Ilungelo Lokugweba Ngokufanelekileyo: Intsika Esisiseko Yezobulungisa

Ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo limi njengenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokukhusela ibutho lobudemokhrasi. Iqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu otyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho unethuba lokwenene lokunikela ingqinisekiso yakhe yobundilele phambi kwenkundla, ekhululekile kwinkani, okanye kwinkqubo engekho mthethweni. Lo mgaqo awuyo nje iprojekthi elungileyo; lisiseko esingundoqo esingundoqo somgaqo-siseko apho ukukholosa kwabantu kwinkqubo esemthethweni. EUnited States, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni ligxininiswe ngokunzulu kumGaqo-siseko, ngokuyintloko ngoMgaqo-siseko weSithandathu, okanye inkqubo yokuHlalisa, kwaye uqiniswa yiMthelelwano yeMthendeleko yeSigqibo-Mthendeleko-siseko weSihla neyesi-5. Ukuqonda iziseko zalo lomgaqo-siseko nemigaqo eluncedo kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokwazisa umthetho wokhuseleko lwenkululeko nokuxhasa umthetho womthetho ngamnye.

Indaleko Yembali Yetyala Elifanelekileyo

Imvelaphi Yamaxesha Aphakathi: IMagna Carta Nomthetho Wamandulo

Ukuqiqa kwangoku kwetyala elilungileyo kulandelela imvelaphi yalo emva ko1215, xa amaNgesi anyanzelisa uKumkani uJohn ukuba atyikitye iMagna Carta. Isahluko 39 salo mgaqo-siseko wembali savakalisa ukuba akukho mntu ukhululekileyo onokuthi afakwe entolongweni, agxothwe, angabi namthetho, okanye agxothwe “ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe." Eli binzana laseka ingcamango esisiseko yokuba imicimbi esemthethweni imele ilandele imithetho emiselweyo kwaye ibandakanya umgwebo ngomnye umntu olingana naye. Ngoxa uMagna Carta ekuqaleni ekhusela udidi olumxina oluncinane lwamadoda akhululekileyo, imigaqo yayo ethe yanwela ngokuthe ngcembe ukuquka iingcamango ezingakumbi. Kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo, umthetho oqhelekileyo ophuhliswayo njengelungelo lokuva, ukwalelwa komthetho wokuzimela ngokwawo ngokwawo, kunye neemlingomele ukuba kuqhutyelelo oluvuliweyo.

IBhili Yamalungelo Nempembelelo Yamarhamente EsiNgesi

IGlorious Revolution yowe-1688 yakhokelela kwiBhili yamaLungelo yamaNgesi yowe-1689, eyathi yaqhubeka isithintela igunya lobukumkani yaza yaqinisekisa igunya lepalamente. Phakathi kwamalungiselelo ayo yayikukwalela ulwaleko lwebheyile olugqithisileyo kunye “nokohlwaywa okungaqhelekanga,” zombini ezithi ngandlel'ubungqina zixhase imilinganiselo yokuvavanya elungileyo. Ezi ngcamango zaya kumathanga mazwe azimeleyo, apho umthetho-mthetho-siseko wangaphambili waqalisa ukudibanisa iziqinisekiso ezifanayo. Umzekelo, iSindululo samalungelo amalungelo e-Aljiniatrajing salo lowewaka li-1776 sachaza ngokucacileyo ukuba “kukonke ikomkhulu okanye isigqengqela-mthetho unelungelo lokufuna ityala lakhe, ukujamelana nabamangali, ukuze bavakalise ubungqina benkolise, kunye namangqina, ukuze bavakalise ngokukhawuleza bejajijijinga. Olu lwimi luchaza ngokungqalileyo olu-665.

Ukuyila umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye neBhili yamaLungelo

Xa iSivumelwano somGaqo-siseko saququzelela iSivumelwano soMgaqo-siseko ngowe-1787, uxwebhu lokuqala lwaluqulathe ii-anti-Federalists ezimbalwa zokukhusela amalungelo. AbaLawuli be-Federali bawaphikisa ngamandla, benyanzelisa ngesiqinisekiso samalungelo okudityaniswa. Isithembiso sokupheliswa sakhokelela ekufumaneni izicelo zeBhunga Lentlalo-Mbutho lokuQala loMqululo loMgaqo-siseko, kunye neSigqibo seSigqibo seSigqibo seSigqibo seSigqibo seSigqibo seSigqibo soMthelo seSihlalo, kunye neSiphendulo seNgqumiso seNgqungqu, kunye neSiphelo seSihlalo seMthethweni se-mthetho, isaziso sokumangalelwa komthetho, ukunikwa komcinelwa kwamalungelo eUnited States. [[FLT.1] sasekunene, isiluleko se-seluntlumbini soncedo, sasekunene.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko eUnited States

IsiHlomelo Sesithandathu

ISindululo Sesithandathu sinikela ilungiselelo elibanzi lokutshutshisa izaphuli-mthetho.

  • Ityala lesantya: ikhusela ummangalelwa ekuvalweni okungagqibekanga kwangaphambili kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina abuthobi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Barker v. Wingo[[FLT:]] (1972] yasungula uvavanyo lokulinganisela ukulinganisa ubude bolibaziseko, isizathu sokulibazisa, ukushwankathela kommangalelwa, ukushwa kommangalelwa kwecala ekunene, kunye nekhethe kumntu omangalelweyo.
  • Uvavanyo lwePublic: lukhuthaza ukubonakala nokudibanisa iingxoxo eziyimfihlo. Uwonke-wonke nokucofa jikelele banelungelo lokuya kwiimvavanyo, nangona ezinye izinto ezingekhoyo zikhona kwimicimbi enzima.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Jury engakhethi macala: Ifuna ukuba abachopheli bangakhutshwanga baze bathathwe kwicandelo lomelo elinqumla uluntu. Ugqatso luvumela amagqwetha ukuba acel ’ umngeni abalawuli bejaji ukuba benze into okanye ukuphuma kwesohlwayo.
  • Iphepha lomthetho: Ummangalelwa kufuneka axelelwe “ngesizathu solwaphulo-mthetho,” ukuze akwazi ukulungiselela ukhuseleko. I-capy okanye iingqiniso zobuxoki ziyalichasa eli lungelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukubekwa kwangaphambili u-Claus: kuqinisekisa ilungelo lokujongana namangqina achaseneyo. Umzekelo wesiphawuli . Washington [2004]) uvunywa kwengxelo ebhaliweyo yeheader ngaphandle kokuba ideclarant ayifumaneki kwaye ummangalelwa unethuba langaphambili lokunqamleza.
  • [[UMGAQO-] C unyanzeliso: Ummangalelwa anganikela ubungqina obungaphantsi kwepoena kwaye anyanzelise ubungqina babo. Eli lungelo libalulekile ekwakheni ukhuselo.
  • Ukungavumelani kweSiluleko: Mhlawumbi elona lungelo libalulekileyo. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabamba ukuba amajelo kufuneka anikezele kwingcebiso kumatyala etyala etyala, kamva anwenwenwe nakweliphi icala elibandakanya isigwebo sentolongo.

Imo-nkqubo elindelekileyo kunye nolungelelwaniso

IsiHlanzo sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uya “kukhutshwa kubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho.” INkundla ePhakamileyo itolike le ntetho ukuba ifune iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngokwentsingiselo yokoqobo kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho nezoluntu. UMthetho we-Gradimende we-145th usebenza kwinkqubo efunekayo kumazwe, kwaye ngemfundiso yokukhetha, phantse zonke izindululo zeSihlangu sesithandathu ngoku ziyasebenza kwinkqulunqe. Ngaphezu koko, iMithes v. Eldridge isakhiwo sisetyenziswa ukuvavanya oko kunokwenziwa kwenkqubo, kwaye ngokubhekiselele kumdlalo wabucala, umngcipheko wokungaphanga, intembeko, nomdla kurhulumente. Oku kuqinisekisa oko kuguquka kobulungisa kunye nezithethe lwemithetho ehamba phambili.

Amalungu Etyala Elifanelekileyo

Ukusetyenziswa

Ukucingela ukuba umsulwa ngumtya owenziwe ngokusesikweni. Kuthetha ukutshutshiswa kuthwele umthwalo wokungqina zonke izinto zetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Lo mlinganiselo ukhusela ummangalelwa ekumangalelweni ngokusekelwe ekukrokreleni okanye ekucingeni. Ukuthandabuza okusengqiqweni asingomqobo nje ozimeleyo; lukhuseleko olunzulu olufuna abachopheli-tyala ukuba babe netyala ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Iinkundla zisoloko zifundisa amatyala ukuba ummangalelwa akanabo ubungqina. Ukuba ityala aliphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo walo, ityala limele lilandele.

Ukufanelekela Isiluleko Noncedo Olunempumelelo

Ilungelo lokunika icebiso likhule ngaphaya kobukho bommeli. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Stland v. Washington (19984) imisele uvavanyo oluzinxenye ezimbini loncedo olungasebenziyo: ummangalelwa makabonise ukuba umsebenzi wesiluleko ubekwe phantsi komgangatho ogqibeleleyo wobuchule kwaye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kumele kuhlale kucelw' umngeni. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba isiluleko asilolungu lomzimba ofudumeleyo kodwa sinikela umelo olunentsingiselo. Iinkqubo zokhuselo lukawonkewonke-wonke, noko, noko, zijongenento enganyanzeli phantsi kwengxelo enzima, ezinokuthi zijongenezobunjani ubunjani bomelo. Idilesi yenkqubo enika olu cebiso lihlala lilucelomngeni.

Umgwebi Nomgwebi Ongakhethi Buso

Umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi buso ubalulekile. Abagwebi kufuneka bazibeke esichengeni xa benekhethe lobuqu okanye benomdla wemali kwiziphumo. Abachopheli kufuneka bavavanywe ukuze bafumane ikhethe, kwaye inkqubo yokukhetha ijolise ekucimeni abangenakugqiba ngetyala elisekelwe kubungqina. ifuna icandelo elinobuphengululi elinobulungisa linika izikhokelo ezizinzileyo ukuqinisekisa amadanga elibonakalisa uluntu. Iimeko eziphezulu-projects zidla ngokufuna i-ir eninzi okanye ukutshintsha indawo ukuze ufumane abagxabisi abangakhethi.

Ukuvavanywa Kwabantu Bonke Nokuvulwa Kwetyala

Ukubonakala ngaphaya kwecala kuthintela ukuziphatha okubi kokugweba nokunganyaniseki, kukhuthaza amangqina ukuba aphumeze, kwaye kufundise uluntu ngokubanzi ngenkqubo yokusesikweni. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba uluntu nomatshini wokushicilela unelungelo lokulungisa uluntu lokuqala lokuya kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kukhethekileyo kusekho ngenxa yobungqina obubandakanya iimfihlelo zorhwebo, ukhuseleko lobuzwe, okanye amangqina angenazingxingozo, kodwa ukuvalwa akuyomfuneko kwaye kufuneka kulungiswe kancinane. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukukhula kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngexesha le-CHOVAID nobhubharentir kwaphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngetyala yamalungelo kawonke wonke, kunye neenkundla ezijongeneenkathalo ezichasene nokuqinisekiswa komgaqo-siseko.

Ukuvavanywa Ngokukhawuleza Nokuthintelwa Kolibaziseko

IJaji elibazisayo iyakhatywa. I-Piney Trial Claus ikhusela ummangalelwa ekubandezelweni ekuvalweni ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina abupheli. IBhunga liqinisekisa ukuba i-Priedy Trial Act ka- 1974, ifuna iimvavanyo zikarhulumente ukuba ziqalise phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-70 zokumangalelwa (ngaphandle ko),. Izilibazi ezibangelwa kukuxina kwenkundla, ukumangalelwa komthetho ongekho mthethweni, okanye ukuzikhusela ngokwako kulinganiswa ngononophelo. Kwinkundla yephondo, imilinganiselo yemithetho-siseko iyasetyenziswa kuvavanyo [[FLT:] Barker ukulinganisela.

Ungquzulwano oluphakathi noMbindi

IBhali liqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanya ukuthembeka kwamangqina angalunganga. Ukuxilonga komnqamlezo kuthathwa njengeyona injini yomthetho ebalaseleyo eyakhe yavelelwa ukufunyanwa kwenyaniso. Isigqibo seNkundla . iCrawford v. Washington yaguqula uhlalutyo ngokuqwalasela ngokubhekisa kwingxelo ebhaliweyo. Ukuba umtshutshisi ufuna ukuvuma ingxelo yangaphambili engqinayo, ideclarants kufuneka ingqine kwaye ibekwe phantsi kwe-asethi, ngaphandle kokuba ideclarant ayifumaneki kwaye ummangalelwa unethuba langaphambili lokunqamleza i-equ. Iingxelo ze-exmine. Iingxelo, 911, kunye neemfono zamapolisa ziphakamisa zonke iimbambano ezintluphelo phantsi kwale mfundiso.

Impembelelo Ephangaleleyo Eluntwini

Amalungelo amatyala afanelekileyo awafumaneki kuphela ngenxa yokungenelwa kwabamangalelwa. Asebenza ngokuphandle kwimingcipheko yentlalo-ntle. Xa iimvavanyo zijongwa njengezifanelekileyo, uluntu luthemba inkqubo yokusesikweni, ekhuthaza intsebenziswano nomthetho onyanzelisayo kunye nolwamkelo lwezigwebo. Iimvavanyo ezintle zinciphisa iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo, ezingakhuseli nje kuphela abantu abangenatyala kodwa ezithintela abagwebi bokwenene ekuhlaleni. [[FLT:] Iprojectnce [[FLT: 1]] i-Invocementssion [[FLT] ibhale amakhulu eendimentationss ments kubungqina obungachaphazanyiswayo, ezininzi ezibandakanya imigaqo ephothekileyo efana nokuphoxelwa komntu omsulwa kunye nokuvunywa kobuxoki. Ukuqinisa iziqinisekiso ezithe ngqo kwimithombo enjalo yempazamo. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa komgaqo olungileyo womthetho wobuhlwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wobuhlwe, ityala, ityala elinguququququluvo olulungileyo, olulungileyo, olulungileyo alugunya lonke umthetho o

Ucelomngeni Lokugweba Ngokufanelekileyo

Ukufikelela kumelo olusemthethweni

Intsingiselo yokumela ngenzondelelo iyangqubana nenyaniso yokhuselo lukawonke-wonke oluphantsi. Abamangalelwa abaninzi abagqwesileyo bafumana uncedo lomthetho oluqhelekileyo, namagqwetha angoyiswayo afuna iziphumo ezininzi zamatyala. Oku kunokukhokelela kwingcinezelo yokucela ityala kwanaxa kukho inkxaso elungileyo. Amanyathelo akutshanje, anjenge NLADA[ kunye nomgangatho wolawulo, enenjongo yokumisela imiqathango yomthwalo kunye nemali edityanisiweyo, kodwa inkqubela iyaphikisana. Kwezinye iindawo zasemaphandleni, inkqubo ixhomekeke kumagqwetha aqeqeshi athekileyo atheneyo.

IBhayibhile yobuhlanga nezentlalo nezoqoqosho

Phezu kwazo nje iziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko, ubuhlanga obungagungqiyo nobulawulwayo buyaqhubeka busulela inkqubo yobulungisa. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba abamangalelwa abamnyama nababhinqileyo basenokuba bakwindawo engaphambili, bafumane izigwebo ezinde, kwaye bajongene nejaji. Inkqubo yokukhetha abachopheli-mgwebi, ngoxa yenziwe ukuphelisa ikhethe, isenokuvumela ukukhutshwa kocalucalulo olucacileyo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Batson v. Kentucky [1986] igalelo lohlanga olusekelwe kulo, kodwa lusaqhubeka lunzima. Ukuqeqesha abagwebi namagqwetha, kunye nengqokelela yenkcazelo ethetha ngeengxaki.

Impembelelo yamajelo eendaba kunye nophuhliso loshishino

Kwimeko eziphezulu, ukupapashwa kwejelo leendaba okusasazekileyo kungatyhefa iqumrhu labachopheli-tyala. Ijelo logcino-lwazi loluntu liyichaza le miphumela, njengokuba abachopheli besenokudibana nengcaciso egqwethekileyo okanye ubungqina obungamkelekiyo. Iinkundla zisebenzisa imilinganiselo njengemiyalelo yegag, ukutshintsha kwendawo, ukuququzelelwa kweejaji, kunye nokunwenwa okugqithisiweyo ukuthomala ikhethe. Noko ke, umgca phakathi kokusasaza okufanelekileyo kunye nokusasaza ingcali kobugqhinga. Unyuko lwe-intanethi yokuphaphaphazamiso, apho abamangalelwa bagwetyelwa ekuhleni phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala, kuzisa isisongelo esitsha sokungakhethi.

Iinkokeli Zetyala Nezigwebi

Ngaphezu kwama-90% amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States aphela ngokufaka isingxengxezo kunezivavano. Uxinzelelo olukhulu lokwamkela isibongozo . Ngokufuthi luphumela kwisigwebo esiphantsi kunokubeka ityala elingaphantsi . /Ii-appine ilungelo lokuchophela ityala. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo yanyanzela abamangalelwa abaninzi abangenatyala ukuba bacele ityala, ingakumbi xa bejamelene nezigwebo eziphantsi kwemithetho. Ngaphezu koko, ukungcelela izicelo akulawulwa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekususweni kwezahlulelelo nakwe ngaphaya kwetyala. Ngoku amanye amazwe afuna ulawulo okanye ukukhutshelwa kobungqina phambi kokuba izicelo zivunyiwe kuyamke.

Ubugcisa kunye nezindululo

Ubuxhakaxhaka buzisa amathuba kunye neengozi. Iinkundla zenyani zasasazeka kakhulu ngexesha lobhubhani, zinyusa inkxalabo nelungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala likawonke-wonke kunye nonxibelelwano olunempumelelo phakathi kwabamangalelwa kunye nesiluleko. Ngoxa ukubonakala kude kungayiphucula impumelelo, zisenokunciphisa ukuthembeka kwenkundla ze zimisele umlinganiselo wokuvavanya indlela abamangalelwa abaziphatha ngayo. Ukongezelela, ukusetyenziswa kobukrelekrele ekuhloleni imigaqo eyingozi, kunye nokuveliswa kweziphumo kufuneka kuvavanywe ngenyameko ukuqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa banokuvavanywa kobungqina obunikelwe kubo.

Iimbono Neenkuselo Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala elilungileyo asiyongcamango yaseMerika kuphela. Inqaku le-10 leSindululo somhlaba Wonke samaLungelo angabantu (1948) lithi: “Wonke umntu unelungelo lokulingana ngokupheleleyo nokungana namalungelo afanelekileyo nokuchotshelwa ekuhleni kwabantu yinkundla ezimeleyo nengakhethi buso.” Isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ekwamkelekileyo nangokweepolitiki (ICCPR) sichaza ngokuchanekileyo kwiGatya 14, kuquka iziqinisekiso zokulingana phambi kweenkundla, ukuphehlwaya kokungabinatyala, ukukhuselwa kobucala, umgangatho ophantsi, kwamalungelo anelungelo lokubhenela. Isivumelwano saseYurophu samaLungelo esizimeleyo sikhusela amalungelo abantu phantsi kweQumrhulu, amatyala asisityebi avu nakulwayo amaqela afana nabanga lityalayo.

Isiphelo

Ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo asilosiko elimileyo kodwa ngumgaqo ophilayo ofuna ukuhlala uphaphile. Isiseko somgaqo-siseko walo kwiSithandathu soMphengululo weSithandathu kunye ne-Gadi yeNkqubo kaClaus enika isiseko esiqinileyo, kodwa ukufezeka kobulungisa kuxhomekeke kwizixhobo ezaneleyo, izenzo ezingagwetyelwanga, kunye nokuhlonela ukhuseleko lweprojekthi. Njengoko kuvela iingxaki ezintsha . Ngokusuka kumgangatho ophantsi wokukhusela uwonke wonke kwimpembelelo yamajelo eendaba → inkqubo yomthetho kufuneka ilungelelenze ngoxa ingaze ilahlekelwe yindlela esisiseko: ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu omangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho ufumana ithuba lokwenyaniso phambi komenzi wesigqibo sobundilele. Abahlohlisi, abafundi, nabahlali belizwe, beqonda amalungelo okuqala ukukhusela imilinganiselo yobulungisa.