Kwixesha eliphawulwa kukungaguquguquki kwezobupolitika, ukuthandabuza, nokutshintsha okukhawulezileyo kwezobugcisa, umbuzo woko kulawula imilinganiselo yokuziphatha awukhange ube ngongxamiseko. Abahlali ehlabathini jikelele bafuna iinkokeli ezingalandeli nje kuphela umthetho kodwa zixhasa nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha engaphaya komgangatho ophantsi osemthethweni. Ulawulo lweziko lobupolitika asiyonjongo engaqhelekanga; luyindawo esisiseko yokuthemba intlalo, impumelelo yezoqoqosho, kunye nenkqubela ebambekayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imigaqo engundoqo yokulawula ngokokuziphatha, lichaza isizathu sokuba zizinto ezizinzileyo, zichaza imingeni eqhubekayo, kwaye zinikela iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuzizalisekisa. Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa le migaqo, ibutho labantu linokusondela kwingcamango yexesha elizayo elungileyo nengenakulinganiswa.

Yintoni Ulawulo Lweenkokeli?

Ulawulo lwezomthetho lubhekiselele ekusetyenzisweni kwemigaqo yokuziphatha ekusetyenzisweni kwegunya, igunya, kunye nokwenza izigqibo kumaqumrhu kawonke-wonke. Kudlulela ngaphaya kokuthobela nje imithetho nemigaqo ukuquka ukuzinikela ekunyanisweni, ekuthembekeni, ekuphenduleni, nasekulungeni kukawonke-wonke. Ngokwenyani, ulawulo lwemilinganiselo lucela iinkokeli namaziko ukuba zingaphenduli nje kuphela "Ngangokuba oku kusemthethweni? kodwa kwakhona "Ngaba oku kulungile?" Lo mahluko ubalulekile: isigqibo sinokuba sivumelekile ngokusemthethweni kodwa sithandabuzeke, sibangele ukuthemba kukawonke wonke ukutyhubela phambili.

Ngokwesiko, ulawulo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha lusuka kwizithethe ezahlukeneyo , ukusuka kwiKantian deontology, egxininisa umsebenzi kunye nemithetho yokuziphatha jikelele, kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha elinganisa iziphumo zenani elikhulu, kwisidima semilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ebhekisa kubuntu bomamkeli wesigqibo. Ekubeni, ifuna ulungelelwano oluthe ngcembe phakathi kwamaxabiso akhuphisanayo: ukuphumelela ngokulingana nokulingana, uninzi luza kuphikisana namalungelo amancinci, kunye nempumelelo emfutshane yexesha elide. Imithetho yemithetho yemithetho yezoburhulumente yanamhlanje, njengaleyo ikhuliswe yi- [[FLT]] [EK] , idibanisa ezi zicwangciso zentanda-ntanda-ntanda-bulumko kwimithetho esebenzayo yabaphathi-wonke.

Imigaqo Esisiseko Yolawulo Lwemigaqo

Nangona abantu bethetha ngemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo, kukho imigaqo emininzi evumelanayo esekelwe kuyo, le migaqo isebenza njengendlela yokulawula iinkokeli kuzo zonke iinkalo zikarhulumente.

Umbuzo

Ukuziphendulela kuthetha ukuba iinkokeli namaziko anokuphendula ngezenzo, izigqibo, kunye neziphumo ezizivelisayo. Zinemilinganiso emibini: ukuphenduleka (imbopheleleko yokuchaza nokuthethelela izigqibo) nokunyanzeliswa (ubuchule bokumisela isigwebo okanye ukunganyaniseki). Ukuphendula ngokunempumelelo kufuna imithetho ecacileyo, iinkqubo ezicace ngokucacileyo, kunye nemibutho ezimeleyo enjengeziqumrhu ezijongene neeofisi, kunye neekomishini yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ngaphandle kokuziphendulela kwisigqibo, amandla aba nentelekelelo.

Ingqibelelo

Ingqibelelo ibandakanya ukunamathela kwimigaqo yokuziphatha neyokuziphatha, naxa kungekho mntu ubukelayo. Kumagosa kawonke-wonke, ingqibelelo ithetha ukuphepha iimbambano zenzala, ukwala ukunyotywa, nokuhlala unyanisekile kuzo zonke iincoko. Kukwafuneka ukuba iinkokeli zingasebenzisi isikhundla sazo ukuze zifumane inzuzo yobuqu. I-FLTS transpancy International[ Isalathisi sobuqhetselel-bucala [indlela ezithenjiweyo] ibonakalisa ngokuthe rhoqo ukuba imilinganiselo ephakamileyo yengqibelelo ehambisana nemigangatho yedemokhrasi ephakamileyo nolwaneliseko yabemi.

Ukusesikweni Nokungakhethi Buso

Kufuneka izigqibo zolawulo zingenziwa ngaphandle kocalucalulo, ucalucalulo, okanye ucalucalulo. Lo mgaqo ufuna ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho, ukwabiwa ngokulinganayo kobuncwane, nokugwetywa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho yezorhwebo, kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba iinkqubo zicace gca kwaye onke amaqela anelizwi. Ukungakhethi bubaluleke ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zomthetho, amaqumrhu alawulayo, kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo kawonke-wonke. Xa kuthathwa ukuba okusesikweni akubikho, ukuchachasana kwamaqela asekuhlaleni kunye nokungalinganiswa kwamaqela kuphulukana nokholo kwimibutho.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Nokunxulumana

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo asisiso sitrato esinye. Ibandakanya ngokukhutheleyo abemi kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo ziyaviwa kwaye ziyaqwalaselwa. Inxaxheba ingathatha iindlela ezininzi: ukujongana noluntu, uqingqo-mali lokwabelana, iikomiti zolawulo, kunye namanyathelo karhulumente avulekileyo. Ukulwa norhulumente uhambela phambili ngokuzabalazela ngokukhethekileyo ukufikelela kuluntu oluphantsi kolawulo olukhoyo, olufana nolwabantu bomthonyamadudwa, abafazi, abantu abaneziphene, kunye nabambalwa. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Ezineenjongo Zophuhliso Uphuhliso Ulawulo oluneemeko 16 zinxibelelanisa ulawulo loxolo nobulungisa.

Ukuhlonela Umthetho

Umthetho uthetha ukuba bonke abantu kunye namaziko, kuquka urhulumente, baphantsi kwaye bayaphendula phantsi komthetho. Kuthetha ukuqiniseka okungokwasemthethweni, ukusetyenziswa ngokuqinisekisiweyo, kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo asisiseko. Ulawulo lwengcaciso luqonda ukuba imithetho imele ibe yeyobulungisa yaye hayi izixhobo zokulawula nje. Ukuhlonelwa komthetho liglukhwe egcina eminye imigaqo idibene, i-agle, i-xanduva, inyani, kunye nengqibelelo ayinayo inkxaso efunekayo ukuze inyamezele.

Isizathu Sokuba Ulawulo Lweenkokeli Lube Yimibandela

Ukubaluleka kolawulo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kudlulela ngaphaya kwentanda - bulumko engokuziphatha.

  • Ukuthemba nokungagunyaziswanga: Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba iinkokeli zisebenza ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, basengozini yokuthobela imithetho, bahlawule irhafu, basebenzisane namanyathelo karhulumente. Ukuthemba kunciphisa imfuneko yokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komanyano kunye nendleko ephantsi kwezoqoqosho.
  • Imisebenzi yezoqoqosho: amazwe anobuqhetseba obusezantsi kunye nemithetho eqinileyo elungileyo itsala utyalo-mali lwamazwe angaphandle, anamava aphezulu kakhulu oshishino, kwaye aphumele ulwando olulinganayo. IBhanki yehlabathi iqikelela ukuba ukunganyaniseki kubiza uqoqosho lwehlabathi ngexabiso elingaphezu kwe-$iwaka lezigidi ngonyaka kwingeniso elahlekileyo kunye nee-infciencie.
  • Ukungaguquguquki:[[FT:1] Ulawulo lweziphene lunciphisa izikhalazo ezinokukhula zibe yingxabano. Ukuphathwa kakuhle kunye neenkqubo eziquka ukwakhiwa kwekomkhulu kunye nokuzinziswa kobomi, kwenza ibutho labantu likwazi ukumelana ngcono neentlekele ezinjengeentlekele zemvelo, okanye ukungqubana kwezoqoqosho.
  • Uphuhliso loluntu: Ulawulo lweziko ludityaniswe ngokusondeleyo kwinkqubela-phambili yempilo, yemfundo, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Xa ubuncwane bulawulwa ngokucace gca kwaye ukuze kulunge uluntu, bafikelela abo balufuna kakhulu. Inkqubo yoPhuliso lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (UNDP) ifumana ukuba umgangatho wokulawula uluphawu olunamandla lweziphumo zenkqubela phambili yoluntu.

Ucelomngeni Lolawulo Lobucukubhede

Nangona ziluncedo, ulawulo lwemilinganiselo lujongene nemiqobo engapheliyo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekuyileni iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuzikhusela.

Urhwaphilizo Nokubanjwa

Ukunganyaniseki //ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwesikhundla sikawonke-wonke ngenxa yenzuzo yangasese, kuhlala kusesona sisongelo sibonakalayo. Kunokuthatha uhlobo lokunyoba, ukurhwebisa, ukurhwebelana ngempahla, okanye ukuthatyathwa kwesizwe, apho izilangazelelo zobuqu ziphembelela ngokungeyomfuneko kwinkqubo nakumthetho. Ukonakala kunciphisa nawuphi na umgaqo wendlela yokuziphatha nokungalingani. Ukulwa kwawo kufuna ukuthintelwa kwasemthethweni kunye neenguqulelo zenkcubeko.

Ukungabikho kokuBhalisa

Ubumfiliba ekwenzeni izigqibo zikarhulumente buvumela ukuba ukuziphatha okungekho mthethweni kuphumelele. Xa uqingqo-mali, izivumelwano, kunye neenkqubo zowiso-mthetho zifihlekile kwimbonakalo kawonke-wonke, ukuphenduliswa koxanduva. Kwanakwidemokhrasi, isebe elintsonkothileyo kunye nokufihla imfihlo okugqithisileyo kungakhusela ukuziphatha okubi. Ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamanani ukukhuthaza ugcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo nokunika ingxelo ethembisayo.

Ingcinezelo Yezobupolitika Nokungabi Naxesha

Iinkokeli zisoloko zijongene nengcinezelo enzima yokuzisa iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zokhuphiswano zabanyuli. Oku kungakhokelela kwizinqumlisi zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha (ukunika iziphumo ezinde zexesha elide, ukunceda izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo, okanye ukusebenzisa ulwazi. Ulawulo lwenzululwazi lufuna ukuzimisela ukucinga ixesha elide nokukulungela ukwenza izigqibo ezingathandwayo kodwa ezinemigaqo.

Umahluko wombhalo wenkcubeko noMcimbi

Izithethe zezithethe azikho zwenibanzi; zibunjwe yimbali, unqulo, namasiko asekuhlaleni. Oko ibutho elithile likugqala njengokhuselo olufanelekileyo. Olu khuthazo lwenkcubeko lulucelomngeni kwimigangatho kunye neenkqubo zoncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Isisombululo asikokunyanzela imilinganiselo yangaphandle kodwa kukwakhela kwizithethe zasekuhlaleni ngoxa kuxhaswa amalungelo abantu angundoqo kunye nemigaqo yomthetho.

Ukusebenzisa Ulawulo: Ubuchule

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo kudinga ukusungulwa kwamaqumrhu kunye nokuthanda okuxhaswa kwezobupolitika. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zifunyenwe zisebenza kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo ehlabathini jikelele.

Zimiseleni Imisebenzi Yesakhelo

Oorhulumente kufuneka bamkele imigaqo ecacileyo yehambo yamagosa karhulumente, ukugquma iingxabano zenzala, izipho, umsebenzi wangaphandle, nemiqathango yokusebenza emva kwengqesho. Le mithetho kufuneka inyanzelwe ziikomiti zemigaqo yokuziphatha ezizimeleyo ezinegunya lokuphanda nokuvumela ukuphulwa komthetho. Imodeli ye-OECD "Inkcubeko Yemfundo" equka umthetho, ulawulo, kunye noqeqesho, yisikhokelo esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi.

Ukuveliswa Kwemali Ekuqeqesheni Nasekwakhiweni

Isimilo sokuziphatha asizibo abazenzekelayo; kufuneka sifundiswe kwaye siqiniswe. Uqeqesho oluthe rhoqo lwemilinganiselo yabasebenzi belizwe, abasemagunyeni abanyuliweyo, nabagwebi kufuneka bagubungele iimeko zehlabathi zokwenene kunye neembopheleleko ezisemthethweni. Iinkqubo ezinjalo zifanele zikhuthaze ukuqiqa ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nenkalipho yokuziphatha, qha amagosa ayazi kwaye axhathise iingcinezelo ezingamkelekanga.

Khusela Abavuthuzi

Ababhexeshi benza indima ephambili ekubhencani ubuqhophololo kunye nokuziphatha okubi. Kodwa basoloko bejamelene nempindezelo, ukugxothwa, okanye ukukhathazwa ngokwasemthethweni. Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olukhusela abafutha iimpempe ukuba bangaphinde baphinde baphinde baphiswe, kunye nemijelo yokubika engaziwayo, ibalulekile kwimeko yendalo esebenzayo. I-Whistletroser Protection Directive (209) inika umzekelo onamandla wemithetho elandelwa ngamazwe amaninzi ngoku.

Ukukhuthaza Ukucaca ngobugcisa

Izixhobo zamanani zinokulwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukukhululeka korhulumente. Iindawo ezikunxibelelwano zoqingqo-mali, ukuqokelelwa, nokugcinwa kwemithetho kuvumela abemi neentatheli ukuba baphendule. Ubugcisa beblockchain bunika amathuba okugcina ingxelo ekhuselekileyo kwimimandla efana nokubhalisa umhlaba nokuvota. Noko ke, ubugcisa bodwa angonelanga kumele kwanele, kufuneka kudityaniswe nokufunda kwamanani kunye nesithethe sokuvula izithuba.

Imisebenzi yoPhicotho-zincwadi noNxibelelwano lweNkxaso

Ukuphicothwa kolawulo lwemali lukarhulumente, iinkqubo, nokuthotyelwa kwemigaqo kunceda ekuboneni iingxaki ngaphambi kokuba zibe zenkqubo. Uphicotho-zincwadi lwezemali, olubonisa ukuba zinjani imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yeenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo, lusisenzo esikhulayo. Iintlangano ezifana neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Zemibutho Ephakamileyo Yophicotho-zincwadi (INGXA) zikhuthaza ezona zinto ziphambili ekuphicothisweni kwecandelo likawonke-wonke, kuquka nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha njengendawo ephambili yokuqwalaselwa.

Iintsebenziswano zePhondo

Abahlali abayamkeli abangekho phantsi kolawulo; basebenzisana ekuxhaseni imigaqo yokuziphatha. Oorhulumente kufuneka benze iindlela zokunika ingxelo abami, ukuvelela uluntu, nokuyila inkqubo yokungavumelani. Imibutho yezentlalo, i-adiodia, kunye ne-academia ikwasebenza njengeenja ezigade, ezigcina urhulumente ephendulile. Ukuxhasa ingqungquthela kawonke-wonke echubekileyo kusisenzo sokuziphatha.

Uphando lwemeko kulawulo lweziko

Imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene inika izifundo ezibalulekileyo kwimisebenzi nakuyiphi na into engakwenziyo. Ezi meko zilandelayo zibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokomeleza ulawulo lwendlela yokuziphatha.

INew Zealand: Ukwakha Isithethe Sokuthembeka

I-New Zealand ngokungaguqukiyo iphakathi koorhulumente abonakeleyo nabathembekileyo kakhulu ehlabathini. Impumelelo yayo isuka kwintlanganisela yoothunywashe: izicwangciso zowiso-mthetho ezinamandla, inkonzo yezenkcubeko neyamkelekileyo, uphicotho-zincwadi olunamandla, kunye nempucuko exabisa ukubonakala. I-Public Service Service Act (2020) iwuchaza ngokucacileyo umgaqo wemigaqo yokungathathi cala kwezobupolitika, ubuphathi, kunye nehambo yezezezezentlalo. INew Zealand nayo yaqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwemibango entle ephambili yentlalo neyokusingqongileyo kwimibango encinane yezoqoqosho, elungele ukulawulwa ngemilinganiselo elungeleyo ngokokuziphatha.

Umzekelo waseScandinavia: Ukulingana Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba

ISweden, iDenmark, iNorway, kunye neFinland ngokuzingisileyo izikhundla eziphezulu zolawulo lwehlabathi. Indlela abayisebenzisa ngayo igxininisa imigangatho ephakamileyo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kukawonke-wonke, iminatha yokhuseleko loluntu, nokunyamezela okusezantsi kokunganyaniseki. La mazwe achitha imali eninzi kwimfundo nakumanyano lwamaqumrhu, edala abemi abaxelelwa nabanyanzelelwayo kwiinkokeli zawo. Ingcamango ye "ikhaya labantu) eSweden ibonakalisa imigaqo enzulu ebekelwelwane ngoxanduva kunye noncedo. Nangona kungekho nkqubo egqibeleleyo, amava e-Nordic ibonisa ukuba ulawulo olufanelekileyo lungahlalisanisa irhafuthelo oluphezulu nongenelo olunamandla nongenelo olunamandla xa kuthenjiwe.

ISingapore: Ukunyanzeliswa Kwamandla NeNkcubeko

I-Singapore yaguqulwa ukusuka kwisixeko esonakeleyo kwisixeko ngeminyaka yee-1960 yaba sesinye sezoqoqosho ezibonakala ngokucacileyo ehlabathini. Oku kuguquka kwaqhutywa yi-Ebiborac Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB), isebe elizimeleyo elinamandla okutshabalalisa nokuvavanya ukunganyaniseki. Urhulumente waqinisekisa ukuba imivuzo yabasebenzi basekuhlaleni yayikhuphisana, inciphisa isilingo sokunyoba. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukhokelo lweSingapore lwakhuthaza isimo sengqondo sesithethe esithe cro-tocer trans transferation Bureauce Bureau, sixhaswa ngummiselo ozinzi osetyenziswa kumagosa aphezulu ahamba phambili kunye nee-baurecrates eziphakathi. Isifundo: imikhosi enamandla idityaniwe kunye nezobupolitika ezibonakalayo isenokuguqula ukuziphatha kwanokuvavanyazwa kwimekobume yemeko entle.

IRwanda: Ukwakhiwa Kwakhona Kwasemva Kongquzulwano

Emva kombulalo wango1994, iRwanda yajamelana nomsebenzi omkhulu wokwakha ingekuphela nje kwezoqoqosho kodwa kwanamaziko ayo oluntu kunye nolawulo. Phantsi koMongameli Paul Kagame, urhulumente wabeka imilinganiselo echasene nokunganyaniseki, incoko eququzelela (ngokusuka kubuchule obufana "no-Umushyikirano" ibhunga lengxoxo yesizwe), kunye nokujongwa kobufana kwipalamente .[1] ngoku i-Rwanda iqhatha ipesenti ephezulu yamabhinqa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe. Ngelixesha abagxeki besithi bamele bamisele imiqathango kwinkululeko yezobupolitika, ukucutha kwempilo, kunye nokuyila inkonzo yenkculo yamakhaya ibonisa ukuba utshintsho olufanelekileyo lungaguqula nakusetyenziswa kwibutho labantu abakwilizwe elinoburhulumente.

Isiphelo: Ukufuna Okusesikweni Okuqhubekayo

Ulawulo lwezoburhulumente asinto efunekayo kodwa kuqhubekeka. Kufuna ukuba uhlale uphaphile, uqhelaniso, kunye nokuzinikela phakathi kweenkokeli, abasebenzi belizwe, kunye nabemi. Imigaqo edweliswe apha (ukubhaliswa, ingqibelelo, ingqibelelo, inxaxheba, nokuhlonelwa komthetho, kwaye ayizange iphenjelelwe ngokupheleleyo okanye igxekwe, kodwa inikela isiseko esiqinileyo sokwakha ibutho labantu. Njengoko ihlabathi lijamelana nocelomngeni olutsha, ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokungalingani kwemilinganiselo yokulawula kwehlabathi lonke, kwaye imfuneko yokulawula ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ayikaze ikhule. Ngokufunda ngobuchule bokuphumelela nokungaphumeleli, nangokusebenza kwemithetho eqinileyo kwizakhiwo zamandla, singenza iinkqubo ezisebenza kakuhle namhlanje nezizukulwana ezikhoyo.