Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usebenza njengamaxwebhu asisiseko asisiseko amisela isakhiwo, amagunya, kunye nemisebenzi yoorhulumente borhulumente. Achaza amalungelo abemi kwaye amisela inkqubo yemithetho kwiphondo ngalinye. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ufumana isabelo sengonyama solwazelelelo lukawonke-wonke, umgaqo-siseko uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngokufuthi kakhulu xa kusenziwa iirhafu zempahla kunye nemali yesikolo kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho nemithetho yomtshato. Ukuqonda la maxwebhu kunceda abemi balapho baqonde indlela esebenza ngayo imithetho yabo, indlela esungulwa nenyanzelelwa ngayo, namalungelo abanokuxhomekeka kuwo xa beqhubana namagunya orhulumente kunye nawengingqi.

Uyintoni UmGaqo-siseko KaRhulumente?

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uluxwebhu olubhaliweyo oluchaza ulungelelwano lukarhulumente wesizwe, kuquka urhulumente ophetheyo, onegunya, kunye namasebe eejaji. Luchaza amalungelo abemi, amisela imida kumagunya karhulumente, lumise nemigaqo yokudlulisa nokutshintsha imithetho karhulumente. Lonke urhulumente eUnited States unomgaqo-siseko walo, ngamnye onemimiselo ekhethekileyo eme ngembali yakhe, impucuko yezobupolitika, kunye neemfuno zasekuhlaleni. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho-U.S., osisigxina somgaqo-siseko wesizwe, utyekele ukudlula, utyekele, kwaye ulungelelaniseka rhoqo. U.S. umGaqo-siseko uqulethe malunga namagama angama-7,600 kwaye ulungelelayilo-7, kunye nezihlandlo ezingama-7, kunye neemfunomthetho wezopolitimente, ngoxa imimiselo ye-Alaba nyaka iqula amagama angaphezu kwama-40 000 kunye namaxesha angama-950950.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ufeza iinjongo ezininzi. Zidala inkqubo yemibutho karhulumente. /_Iinkqubo zenani lamagumbi owiso-mthetho, imisebenzi yerhuluneli, ulawulo lweenkundla zeli lizwe, kunye namagunya oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abafana noomasipala. Kwakhona zibeka imiqathango engaphantsi kwisenzo sikarhulumente, njengeemfuno zoqingqo-mali ezilungeleleneyo, imida emiselweyo yamagosa anyuliweyo, nemigaqo-siseko ekhethekileyo yerhafu. Okubaluleke kakhulu, umgaqo-siseko uquka iityala ezinqikelelo ezigqithiseleyo zamalungelo engaphaya kokhuseleko lwamalungelo e-U.S. uBill wamaLungelo, ummandla ogquthelela imimandla enjengendawo eyimfihlo, i-ofisi, imfundo, kunye nomgangatho wemeko-mentlalo.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nendaleko YomGaqo-siseko KaRhulumente

Isithethe somgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo wesizwe sangaphambili komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Ngexesha leMfunghiso-siseko waseMerika, amathanga antlandlolo alishumi elinesithathu ngalinye aqokelela amaxwebhu awo asisiseko ukuze athathe indawo yemithetho-siseko ye-lorth. Connecticut wamkela umgaqo-siseko wayo wokuqala ngo1639, owaziwa ngokuba yi-Primental Orders, kodwa umgaqo-siseko wokuqala wale mihla wabunjwa nguVirginia ngoJuni 1776 njengenxalenye yokubhengeza kwawo inkululeko. La maxwebhu angaphambili abonakalisa ukungathembini amandla aphezulu yaye aquka ukwahlukana okucacileyo kwamandla, unyulwa rhoqo, kunye neemali zamalungelo akhuselwa amalungelo akhuselwe inkululeko yokuthetha, ukushicilela nonqulo.

Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba neyeshumi elinesithoba, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe waguquka ngendlela ephawulekayo. Njengoko amaphondo aye angenelela i-Union, iBhunga lafuna ukuba ngalinye libe nohlobo lukarhulumente weRiphabliki, kodwa lashiya iziqulatho ezikhethekileyo kumaphondo. Amaphondo amaninzi amkela umgaqo-siseko omtsha ngexesha lotshintsho. Njengamaxesha eNguquko (1890-1920), xa utshintsho olusungulweyo lwezixhobo zedemokhrasi ezifana nokuthatha inyathelo lokuqala, ukuqulungela, ukuququzelela, ukumiswa kwemithetho-siseko solawulo-melo, aqalisa ukwandisa imigaqo-nkqubo, njengaloo mlinganiselo wokulawula itrafikishi, ukuva okanye ukumisela iinkqubo zemfundo zikawonke zolwimi oluqhelekileyo. Oku kutyekelo lwemithetho yezomthetho kuchaza isizathu sokuba imithetho yezolawulo yanamhlanje isoloko ithambe yaye ilungiswe rhoqo.

Amalungu angundoqo omGaqo-siseko weSizwe

Nangona umgaqo-siseko worhulumente ngamnye wahlukile, inkoliso yabelana ngeseti eqhelekileyo yamalungu esakhiwo. Ukuqonda la malungu kubalulekile ekuqondeni uxwebhu nasekusebenziseni ukhuseleko lwamalungelo okanye inkqubo yorhulumente.

Isingeniso

Isiqalo sichaza injongo kunye nemigaqo ekhokelayo yomgaqo-siseko. Ngokwesiqhelo, ivakalisa ukuba abantu borhulumente bamisela umgaqo-siseko ukuze bakhusele ucwangco, inkululeko, kunye nokusesikweni. Ezinye isiqalo sigxininisa iziseko zonqulo, njengakumgaqo-siseko weMassachusetts obiza “ukulunga koMphathi-mthetho Omkhulu weMmandla Ephela,” ngoxa abanye, njengowaseNew York, bengenalunqulo. Isihlomelo asiwaniki okanye sibeke umda, kodwa maxa wambi iinkundla zisebenzisa wona ukutolika iinjongo ezibanzi zomgaqo-siseko.

IBhili yamaLungelo

Umgaqo-siseko ngamnye wesizwe uqulethe irekhodi yamalungelo akhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nenkululeko. Ezi zibonakalisa ngokuqhelekileyo iBhili yamaLungelo azimeleyo e-U.S. inkululeko yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, inkululeko yonqulo, ukuvavanywa ngabachopheli-tyala, kunye nokukhululeka ekuphangweni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhwaleka , kodwa ngokufuthi kwandiswa kuwo. Umthetho-siseko wesizwe waseKhalifonini uquka ilungelo lokufumana amalungelo owe-ngakhankanywwanga ngokucacileyo kwi-U. UmGaqo-siseko. Uninzi lwamalungelo asemthethweni lukwathetha nangamalungelo akhethekileyo anjengawo amaxhoba, intlawulo lwamaxhoba, ukulingana, okanye ukukhuselwa kwawo, okanye ukukhuselwa kwawo kwikhethe elisekelwe kwisini, kwibala, okanye kwisiphene. Iinkundla zikarhulumente zinokuwatolika la malungelo angakumbi kuneenkundla zenkundla zesizwe ezikhompumente ezifanayo.

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente

Le nxalenye ichaza ukulungelelaniswa korhulumente wamasebe amathathu: owiso-mthetho, onegunya, kunye nogwebo. Ichaza inani lamalungu kumagumbi emithetho, iimfaneleko, ubude, kunye namandla erhuluneli, isakhiwo senkqubo yenkundla ukusuka kwiinkundla ezivavanyiweyo ukuya kwinkundla ephakamileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokuzalisa iimvume zorhulumente. Ikwachaza ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, izixeko, kunye nezikolo ezifumana igunya lazo kumgaqo-siseko. Eminye imigaqo-siseko idala amaziko azimeleyo, afana neekomishini okanye iibhodi zemfundo, kunye nemigaqo yemithetho yokuchola, kuquka nokusebenza kovoti, kuquka nendlela ekhutshwa ngayo imimandla.

Izakhono Zokuhlaziywa Nokuphengululwa

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe phantse usoloko uquka icandelo elichaza indlela ezinokutshintshwa ngayo. Ezi ndlela zimbini zingundoqo zingu i-regiadiral (indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe icebisa ukupheliswa, okufuneka kuvunywe ngabavoti kunyulo lwezwe lonke) kunye nokuququzelelwa kwe-endum [iiiiiiiindawo yosayino olwaneleyo lokufaka imvume ngqo kwi- bloboloti). Amazwe ambalwa, afana noDelawa, avumela ukuthunyelwa kwendlu ephezulu yendlu yowiso-mthetho eencwadi ngaphandle kovoti. Amaninzi afuna i-3-3 eenjisogosa-ota yamanani aneleyo e-3 kwi-aftiftive, ngoko athe alula, athe athe athe athe athenjiswe (e, athe athe athenjiswe, athenjiso, athe athe athenjiswe, athe athe

Amalungiselelo awongezelelekileyo

Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente usoloko uneenkcukacha ezininzi zenkqubo ezingagqalwanga “zingoburhulumente” ngengqiqo encinane. Ezi ziquka amalungiselelo emali yemfundo karhulumente, imida yamatyala karhulumente, ukuhlelwa kwerhafu ethile (njengempahla okanye irhafu yengeniso), imimiselo yomhlaba, ikhusela indalo, kwanemithetho yokungcakaza okanye yokuzingela. Ngoxa le migaqo ikhethekileyo yenza ukuba imimiselo ingabi nakusetyenziswa, ikwanika abemi ithuba lokuvala ukhetho olubalulekileyo lwemigaqo-nkqubo kumgangatho ophezulu womthetho karhulumente, ibakhusele ekutshintsheni umgaqo-mthetho.

Indlela uMgaqo-siseko weSizwe owahluke ngayo kumGaqo-siseko waseU.S.

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela inkqubo karhulumente wesizwe kunye namalungelo asisiseko asebenza kwilizwe lonke. Ingummiselo omfutshane, ebanzi, yaye kunzima ukuwuphelisa. Ngokwahlukileyo, imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente, mide, ithe yanenkcukacha ezininzi, kwaye ilula ukutshintsha. UmGaqo-siseko unika igunya elicacisiweyo kurhulumente wesizwe nakuwo onke amanye amagunya akhoyo akhoyo kumazwe. Ngokuthe rhoqo abonakala ngathi akwimithetho efanelekileyo. “umgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kwelinye icala, unika abantu igunya kurhulumente, ngokwendlela enokuba ngurhulumente, nto leyo enokuthi oorhulumente bawasebenzise ngokucacileyo amandla abo. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba imimiselo yemithetho yezomthetho ibandakanya imiqathango ebonakala ifanelekile.“ Le mithetho yemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko, kwesinye isandla, ithetha ukuba umgaqo-mthetho ochazwa ngokuziimbono, ngokomgaqo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho ozigwebayo, abanokuwumisela ngokwama ngomthetho wabo, ngokokunga umgaqo-mthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Indima YemiGaqo-siseko Karhulumente Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Umgaqo - siseko karhulumente uchaphazela iinkalo ezininzi zobomi babantu.

  • [[NTLAWULO:0] Iirhafu ezigqithisiweyo: Umgaqo-siseko wombuso umisela irhafu yempahla okanye umlinganiselo wolwando lwaminyaka le. Isivumelwano seKhalifoniya se 13 (188) sasiyinguquko eyathi yazisa imiqathango yomlinganiselo werhafu nohlolo oludumileyo, ilungiselelo elisalawula iimarike zezindlu kunye noqingqo-mali lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni.
  • Imfundo: Iinkqubo zemali yeSikolo zisoloko zisuka kwiingxelo zomgaqo-siseko karhulumente ezifuna ukuba urhulumente anikezele “indlela enzima nesebenzayo” okanye“indlela yemfundo” yezikolo zikawonke-wonke. Iinkundla zicelw'ucelomngeni phantsi kwala mabinzana zinyanzelele amazwe ukuba ahlaziye iinkqubo zemali kunye namalungiselelo afanelekileyo.
  • Oorhulumente bengingqi: “ulawulo lwasekhaya” ummiselo wemithetho-siseko karhulumente unika izixeko kunye nomlinganiselo othile wokuzilawula ukudlulisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni, ukulawula izimali, nokulawula ukusetyenziswa komhlaba ngaphandle kokufuna ukuvunywa ngurhulumente.
  • [[QUT:0] Ityala lomthetho womthetho: ityala likarhulumente linganika abamangalelwa ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kunolufunekayo kwiinkundla zesizwe, njengomthetho ongqongqo okanye ilungelo elibanzi lokunika icebiso. Kwamanye amazwe, isohlwayo sokufa sikwalelwe ngokucacileyo okanye silinganiselwe ngokungqongqo ngumgaqo-siseko wezwe.
  • Impilo nemeko-bume: Iimeko ezininzi zamkela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kwimeko-bume ecocekileyo, ukufikelela kumanzi acocekileyo okusela, okanye ukucoceka kwempilo. La malungiselelo anika abemi isixhobo sokuvavanya izenzo zikarhulumente ezithob' impilo kawonke-wonke.

UmGaqo-siseko weMbutho oKhuselayo: Sisixhobo esithe ngqo solawulo-melo

Enye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo zomgaqo-siseko wesizwe ezininzi kukukwazi kwabemi ukucebisa nokumisela izilungiso ngqo kwinkqubo yokuqalisa. Kungokunje, amaphondo angama-23 avumela ukuthatha inyathelo lokuqala nokulinika imvume ukuze kumiselwe imimiselo, kwaye i-18 yamazwe akuvumela ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo inika amandla abemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba bawuyeke umthetho xa bengavumi ukwenza okuthile kwimicimbi ethandwayo. Imizekelo yokulungisa umgaqo-siseko ophumelelayo iquka imida ekwimiqathango yemimiselo, ukusetyenziswa komthetho wezonyango okanye wemijuxube, imiqathango engo engomgaqo wemitshato, nemiqathango ephezulu yemilinganiselo efunekayo kwirhafunto yokwandiso.

Noko ke, esi sixhobo solawulo-moya singqalileyo asisokugxekwa. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi amanyathelo anokuqhathwa ngamaqela anezilangazelelo ezintle, avelisa imithetho engekho mgangathweni edala iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, kwaye akhokelela kumgaqo-siseko ogqugqisileyo osusa ujijeko kumagosa anyuliweyo. Sekunjalo, amandla okuphelisa umgaqo-siseko wezwe ngevoti ethandwayo ahlala esaziwa ukuba alawule umgangatho wesizwe kunye nesizathu esingundoqo sokuba la maxwebhu asoloko eguquka.

Imizekelo ephawulekayo yomGaqo-siseko weRhulumente

EKhalifoniya

Umgaqo-siseko weKhalifoniya, owamkelwa ngowe-1992 kwaye wahlaziywa ngokucokisekileyo ngowee-1960, ungomnye weminye yemiqathango emide kuhlanga. Iquka imigaqo echaza irhafu yempahla (Iprojekthi 13), imida yemithetho, isiNgesi njengolwimi olusemthethweni, kwanemfuneko yokuba urhulumente agcine uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo. Imithetho yamalungelo aquka ilungelo elibalulekileyo lokuba yimfihlo. Ngenxa yokuba inokulungiswa ngevoti nje yoninzi lwendlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nabavoti, umgaqo-siseko weKhalifoni uhlaziyiswe kamakhulu amaxesha, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni uxwebhu olunemiqatha, inkqubo yemithetho-laden, abagxeki abaninzi bathi lusebenza njengemithetho yesiseko.

I-Texas

Umgaqo-siseko weTexas, owamkelwa ngo1876, udumile ixesha elide (amagama angaphezu kwe-100 000) kwaye ungqongqo. Wabhaliswa emva kwexesha lokuvuselelwa kwakhona ukuze kumiselwe amandla erhuluneli nendlu yowiso-mthetho, kuveliswa intloko ebuthathaka kunye norhulumente owahluliweyo. Uqulethe ulungiselelo oluninzi olunenkcukacha zokuchitha kwaye uphakathi kweyona miqathango yorhulumente esoloko iguqulwe rhoqo, ``ayekwa i-500' zivunyiwe. Inkqubo yokupheliswa kwemithetho eTexas ifuna ivoti-3 ezimbini zegumbi ngalinye lemithetho kunye nemvume yenkomfamathe yovoti yevoti. Ngenxa yale ngxaki, iinguqu ezininzi zenkqubo ziye zatshintshwa ngumthetho oqhelekileyo.

Massachusetts

Umgaqo-siseko weMassachusetts, omiselwe ngo1779 nguJohn Adams, ngomnye wemiqathango emidala ebhaliweyo ehlabathini. Ithelekisa ukuba mfutshane kwaye ilungiswe malunga nezihlandlo eziyi 120 kuphela. Isakhiwo sayo saseka inkqubo yezi bhuranch yeli xesha kwaye iquka umlawuli onamandla onamandla. Inkqubo yeMassachusetts inye yezona zidibeneyo: ukupheliswa kwemithetho-siseko kufuneka kudluliswe ngeemithetho yesiseko yemithetho elandelelanayo kwaye ivunywe nguvota. Le ngxaki ivelise uxwebhu oluzinzileyo olutshintsha kancinci, ngokuphikisana nomthetho ophethulwa ngokukhawuleza kwamanye amazwe amaninzi.

Oregon

Umgaqo-siseko we-Oregon waduma njengelebhu yedemokhrasi engqalileyo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Ukulungisa kwayo ngowe-1990 “ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuthunyelwa kwe-asendentum” kwanika abavoti amandla okukhupha yomibini imithetho kunye nokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Ukususela ngoko, uOregon uye wenza utshintsho oluthe rhoqo nge-colotbator, kuquka inkqubo yokuqala yelizwe yokucwangcisa umhlaba, inkqubo yonyango olusemthethweni lokuzibulala, kunye nokufumana uxwebhu lwevoti-mail. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ukwahlula ukunqongophala kwawo okufunekayo okulungeleleneyo, ukuxhomekeka endaweni yemvume yokulawula, nokuquka amalungiselelo emali ehlawulwayo, intlawulo, intlawulo, kunye nokukhuselwa kokhuseleko lwemekobume.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda UmGaqo-siseko Welizwe Lakho Kubaluleke Kubemi

Ukuqonda umgaqo-siseko worhulumente wakho asiyonto nje efundiswayo, sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi yoluntu, ukukhusela amalungelo nokuphendulisa urhulumente. Xa wazi oko kuqinisekisiwe ngumgaqo-siseko wesizwe, unga:

  • Iziphumo zolwazi: Iintlawulo zomGaqo-siseko zisoloko zivela kwiivoti ecaleni konyulo lomvotelo. Ukwazi amalungiselelo akhoyo kukunceda ugqibe ukuba ngaba intengiselwano ecetyisiweyo iyimfuneko, ifanelekile, okanye inokwenzeka.
  • [[NTL:0] Amalungelo akho: Ityala likarhulumente lamalungelo maxa wambi linikela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo kune-U.S. Umzekelo, ukuba umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wakho uyavuma ngokucacileyo ukuba unelungelo lokuba wedwa, ungavavanya ukhangelo lwezobucala ngaphandle kokuthembela kuphela kwimiqathango yenkundla yesizwe.
  • Urhulumente weCalvenge uphazanyisiwe: urhulumente utyhola ukuba umthetho ochasene nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe ungaphumelela nokuba oko kuthe kwathi kanti kuthe kwathi kanti uluvo lunjalo lungaphumelela phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U. Uloyiso olubalulekileyo olungokwasemthethweni luye lwafunyanwa phantsi kolungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko karhulumente, ukusuka ekuxhaseni amatyala emfundo ukuya kumaqokobhe erhafu.
  • Ukulawula ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni: imimiselo yolawulo lwasekhaya, umgaqo-siseko kamasipala, kunye namagunya ephondo asekelwe kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Ukuqonda oku kunokukunceda uphembelele izigqibo zokuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo, iinkqubo zebhodi yesikolo, kunye nezakhiwo zerhafu yasekuhlaleni.
  • Paricipate kwinkqubo yokulungisa: Kumatyala ngamalungelo okuqalisa, abemi bangazenza iinguquko zabo, baqokelele intsayino, kunye nephulo labo. Kwanakumazwe ngaphandle kwenyathelo lokuqala, bekwazi ukunyanzela uwiso-mthetho wakho ukuba ucebise ukubuyiselwa kwenkqubo yexesha elide.

Ukuqalisa, fumana ukhuphelo lomgaqo-siseko wezwe lakho kwi-intanethi nge-website yendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe okanye nge- LAVEKIS NEXIS umQokelela-siseko weSizwe. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislatures [ inika kwakhona izinto ezikhoyo ekulungiseni izicwangciso zedemokhrasi nedemokhrasi. Kwanovavanyo olukhawulezileyo lweta yeziqulatho zezo ziqulo- lungatyhila indlela uxwebhu lweSindululo sezwe sakho olulungisa ngayo umbandela ozikhathalele kakhulu.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uphila, amaxwebhu athelekisa isithethe nemvakalelo yedemokhrasi yokuvumela abantu bazilawule. Zingumxube wemigaqo ephezulu nenkcukacha ze-pragmatic( kwaye ukuyiqonda yenye yezona ndlela zilungileyo zokuba ngummi othenjiswe imvume, onikwe igunya kwilizwe lakho.