Ukwazisa: Imali Eninzi Yekampeni

Unyulo lwaseMerika luxhaswa ngemali ngemibutho entsonkothileyo yeminikelo, iinkcitho, kunye nemibutho yezobupolitika. Phakathi kwezi, iiKomiti zePitholitical Action Action (PACs) bekukudala ziyindlela engundoqo yokuthumela imali kumaphulo. Ii-PAC zahlulwe kakhulu ngokwamaqela amabini: i-PACs, edityaniswe kwiinkampani, idityaniswe neenkampani, okanye iimbutho zorhwebo, kunye nee-PAC, ezingasebenzi ngokuzimeleyo kwezi zinto zikhoyo. Ii-PAC ezidityaniswe zikhule ngokubalulekileyo kumashumi eminyaka aliqela adluleyo, ingakumbi ukulandela izindululo ezingundoqo zenkundla kunye neenguqulo ezikhulisa amandla azo okunyusa nokuchitha imali. Ukuqonda iprojectives, imida esemthethweni, kunye nelwoqobo yehlabathi ibalulekile kumntu ofuna ukuzenzela iimbono zonyulo lwanamhlanje.

Ziyintoni iipari ezingadibaniyo?

Ii-PAC ezingeyontsebenziswano ziikomiti zezopolitiko zibhaliswe neKhomishini yeNkqutyana yoNqumo loManyano (FEC) engadityaniswanga nayo nayiphi na imibutho, umbutho wamalungu, umbutho worhwebo, okanye enye into edityanisiweyo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-PAC enxulumeneyo i-PAC exhaswa ngabalawuli benkampani kunye nabasebenzi benkampani abangenayo.

Ezi-PAC zisoloko ziyimicimbi yendalo, zibunjwa ngokweseti yemigaqo, umbutho omnye (umz., inkqubo yokusingqongileyo, amalungelo emipu, ukuqhomfa), okanye intanda-bulumko ezobupolitika ebanzi. Zingakha ulawulo oluthile okanye uthungelwano lwabaxhasi. Ngenxa yokuba azibotshelelwanga kumbutho omnye okanye umbutho, i-PACs ingakhawuleza kakhulu ekusebenziseni nasekuthumeleni kwayo, kodwa zikwajongene nemida engqongqo kune-Super PaCs okanye 501 (c) amaqela (4).

Umahluko Ongundoqo: Idityanisiwe vs. vs Ezingadibaniyo. Eziphezulu

Kuluncedo ukuzoba umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kweendidi ezingundoqo zeekomiti zobupolitika:

  • I-PACs edityanisiweyo: Ithenjiswe ngumbutho, umbutho wasebenzi, okanye umbutho worhwebo. Bangacela iminikelo kuphela kudidi oluthintelweyo lomxhasi (umz., abalawuli, abanikeli, okanye amalungu omanyano). Imida yentlawulo isebenza kubo bobabini abanikeli kunye nenkcitho ngqo ye-PAC kwinkcitho yabo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] I-PACs ezidityanisiweyo: iikomiti ezizimeleyo ngaphandle komxhasi wenkampani okanye umbutho. Bangacela iminikelo kuwonke-wonke, kodwa iminikelo nganye igawulwa nge $5 000 (ngonyulo ngalunye). Bangenza iminikelo ngqo kubavukeli (kufikelela kuma-$5 000) kunye nenkcitho ezimeleyo engenamda.
  • [[NTLT: 0] I-PACS: ngokusemthethweni eyaziwa njengeekomiti ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo-intengiselwano kuphela (IEOC). Banokunyusa ingeniso engenasiphelo evela kubantu ngabanye, kumaqumrhu, namaqumrhu, kodwa abanako ukunikela ngqo kubavukeli okanye ukulungelelaniswa namaphulo. I-PACCs yavela emva konyaka wama-2010 Citizens United[[FFLT:3] isigqibo kunye nemithetho esezantsi yequluvo.

I-PAC engadityaniswanga ihlala phakathi kweePAC kunye neePaC eziphezulu ngokwemiqathango yomthetho. Kufuneka zinamathele kwimiqathango yomnikelo kunye neemfuno zokutyhila, ukanti zinandipha inkululeko yokusebenzisa iimali ezingenasiphelo kwi-advocacy ezizimeleyo.

Isiseko Sembali Nesemithetho

Isakhiwo se-PAC sangoku esingadityaniswanga saqalisa ukumila kwi1970 emva kokudlula koMthetho weFederal Evolution Campation (FECA) kunye nokudalwa kwe-FEC. IFECA eseke imiqathango yomnikelo kunye nemfuno yokutyhila iikomiti zezobupolitika. Kwiminyaka, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zacacisa imithetho enxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwemali ngokwayo. Amathuba amabini abalulekileyo Buckley v. Valeo, isigqibo, esibambe ukuba ukuchitha imali ukuphembelela unyulo luhlobo lokuthetha nokuzimela inkcitho azimela ngokwayo azimiselayo, kwaye nemali ezingakumbi ezikhoyo ezinokungephindwayo zinokulinganiselwa, kunye ne-[FLT] .[FFFFT]

Ngaphandle kolwandiso lwee-PACs eziphezulu, ezingadityanisiweyo zihlala zifanelekile kuba zinika indlela eyahlukileyo: zombini zinokuba negalelo ngqo kubathathi-nxaxheba (kuya kumlinganiselo we-FEC) kwaye zenze inkcitho ezizimeleyo. Lo mdla mbini wenza ukuba babenomtsalane kubanikeli abanikezeli abathe bafuna ukuxhasa abathathi-nxaxheba abathe ngqo ngeli xesha bexhasa amaphulo okudlulisela inkcazelo ebanzi. I-FEC ifaka iinkcukacha ezifunekayo kuzo zonke ii-PAC, kunye nezingadityaniswanga zifayile rhoqo ezityhila iingxelo zabo, iindleko, kunye nenjongo yokukhupha intembelo nganye ngaphandle kwesakhiwo. Oku kungumqondiso ongundoqo, nangona abagxeki bephawula ukuba imingxubeko ekutyhilweni kweminye yemali emnyama.

Indlela I-PAC Engadibaniyo Ngayo

I-PACs ezingedityaniswanga ziphakamisa imali ngokuyintloko ngeposi, amaphulo e-imeyili, izibhengezo zamanani, kunye neziganeko. Ngenxa yokuba zinokucela uwonke-wonke, zisoloko zikha uluhlu lwemali eninzi yabantu abafanayo. Ii-PAC ezininzi ezinjalo zilungelelaniswe kumphathsi omnye. Umzekelo, iNational Rifle’s Political Victory Fund (Icandelo le-NRA limbutho wamalungu, i-PAC idityanisiwe; izakhiwo ezifanayo zisebenza kumaqela amaninzi). Ii-PACs ezinyulukeleyo ziquka izinto ezifana noluhlu lwe-EMILY (ezixhasa i-pro-deccodec) kunye ne-CURGRAN (everyssss ezithiweeved Readdivertical).

Xa imali inyusiwe, iPACs ezingeyo-odio zithunyelwe ngeendlela ezimbini ezingundoqo:

  • Iminikelo edityanisiweyo: Aba baya kwiikomiti zamangenelo okanye kwiqela, phantsi kwemida ye-FEC. Umzekelo, i-PAC engadityaniswanga inganika u-$5 000 kumntu oza kuthatha inxaxheba kwindlu ngonyulo (unyulo lomthetho kunye ne-onke).
  • Inkcitho exhomekekeyo: Ezi zichithwa kwizibhengezo, ekuvoti, ekuvoteleni, nakweminye imisebenzi exhasa ngokucacileyo unyulo okanye ukoyiswa komvotisi. IPAC akufunekanga idibane nephulo lombhaptizi. Inkcitho ye-ependent ayicinywanga, ngoko i-PAC edityaniswe kakuhle engadityaniswanga zizigidi kuhlanga olunye.

I-PACs ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga zikwabandakanyeka kwingxelo yokukhutshwa kwetyala elinobungangamsha . Le ndawo ingwevu ivumela iPACs ukuba iphembelele uluvo olukhethekileyo ngaphandle kokubiza ngokucacileyo unyulo okanye ukoyiswa komlandeli. Izibhengezo zelishwa azigqalwa njengezijonga unyulo ukuba ziphepha amagama athile omlingo (njengokuthi “ii-"i-" okanye“deat”). Le ndawo ingwevu ivumela i-PACs ukuba iphembele uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngaphandle kokubhenca ukhuthulo olupheleleyo kunye nokunika ingxelo yeemfuno zokuchaza i-addicoki.

Ucelomngeni Neenkcitho Ezikhuthazayo

Ngenxa yokuba ii-PAC ezingeyo-ongeyo-adityanisiweyo azinakuxhomekeka kwisiseko esithe sanikezelwa njenge-PAC efudusiweyo, kufuneka zihlale zakha kwaye zigcina uthungelwano lomnikezeli. i-internet conterraishing ibaluleke kakhulu. Abanikeli abancinci-odar bangasetyenziswa kwimiba ye-imeyili kunye ne-media, kodwa iminikelo emikhulu (ukuya ku-R3,000 ngonyaka) isoloko isuka kwisiseko esinikezelweyo sabantu abazizityebini. Abanye abangadibaniselwanga-PC nabo bayamkela ukuthunyelwa kwezinye iikomiti ze-PAC, ukuyila intengiso zemali ezidityanisiweyo. Indleko yemali encinane yeminxeba, ukuthunyelwa kweenombolo, izibhengezo kwamanani, kunye neziganeko zezehlolo-ccanst PC idlams ephumelelayo kwingeniso yabo ebhekeneyo.

Impembelelo Kukhetho Nakumgaqo-nkqubo

Ii-PAC ezingadityanisiweyo zinempembelelo ecacileyo kunyulo lwaseMelika. Ngokuchitha izigidi kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo, zingachaza umfanekiso womntu oza kubhaptizwa, abachasi, kwaye zitshintshe ingxelo kugqatso. Uphando lweZiko leResponsive Politics kunye nophando lwezifundo zemfundo lubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa okuzimeleyo kwemali (ingakumbi ukusuka kumaqela angaphandle) kwendlela yokuvota, ingakumbi kwimijaho ye-inculty ephantsi yenkcazelo okanye kuxanduva oluphambili apho ukungenelana kweqela kungenanto yahluka.

Ii-PACs ezingadityanisiweyo zinempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo kunyulo olungundoqo . Ngenxa yokuba amasuntswana asoloko ebonakalisa abathathi-nxaxheba abaneendawo ezifanayo zenkqubo, inkxaso neenkcitho ezizimeleyo ezivela kwi-PACs ezilungelelanisiweyo zingaluphonononga ulwalamano. IClub yeGrand, umzekelo, ichithe imali eninzi ukubuyisela ucelomngeni oluqhelekileyo oluchasene noxanduva oluqhelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, uluhlu lwe-EMILY lunika imali kwasekuqaleni kunye nenkxaso yentlangano kumabhinqa afuna i-procemocratic Daial, kubanceda ukuba boyise ukungalungelelani okusoloko kujongwa kwabo ngexesha lokuqala.

Kunyulo jikelele, ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zidla ngokudibanisa imisebenzi yamaphulo okucela uncedo kunye nee-PACs eziphezulu. Zingajolisa kwimiba ethile yendawo ephezulu . njengenkqubo yamandla okanye amalungelo esibini oMphengululi- Amendu (nezibhengezo ezijoliswe ekujikeni abavoti abakhathalelayo ngaloo mibandela. Ngenxa yokuba abanyanzelwa yimithetho yentsapho (xa behlala bezimele), bangaba nochuku ngakumbi kwintetho yabo nakwindawo yabo kunephulo lomntu oza kungenelela.

Imizekelo yecala elingaphawulekiyo elingadibaniyo

Ukuqonda ukusebenza kweePACs ezinganxulunyaniswanga, qwalasela imizekelo emininzi ebalaseleyo:

  • IClub yokwanda PC: Yi-PAC engadityaniswanga exhasa umthengisi wesikhulu, abathathi-nxaxheba abalinganiselweyo bakarhulumente. Inyusa imali evela kubantu abanikelayo kwaye yenza zombini iminikelo ngqo nenkcitho ezizimeleyo. Kutshanje, iye yaba ngumdlali oyintloko kwiRiphabliki.
  • Uluhlu lobunyani: LWESIBHINGA] Ngonyaka we- 1985, uLuhlu lwe-EMILY lubhekiselele ekunyuleni amabhinqa edemokhrasi axhasa amalungelo okuqhomfa. Iqokelela iminikelo evela kumalungu ayo kwaye yenza inkcitho ezimeleyo. Incede ukunyulwa kwamakhulu amabhinqa ukuya kurhulumente nakwiofisi yequmrhu.
  • Ilungelo lohlanga kubomi PAC: A A Angenayo I-PAC (nangona inxulumene nelungelo lesiZwe kwiKomiti yoBumi) ebandakanyeka kwiminikelo ethe ngqo nenkcitho ezimeleyo ukuchasa amalungelo okuqhomfa. Isebenza njenge-PAC ezimeleyo, engadityaniswa nombutho okanye umbutho.
  • I-Majority PC (SSMP): Ngelixesha isoloko ihlelwa njenge PAC engadityaniswanga, i-SMP isenza inkcitho ezimeleyo ngenxa yabathathi-nxaxheba be-Democratic Catherion. Isebenza ngamanye amaqela kodwa ikhiwe njengekomiti ezimeleyo phantsi kwemithetho ye-FEC.

La maqela abonisa umgama wemisebenzi engadityaniswanga ne-PACs angenza. Ubuchule bawo bokunyusa imali evela kubantu kwaye ayithumele ngokuphandle ayenze ibe zizixhobo ezinamandla zokuzilungiselela ushishino lwezopolitiko.

Izithintelo ezisemthethweni nezilawulayo

IPAC engadityaniswanga kufuneka isebenze kwinkqubo yolawulo elawulwa yi-FEC. Imilinganiselo engundoqo iquka:

  • [[NTLA] Imida yonikezelo: Abantu ngabanye banganikezela ukuya ku $5 000 (ii $5 000) ngonyaka kwi PAC engadityaniswanga. I PAC isenokufumana i-$5 000 ngonyaka ukusuka kwezinye ii-PACs (iphantsi kwemida epheleleyo). Akukho mlinganiselo kwinani labantu abanokunikela, ngoko i-PAC inganyusa imali evela kwisiseko esikhulu.
  • Imida edityanisiweyo yomnikelo kwabathathi-nxaxheba: IPAC engadityaniswanga inganikezela ukuya kwii-$5 000 kwikomiti yonyulo nganye. Inganikezela ukuya kwii-$15 000 (R1,50) ngonyaka kwikomiti yeqela lesizwe kunye nakuMadola angamashumi amabini anesihlanu ngonyaka kwikomiti yeqela lasekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkcitho ezimeleyo: Akukho mda kwimali yePAC engadityaniselwanga kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo. Noko ke, iPAC kufuneka inike ingxelo yenkcitho nganye kwiFEC kwaye iquke umlayishi kwintsebenziswano yonxibelelwano echaza iPAC njengombhatalo.
  • I-PACS engadityaniswanga nenkcitho yabo okanye amaphulo abo. I-FEC inemimiselo echaza umanyano, kuquka unxibelelwano nomntu oza kungenelela, ukusebenzisa umthengisi oqhelekileyo, okanye ukwabelana ngolwazi olucwangcisiweyo.
  • Imfuno zengxelo: IPAC kufuneka zifake iingxelo ezithe rhoqo (okanye kwiimeko ezithile) ezidwelisa abanikeli abanikelayo ngenyanga, benike imali engaphezu kwama-$200, ekhutshiweyo, kunye nenjongo yenkcitho nganye. Ezi ngxelo zifumaneka eluntwini kwaye zifumaneka kwi-website ye-FEC.

Le mithetho ijolise ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhululekileyo zokuthetha nokuthintelwa kokonakala. Ekuqheliseni, ukunyanzelisa amanani angofanelani, kwaye abanye abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi intloko ye-FEC isoloko ithintela ulawulo olunamandla. Noko ke, ii-PAC ezingadityanisiweyo zisebenza phantsi kwemithetho ecacileyo kunaleyo, ngoko, 501(c) imibutho yoluntu, enokubandakanyeka kumsebenzi wezopolitiko ngaphandle kokunikela ngezakhono.

Imingxuma Yesephawephu Nezinto Ezingathandekiyo Ezibangelwa Yimali

Ngelixesha ii-PAC ezingeyo i-operasethi zibonakala ngokuqhelekileyo, amanye amaqela asebenzisa izithuba ezisemthethweni. Umzekelo, i PAC engadityaniswanga ingafumana iminikelo evela ku 501(c)(4) okanye (c) (6) umbutho, okungafunekanga ukuba udlulise umnikeli wayo. Oku kuvumela imali evela kwimithombo engaziwayo ukuba ifake intengo ezizimeleyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-PACs isebenzisa iindlela ezisemthethweni ezifana “noluhlu lokutshintshiselana nge” okanye“ ikomiti ezixhasa imali.

Unyuko lwe-PACs eziphezulu emva konyaka ka-2010 lwanciphisa ukubaluleka kweePACs njengesithuthi sokuqala sokuzimela imali ezimeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zihlala ziluhlobo lwePAC ezinokunikela ngqo kubathathi-nxaxheba kwaye zenze inkcitho ezizimeleyo, zinika intlawulo ekhethekileyo kwimali yephulo.

Impembelelo Ekhoyo Kwintetho Yezobupolitika Nendlela Yokuthetha

Ukwanda kwee-PAC ezingeyoyo i-operative kuguqule ubume bezobupolitika ngeendlela ezininzi. Okokuqala, inephulo elifanelekileyo lokuthumela imiyalezo. Endaweni yamaphulo namaqela alawula ingxelo, amaqela azimeleyo angafaka izibhengezo zawo, iiposi, kunye nokuqulunqwa kwamanani. Oku kungakhokelela kwimeko-bume yolwazi ephithizelayo, kodwa kwakhona kumaqela aninzi avakalayo nokona phakathi kwabo banemali eyaneleyo.

Okwesibini, ii-PAC ezingeyonxibelelwano zisoloko zithelekisa nezibhengezo ezingalunganga. Ngenxa yokuba zinganxulunyaniswanga ngqo nomntu oza kubhaptizwa, banokuziva bekhululekile ukuhlasela abachasi ngogonyamelo. Oku “kugquma umoya” kuvumela abo batshatelweyo ukuba bagcine umfanekiso ofanelekileyo xa amaqabane abo eqhuba izibhengezo ezinzima. Noko ke, kwakhona ingadida abavoti, abangaziyo ukuba ngubani obangela uhlaselo okanye onomdla.

Okwesithathu, ii-PAC ezingeyoyo-adityanisiweyo zinganceda abatshati abangenankxaso yesithethe. Umzekelo, abathathi-nxaxheba abafumana ingca ebizwa ngegama eliphantsi bangangenelwa kuncomo lwangaphambili lwe-PAC kunye nenkcitho ezizimeleyo, ezinokubonakalisa ukuthembeka kwabanye abanikeli kunye namajelo eendaba. Ngaphaya, imali ye-PAC ingafaka i-panchul ekhuthuza kwaye ikhuphe impembelelo yabaniki-mali abancinane, njengokuba iitshekezo ezinkulu kubantu abambalwa zingaqokelela intengiso.

Isiphumo: Indima enyamezeleyo yeePacs ezinganxulunyaniswanga

Ii-PAC ezingazidityaniswanga ziye zaba luphawu oluzinzileyo lwezenkxaso yemali yaseMerika kangangamashumi eminyaka, zikhupha umsantsa phakathi kwe-PACs edityaniswe ngokuqinileyo kunye nePaCs engathi ayinasiphelo. Ubuchule bazo zombini zinikela ngqo kubanikezeli kwaye zichitha ngokwazo zizenza izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngokukhululekileyo ukuze zifumane impembelelo yezobupolitika. Ngelixesha zijongene nemiqathango yomnikelo kunye neemfuno zokutyhilwa, ziye zangqinela ukuba zinobuchule ekunyuseni imali kubani beminikelo kunye nenkqubo kawonke wonke.

Ukuqonda le mibutho asiyonto nje yemfundo. Abavoti, ukuqaphela ukuba ngubani ohlawula iPAC engekho kwi-intanethi kunye nosukelo lwayo olunokuthi lwazise indlela abachaza ngayo izibhengezo zephulo kunye nokuxhasa abangeneleli. Abenzi bemithetho, imithetho elawula i-PACs engadityaniswanga ne-edityanisiweyo ayisayi kuhlala ingumbandela wengxoxo-/imali emele inyuswe? Ingaba i-Piodoodi yemali yexesha elininzi? Njengoko inkqubo yezemali yezemali engadityaniselwanga izakuqhubeka idlala indima esemgangathweni kwimpembelelo yezobupolitika.

Ukufunda okungakumbi, jonga kwiKhomishini yoNnyulo [[FLT:] kwiNkqutyana yoNhlolo ukwenzela imimiselo esemthethweni kunye nogcino-lwazi. i-openSecrets[ inikeza iinkcazelo ezineenkcukacha zePACs kunye nenkcazo yazo. [[FLT:] Bona imbali esemthethweni, [[FLT] [[FLT:]] [5]] v. Valeokley[12] [[FLT]] izim] kunye [iiiziphumo ezithenjiweyo] [iiiiiinkcukacha] [iiziphumo ezithenjiweyo] [[12]