inani labashiyekileyo lilingana nenani lezihlalo ezisavulekileyo, zivakaliswa zinyulwa ngaphandle kokufikelela kumlinganiselo.

Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba amavoti awalahlwa. Nokuba umvoti wokuqala we-MLA urhoxisiwe, ivoti yabo isabalulekile komnye umvotelwa ngokugqithisa. Amaqela enkqubo anokuqinisa izikhethelo kwaye asoloko ekhokelela kuthethwano oluntsonkothileyo apho amaqela amakhulu acela umanyano oluncinci ukuxhasa umlandeli oqhelekileyo emva kokukhupha.

Ukubaluleka kweNkqubo yeKholeji ye-Electoral

Ikholeji yokhetho kunye nesixokelelwano se-STV isebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi yelizwe laseIndiya.

Umelo oluchazayo

Injongo ephambili kukuqinisekisa ukuba iRaje Sabba ibonakalisa ukwenziwa kwemithetho-siseko yesizwe. Ukuba iqela libamba ama-40% ezihlalo kwindibano, kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba liwine malunga nama-40% ezihlalo ze Rajiya Sabba kwelo lizwe. Esi siphumo solungelelwaniso asinakwenzeka phantsi kwenkqubo ye-FPTP, esoloko inika uninzi oluphezulu kwiqela. Le nkqubo ithintela iqela elilawulayo kwinqanaba lohlanga ukusuka kwindlu ephezulu, njengoko isoloko isenza kwiLok Sabha.

Ulungelelwano Oluqinisayo

Ngokunyulwa kwamalungu abameli bakarhulumente kunokuba kunyulwe nguwonke-wonke, iRajiya Sabha isebenza njengegumbi elinika ilizwi elingqalileyo kumthetho wesizwe. Esi sakhiwo sikhusela izilangazelelo zamazwe amancinci nangenabemi baninzi. Umzekelo, imo encinane efana noManipur inesihlalo esinye sikaRajiya Sabhaha, iyinika ilizwi elilinganayo njengemeko enkulu kwimicimbi ebalulekileyo yesizwe, enjengomGaqo-siseko, nangona isiseko sonyulo-volo sincinane. Ikholeji encinane iqinisekisa ukuba indlu ephezulu ihlala ingu "ndlu yamazwe," hayi indlu yabantu.

Ukubonelela

IRaje Sabra yindlu esisigxina, enamalungu athatha umhlala-phantsi owesithathu rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini. Le nkqubo ididekileyo iqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka. Inkqubo yokhetho lwasekholeji, ngokuzoba kumava e-MLA, isoloko iphumela kunyulo lwezopolitiko, abalawuli, kunye neengcali ezizisa ubuchule bomthetho. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabha, amalungu eRapya Sabha angamiselwa ukuba asebenze njengenkonzo kwaye anokukhonza kwanokuba akanyulwanga ngqo, uvumela urhulumente ukuba abe nobuchule obufanayo.

Ukugxekwa Notshintsho Lombutho KaRaje Sabha Electoral

Phezu kwako nje ukusekelwa kwalo ngomGaqo-siseko, ikholeji yonyulo yeRaje Sabha iye yagxekwa yaza yafuna utshintsho.

IMithetho yokuKhuselana

Ngenxa yokuba i-ML njengevoti yabathathi-nxaxheba bangaphaya kweqela labo, inkqubo ye-STV ilula ekunqumleni. Iintlanganiso zisoloko zikhupha iintambo kwiML Asswaw ukuvota abaza kusebenza ngokusemthethweni, kodwa kwibhoti eyimfihlelo, MLA ingenza umonakalo ngaphandle kokubhaqwa ngokukhawuleza. Kwiminyaka, unyulo oluninzi lubone izityholo zemali ezibangela ukuba ityala lichongwe ukuba i-MLMA kuvote umvo wokungameli we-Syabhabha ongaxhaswanga liqela labo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwimpikiswano kunye novavanyo lomthetho. Ngo-2017, iNkungamela inkundla ye-India ilawula ityala eliphikisayo kwiqela le-Rayshabskha inokuthi ikhokelele ukurhola ukukhulula phantsi komthetho ochasene nomthetho olawulayo.

Untsonkothile nokungabikho komelo oluthe ngqo

Abahlalutyi bathi inkqubo yonyulo engangqalanga i-Raje Sabba isuka kukuthanda kwabantu. Ngokungafaniyo nee-senator eUnited States, ngokunyulwe ngqo, amalungu e-Indiya uRaje Sabha akajongi kunyulo jikelele. Oku kungakhokelela kwintelekelelo yedemokhrasi, njengokuba abemi bengenakuthetha ngokuthe ngqo ukuba ngubani ozimela kwindlu ephezulu. Abanye abaxhasi bonyulo oluthe ngqo lwamalungu e-Rajiya Sabbaha, ukufuduka okuya kuya kufuna i-antentestement yomgaqo-siseko we-siseko kwaye kunokuthi kufuneke ulungiso lwe-mthetho-siseko.

Impembelelo eChaphazelekayo yeMasimi oManyano

Iingingqi ze-Union ezingenayo indlu yowiso-mthetho (njenge-Chandigarh, i-Andaman kunye ne-Nicobar) azikho zimelo kwikholeji yonyulo. Abameli bazo kwi Rajiya Sabha batyunjwa nguMongameli waseIndiya. Oku kudala ubuchule apho abemi bezo mimandla bangenakwenza lunyulo kwindlu ephezulu, bephakamisa imibuzo malunga nomelo lwedemokhrasi kubo bonke abemi.

Izibhengezo Zokuguqula Izinto

Iikomiti ezininzi, kuquka iKhomishini yesizwe yokuHlola ukusebenza komGaqo-siseko ngo-2002, incomela ukugcina inkqubo yonyulo engangqalanga kodwa yomeleza ukubonakala. Ezinye izicelo ziquka ukwenza iphepha lebhola libhalwe phantsi ukudibanisa i-MLA nganye ukuqokelela ivoti, kunye nokusungula inkqubo yokuvota ekhuselekileyo. IKhomishini yoHlatho lwaseIndiya imigaqo yokunqanda imisebenzi engekho mthethweni ngamaxesha athile.

Ukuthelekiswa neeKholeji zeElectoral kwamanye amazwe

Ikholeji yokhetho yaseIndiya yeRajiya Sabha ihlukile kodwa iyabelana ngokungqamana nezinye iinkqubo zorhulumente. Umzekelo, iBoundesrat yaseJamani imiswe ngabathunywa abatyunjwe ngurhulumente, ayinyulwanga yi-MLAS, kwaye amavoti abo ajulwa njengebloko. IBhunga le United States, ekuqaleni elinyulwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho, lishukunyiselwe ukujolisa unyulo ngo1913 ukudlula kuMendelezeko we-17. I-Indiya igcine indlela engangqalangani nangamelanga ekuchaseni kwe-populist kwaye igcina inkqubo ye-sogosa. Inkqubo ye-STV ikwasetyenziswa eOstreliya ukwenzela unyulo lwayo, kodwa ngokuvolwa ngqo ngomvolo lukawonke-wonke, ishukufakwa umxube womelo kunye nomelo oluthe ngqo.

Imodeli yeIndiya igxininisa ukuba iRaje Sabha ayifanele ibe ngumfanekiso weLok Sabba. Ikholeji yokhetho iqinisekisa ukuba indlu ephezulu isebenza njengegumbi eliphindayo elinemiqathango eyahlukileyo esekelwe kwimigangatho yezobupolitika zikarhulumente. Le ndlela ibonakalisa injongo yabafaki-freyithi yokulinganisa umgangatho wesizwe kunye nezilangazelelo zengingqi, njengo Article 80[ kwaye ikwenza amalungiselelo anxulumene nayo acace.

Iingongoma Ezingundoqo Zokukhunjulwa

  • Ikholeji yokhetho iquka zonke ezikhethwe njenge-ML ukusuka kwingingqi kunye ne-Union yendlu yowiso-mthetho kunye neendibano.
  • Inkqubo yokuvota ingu umelo oluvelayo ngovoti enye edluliswayo [STV].
  • Amalungu afuna abathathi-nxaxheba ngokohlobo lokhetho, kwaye umvotelwa kufuneka aphumeze [[QULT: 0] umlinganiselo we-Droop quoti [[FLT: 1] ukunyulwa.
  • Ivoti eziphezulu ezivela kubavoti abanyuliweyo nabavoti abasusiweyo zitshintshelwa kwizinto ezikhethiweyo ezilandelayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ivoti ezincinane zilahlwayo.
  • Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba iRaje Sabra ibonakalisa ulwakhiwo lwezopolitiko lwendibano zikarhulumente, [[FLT: 0] iqinisa urhulumente.
  • Ukugxekwa kuquka ukuchanabeka ekudibaniseni, ekusebenziseni imali, nasekungabini natyala ngokungqalileyo kwidemokhrasi.
  • Utshintsho olufana nokunyanzeliswa kotyalo-gazi olungqongqo kunye nokubonakala okuphezulu okuye kwaphunyezwa okanye kwacetywa.

Isiphelo

Ikholeji ekhethekileyo yeRajiya Sabha ekwisiseko sokwakhiwa komgaqo-siseko waseIndiya. Iquka umgaqo wolawulo ngokunika indima engqalileyo ekuqulunqeni indlu ephezulu yesizwe. Inkqubo yokuvota enye edluliselweyo, nangona intsonkothileyo, iqinisekisa ukuma komlinganiselo kwaye ithintela iqela elilawulayo ekujongeni ulawulo lweziko-mthetho olunemida. Nangona kungekho ngxaki yayo, inokuthi ingabikho ncam ngokulula nokungakhutshelwa ngqo kwetyala likawonke-wonke-inkonzo. Inkqubo yokuvota ingqinelele ukumelana nento engaphaya kwamashumi asixhenxe eminyaka. Ukuqonda amatshatimente ayo kuyimfuneko ukuba nabani na ofuna ukuqonda ukuba namandla ahlukene njani phakathi koMbindilo nolawulo-lawulo-mthetho lwesizwe. Ukuqhubeka kokufunda, [FLDiv: 0] ukunyulwa kwe-omatila ye-In [Fokt]