Iimpikiswano zorhwebo lwehlabathi ziyinto yendalo yokuyila uqoqosho oluzweni lonke apho amashishini aphesheya kwemida angena kwizivumelwano ezintsonkothileyo imihla ngemihla. Xa olu lwalamano lorhwebo luwohloka ngokulinganayo, ukungavumelani ngemibandela ehlawulwayo, okanye impikiswano ngamalungelo empahla ekhoyo ephakathi kwezizwe ngezizwe. Ifuna indlela ethembekileyo yokucombulula ukungavisisani kwawo. Isivumelwano sabemi, kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo, sinikezela loo nkqubo. Inika inkqubo elungeleleneyo, enyanzelisayo, esemthethweni enceda ukubuyiselwa kokuqikelelwa nokuthenjwa kwintengiso yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Ukuqonda indlela i-mali esebenzayo esebenzayo kumongowona mazwe ngamazwe elungele ukuqhubana ngayo urhwebo, ubuchule obusemthethweni, okanye inkqubo eququlenqeniswe kwimidawo-od projective.

Yintoni Ukugwetywa Kwabemi?

Isivumelwano samakhaya yinkqubo esemthethweni apho ilungu lesithathu elingathathi-nxaxheba linokuqukwa khona yinkundla okanye inkundla yetyala elingoondilele. Ngokungafaniyo nesivumelwano solwaphulo-mthetho, esigxininisa ekubohlwayeni umthetho kawonke wonke, ukutyunjwa kwabemi kuxhalatyelwe ngokumisa amalungelo abo kunye nezibopho zabo. Isiphumo sisigqibo esibophayo esinokuquka impetho yelahleko, umyalelo wokusebenza, okanye isindululo samalungelo abantu.

Umlinganiselo wesithuthi samakhaya uphangalele. Igubungela iimpikiswano zesivumelwano, i-tort, ii-start, ukungavisisani kwempahla, kunye nezinye iimfazwe ezingezolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwibala lemidlalo yemidlalo yehlabathi jikelele, isifungo soluntu ngokufuthi sithetha ngeengxaki ezifana nokungaphumeleli ukunikezela impahla, ukungahlawulwa, imveliso enesiphene, kunye nokwaphula izivumelwano. Le nkqubo inokwenziwa kwiinkundla zesizwe (umgaqo) okanye kwiimeko zabucala (ukwahlulwa komgaqo), nganye ngemithetho yayo ebhaliweyo kunye nemimiselo yayo yokulawula.

Umqondiso ongundoqo wokuzibophelela kwabemi yindalo yabo epheleleyo: umbutho ngamnye unikela ubungqina kunye neempikiswano, kunye nommisi-mvo (ogwebi okanye umgwebi) ugqiba ngokusekelwe kumthetho ofanelekileyo. Isigqibo sibophelelekile ngokusemthethweni, kwaye ukungathobeli kusenokukhokelela ekunyanzeleni ukunyanzeliswa kwemisebenzi, njengokuphanga impahla okanye imiyalelo yenkundla. Oku kuyaphikisana nezinye iindlela zesigqibo sokuphikisana ezifana ne-mediamssion, ezingadibanisiyo kwaye ezixhomekeke kwisivumelwano sokuzithandela.

Ukuqonda Iingxabano Zorhwebo Lwezizwe Ngezizwe

Iimpikiswano zorhwebo zamazwe ngamazwe zivuka xa amaqela asuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo engavumelaniyo ngesenzo okanye ngokutolikwa kwesivumelwano sorhwebo. Ezi ngxabano zingasuka kulibaziseko olulula ukuya kwiimfazwe ezintsonkothileyo ezibandakanya amawaka amaxwebhu nezigidi zeerandi. Izinto eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uqukuqelo lwesivumelwano – ukungaphumeleli ukuhambisa impahla ngexesha, ukuhambisa imveliso ezisemgangathweni, okanye ukuhlawula njengoko kuvunyiwe.
  • [[FULT:0] ifocuce majeure ithetha – impikiswano yokuba isiganeko esingalindelekanga (ipandemic, imfazwe, intlekele yendalo) ithethelela ukungasebenzeli.
  • Ipropati yolwazi iphazamisana nepropati - ukusetyenziswa okungekho mthethweni kweempawu, imvume, okanye amalungelo asemthethweni kwimisika yangaphandle.
  • [ Isivumelwano se-Investive sibiza [ – iimbambano phakathi kwabatyali-mali bamazwe angaphandle kunye namazwana anxulumene nokuphathwa phantsi kwezivumelwano zotyalo-mali.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] ukulungelelanisa okungahambelaniyo – ukungavisisani malunga nokuba iimpahla zihlangabezana nokhuseleko okanye imilinganiselo yobunjani yelizwe elingenayo.

Izithintelo kwiimpikiswano zorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe zisoloko ziphezulu: kungekuphela nje ixabiso lemali lesivumelwano ngokwaso kodwa kwanomonakalo wolwalamano lweshishini, umonakalo wodumo, kunye nokuphazamisana. Ukungabikho korhwebo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobulungisa kunceda ukunciphisa ezi ngozi ngokunika indlela ecacileyo yokuzicombulula.

Izakhelo eziphambili ezingokwasemthethweni ezilawula ushishino lwezizwe ngezizwe

Uthelekelelo lwamakhaya kurhwebo lwamazwe alukho kwindawo engekho mthethweni. Uthungelwano lwezivumelwano, iindibano, kunye nemithetho yemodeli lunika isiseko esimisela ukuba yeyiphi inkundla elawulayo, nguwuphi umthetho osebenzayo, nendlela umgwebo okanye umvuzo onokuthi unyanzelwe ngayo ukunqumla imida.

INdibano YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Engqungquthela Yehlabathi Lonke Yokuthengisa Izinto Ezintle (CISG)

ICISG, efunyenwe ngo 1980 kwaye ngoku isebenza kumazwe angaphezu kwama-90, inika iqela elifanayo lemithetho yezivumelwano zentengiso yezizwe ngezizwe. Ilawula ukwenziwa kwezivumelwano, izibophelelo zabathengi nabathengisi, kunye nemichiza yokwaphula. Ngokumisela le mithetho, iCISG inciphisa imfuneko yeenkundla ukuxhomekeka kwimithetho yesizwe engqubanayo. Iingxoxo ezininzi zorhwebo zithenjiswa phantsi kwemigaqo ye-CISG, ekhuthaza ukungaguquguquki nokuxelwa. Ukufunda ngakumbi ngeCISG ukusuka kwi-UNICISTITRAL[FL:1].

Indibano YaseNew York Engokwamkeleka Nokunyanzelwa Kwamabhaso Angaphandle

Mhlawumbi esona sixhobo sibalulekileyo kulwahlulo lorhwebo lwehlabathi lonke, iNdibano yaseNew York (1958) ifuna ukuba iinkundla kumazwe angaphezu kwe-170 atyikityayo ziqaphele zize zinyanzelise amabhaso angaphandle anezizathu ezilinganiselweyo zokwala. Le ndibano ingundoqo wenkqubo yokuphelisa imfazwe yomhlaba wonke, iqinisekisa ukuba ibhaso eligunyazisiweyo elikhutshwe kwelinye ilizwe. Ngaphandle kwayo, amaqela angajongana nokulindela okunzima kokunyanzeliswa komthetho onyanzelekileyo kwiqumsho lwemali kwiqumrhu ngalinye apho kukho khona iimpahla. [[FLT:] [FLT]]

IWorld Trade Organization (WTO) Ukunganeliseki kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo

Kwiimpikiswano phakathi koorhulumente ngemigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo (iirhafu, inkxaso-mali, imiqobo yorhwebo), iWTO’s Dispute Seate Ukuqonda (DSU) inikezela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo. Ibandakanya ukujongana, imigaqo yeqela, kunye nohlolo lwe-appelte. Ngelixesha le nkqubo ingurhulumente ukuya-kuya-ngasese kunamaqela azimeleyo, imithetho yayo isoloko ineziphumo ezithe ngqo zamashishini, ingakumbi kumacandelo afana nezolimo, i-aeroplasspace, kunye nobugcisa. Explore inkqubo yokuphendula i-WTO impikiswano yemibutho .

Ukukhetha Umthetho Nobuxoki ObunguClaus

Kwizivumelwano zabucala, amaqela adla ngokuchaza kusengaphambili ukuba yiyiphi imithetho yelizwe eza kulawula isivumelwano nayiphi na inkundla okanye amaziko alwayo aza kusingatha iimbambano. La macandelo abalulekileyo ngenxa yokuba aphelisa ukungaqiniseki ngemithetho elawulayo. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo ziyayihlonela imigaqo enjalo, ukuba ayingquzukiswana nenkqubo kawonke wonke. Noko ke, iimpikiswano ezintsonkothileyo zisenokubandakanya imibuzo ephathelelene nemithetho engakhethiweyo okanye iingxabano, ingakumbi xa izinto zisasazelwe kumazwe amaninzi.

Indima Yokutshintsha Ihlabathi Kwiingxabano Zorhwebo

Ulwahlulo lwehlabathi luye lwaba yindlela ekhethekayo yokuzibophelela kwabemi kwimida emininzi yorhwebo. Kulwahlulo, amaqela ayavuma ukunikezela imbambano yabo kubaququzeleli bobucala abakhethelwe ubuchule babo, kunokuba ibonke kwinkundla yesizwe. Le nkqubo ilawulwa yimithetho yequmrhu . "Iifana neyamazwe ngamazwe ICC), iLondon Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), okanye izikhululo zekhululo leNtshona Koloni (SI).

Uhlaziyo lunika iingenelo ezininzi ngaphezu kokubekwa kwetyala

  • Ukungabikho nxaxheba: Akukho qela linyanzelekayo ukuba licande kwinkundla yasekhaya yabanye abantu, enokuthathwa njengenekhethe.
  • Ukuzithethelela: ukuva kokwahlulwa kunye namabhaso okufumana i-Arbit jikelele ngawasese, akhusela ulwazi lwezoshishino olunovakalelo.
  • Ukunyanzeliswa: Ngenxa yeNdibano yaseNew York, amabhaso e-arbitral alula ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa kwetyala lamazwe ngamazwe kunemigwebo yenkundla.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Ithuba: Izahlulo zingakhetha abaququzeleli ngoshishino oluthile okanye ulwazi olusemthethweni olunxulumene nempikiswano.
  • Iziphumo zenkqubo zinokuxokelelwa kwiimfuno zemeko, kuquka ulwimi, indawo, kunye nocwangciso lwexesha.

Ngaphandle kwezi nzuzo, ulwahlulo luneempazamo. Lungabiza imali eninzi, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezintsonkothileyo ezinezikhuseli ezininzi kunye nokufumana okuninzi. Kukwakho umlinganiselo omncinane wokufaka isibheno, okuthetha isigqibo esingalunganga esisesona sokugqibela. Noko ke, kwiimpikiswano eziphezulu zorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, ulwahlulo luhlala lungukhetho oluphambili. [[FLT:] Ufundo ngeenkonzo ze-ICCART

Ukwenziwa kwetyala kwiNkundla yeSizwe: Umgaqo

Ngelixesha ukurhweba kuxhaphakile, ukubekwa kwetyala lesizwe kusenendima ebalulekileyo, ingakumbi kwiimpikiswano apho amacandelo okulwa angekho okanye engekho, okanye apho elinye iqela lifuna khona imilinganiselo efana nezixhobo ezikhenkqe. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela iinkundla zezorhwebo ezikhethekileyo zeChwebo eNgilani naseWales, okanye iZiko lezentengiso lezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ezijongene nempumelelo nobuchule. Amanye amazwe, kuquka iUnited Arabhu Emidrate neSaudi Arabia, aye amisela iinkundla zorhwebo ezinikezelweyo ukutsala ushishino lwezizwe ngezizwe.

Ucelomngeni oluyintloko lokubekwa kwetyala kukugcinwa kwemithetho. Isigwebo senkundla evela kwelinye ilizwe asisebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo kwelinye; kufuneka siqwalaselwe ngeenkqubo zasekuhlaleni. INdibano yoMgwebo yeHague (209) ijolise ekuphuculeni ukusasazwa kwemigwebo yenkundla, kodwa ukwamkelwa kwayo kusekulinganiselweyo xa kuthelekiswa neNdibano yeNew York ukwenzela iimbasa. Ngenxa yoko, amaqela asoloko eqwalasela ukunyanzeleka komgwebo xa egqiba ukuba aphi naphi na apho anokufumana khona imiqathango.

Impembelelo Yokugwetywa Kwabemi Kurhwebo Lwamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukufumaneka kwento esebenzayo yokungavumelani kwamakhaya kuphembelela kakhulu indlela amashishini asebenza ngayo kurhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe.

  • Ukuqiniseka:[[FLT: 1] Imithetho ecacileyo, ethelekelelwayo inciphisa ukungaqiniseki okunokuvala ulwabo olunqamlezileyo lomda. Xa iinkampani zisazi ukuba isivumelwano siza kunyanzeliswa nokuba i-interum ikhona kwingxubusho, zikulungele ngakumbi ukungena kwizivumelwano zexesha elide kunye nongeniso.
  • .Risk ingcebiso: Ubukho besakhiwo somshwabelo buvumela amaqela ukuba anike amatyala ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi, ngokomzekelo, ngokuvumelana kwiingxelo zokwahlula okanye kwimposiso ezithe zalahlwa ezilindele oko inkundla okanye inkundla ingenza isigqibo.
  • Ukuthemba kwinkqubo: I-afficiation ikhuthaza ukuthembana phakathi kwabasebenzi abarhwebi. Udumo lwesigqibo esilungileyo nesexesha elifanelekileyo sempikiswano sikhuthaza urhwebo nolwamaqumrhu ajongeneyo anokujongwa njengeyingozi.
  • Ukwabiwa kolwabiwo oluphezulu: Ubuchule bokufumana kwakhona iindleko zomthetho kunye nomdla ngenxa yesifungo kukwayila ukuziphatha kwezorhwebo. Amashishini anegalelo ekufumaneni iindleko xa egqiba ukuba kufuneka aqhubeke okanye akhusele intengo.

Ngapha koko, ukungquzulana kwamakhaya kufak' isandla kuzinzo lwenkqubo yorhwebo lwehlabathi lonke. Xa iingxabano ziconjululwa ngamajelo asemthethweni asesikweni, umngcipheko wokuziphindezela okanye isenzo esingesosanto sincitshisiwe. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kulwalamano lorhwebo apho abadlali bakarhulumente babandakanyeka khona, njengoko iimpikiswano ezingalungiswanga zingakhula zibe yimilo ebanzi yorhwebo.

Ucelomngeni kulungelelwaniso lwangaphakathi

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo ezininzi, ukumanyana kwelizwe kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kujamelana nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo olunokukwenza buthathaka ukusebenza kwalo.

Ubunzima Obungaqondakaliyo

Xa impikiswano ibandakanya amaqela, iimpahla, kunye neziganeko kumazwe amaninzi, ukufumanisa ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya enokuba nzima kakhulu. Izenzo ezinxulumanisiweyo kumazwe ahlukeneyo zikhokelela kwimithetho eguquguqukayo kunye nobuncwane obuchithakeleyo. Umgaqo we-forum ongeyomincu [ kunye nemiyalelo echasene ne-asituit ziinqobo ezisetyenziswayo ukusingatha le miba, kodwa zongeza imingxube yamada ebhaliweyo phambi kokuba ifikelele iimfanelo zetyala.

Ukwahlula Izithethe Zasemthethweni Nemilinganiselo

Amazwe alandela umthetho oqhelekileyo, umthetho wasekuhlaleni, okanye ezinye izithethe ezingokwasemthethweni ezahlukileyo kwindlela ezitolika ngayo izivumelwano, uvavanyo, kunye nomonakalo ohlasileyo. Oko kubumba isivumelwano esisemthethweni okanye ungquzulwano kusenokuhluka ngokuphawulekayo. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zomthetho oqhelekileyo zisoloko zinyanzela ukuba ukulindela komonakalo othe wande, ngoxa ezinye iinkqubo zomthetho zilinganisela umlinganiselo wokonakaliswa kwelahleko engenakubonwa kwangaphambili. Oku kwahluka kunokwenza ukuba kungagwetywa, ingakumbi xa amaqela engakhethanga umthetho olawulayo.

Indleko Nokulibazisa

Ukuthunyelelwa kwelizwe lonke kubiza imali eninzi. Imali ebhatalayo esemthethweni, amangqina oogqirha, iindleko zoguqulelo, nexesha labalawuli bezoshishino linokuba yizigidi zeerandi ukwenzela amatyala anzima. Kwanawo onke amatyala athenjiswayo, anokuthatha iminyaka ukusuka ekufakeni ityala ukuya kwimali yokugqibela. Le ndleko ininzi kakhulu ingathintela amaziko amancinane nawalungeleleneyo ekufuneni izimvo ezifanelekileyo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba angakwazi ukufikelela kwimithetho esesikweni.

Izithintelo Zonyanzelo

Kwanasemva kokufumana umgwebo olungileyo okanye ibhaso, iqela kufuneka lisekwe linyanzelise ngokuchasene nempahla yetyala, esenokuba kwilizwe elahlukileyo. Nangona iNdibano yaseNew York inceda ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa kwamabhaso, izizathu zokwala `ngokufana nenkqubo kawonke-wonke ngaphandle kwenkcazelo. //_Izigwebo zenkundla, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunzima ngakumbi, ngezivumelwano ezininzi zomgamfa okanye kungekho sivumelwano.

Iingxaki Zolwimi Nenkcubeko

Ukuqhuba ulwimi olungaqhelananga neqela elithile kungenza iingenelo zobuchule nokungaqondani. Ukulibaziseka kokuguqulela nokungachananga kungachaphazela ubunjani bobungqina. Ukungavisisani kwenkcubeko kwiindlela zokunxibelelana kunye nolindelo lwezoshishino kusenokuchaphazela indlela iimpikiswano ezikhula ngayo nendlela amaqela aqonda ngayo ukuba kulungile kwinkqubo yokushwankathelana.

Ukuqhatha Kwemikhwa Yokuphelisa Urhwebo

Inkxwaleko yezorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe iyaphela, iqhutywa bubugcisa kunye neenguqu kwimicimbi yezorhwebo. Izivumelwano zoluntu zitshintshwa ngokokuvumelana.

Ulwenziwo & Lwempikiswano Kunxibelelwano

Kwiimpikiswano zexabiso eliphantsi, ingakumbi ezo zivela kwintengiselwano ye-e-commerce, i-actives yesithethe idla ngokucotha kwaye ibe nexabiso elikhulu. I-ODR platifomu ivumela amaqela ukuba alungise iimpikiswano ngokupheleleyo kwi-intanethi, esebenzisa ingxoxo ezenzekelayo, i-mediation, kunye nokuququzelelwa. Imibutho efana neInternational Center for Dispute Resolution (ICDR) kunye nabanikezeli abanonolwazi abakwi-ODR inika izigqibo ezikhawulezayo, amaxabiso aphantsi, kunye nofikelelo oluphezulu, nangona imibuzo ephathelene nenkqubo kunye nomthetho eseleyo.

Izixhobo Ezikrelekrele Nebloko

Izivumelwano ezibukekayo ``Ingqungquthela- ezizinqumlayo' ezibhalwe kwikhowudi ````i-arbitaral'''. Umzekelo, isivumelwano esikrelekrele sinokukhulula ngokuzenzekelayo intlawulo kwisiqinisekiso sokunika, ukunciphisa amathuba okuphikisana. Ukuba impikiswano iyaphakama, iirekhodi ezisekelwe kwibloko- ezisekelwe kwibloko zinganika ubungqina obukhuselayo obudibanisiweyo. Amanye amaziko e-arbitaral avelisa imithetho esemthethweni yokudibanisa iimpikiswano ezisuka kwimixokelelwano yemali efanelekileyo kunye nokunikezela ngetsheyina.

Ukuvisisana nokusebenzisana kwezeejaji zezizwe ngezizwe

Imigudu yokuvisisanisa imithetho engokwesithethe nencinci enxulumeneyo iyaqhubeka. INgqungquthela yeHague engoMthetho wezizwe ngezizwe esebenza kwiindibano ukuphucula ukudityaniswa kwemida enqamlezileyo, kuquka iNdibano yoMgwebo yama-2019. I-UNCTRAL iphuhlisa izixhobo zorhwebo lweze-elektroniki kunye nezorhwebo lweziko lengingqi. Ngokuthe rhoqo izivumelwano zorhwebo ziquka amalungiselelo okuqaphelana imigwebo kunye neenkqubo zokwahlula-mthetho.

Unyuko lweNkxaso yeSithu kwiNkxaso

Imali yesithathu yecandelo (TPF) ivumela into engahambelaniyo nempikiswano ukuxhasa iindleko zomthetho zeqela ukutshintshiselana ngezabelo zalo naliphi na ibhaso okanye indawo yokuhlala. I-TPF iba yeqhelekileyo kwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, inceda amaqela aneziphakamiso ezivakalayo kodwa izibonelelo ezisikelwe umda ekufikeleleni intelekelelo yasekuhlaleni. Kodwa ke, i-TPF inyusa inkxalabo engokomdla, ukulawula izigqibo zomdla, kunye neemfuno zokutyhila.

Isiphelo

Isifungo soluntu sisiseko sokwenza impikiswano kurhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ngokulungiselela inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo, edityanisiweyo yokucombulula iingxabano, isekela ukuthemba nokuthelekelela okwenza ukuba urhwebo lwehlabathi lonke lube nokwenzeka. Ukusuka kwi-CISG ne-New York Convention ukuya kunyuko lwezizwe ngezizwe ukutshintsha ulwahlulo kunye ne-ODR, izibonelelo ezisemthethweni ezikushishino ezisemthethweni eziqhubekayo ziyaqhubeka zisanda. Kodwa iingxaki eziqhubekayo ziyaqhubeka. Ukunciphisa ukudityaniswa kwemali, amaxabiso aphezulu, ukugcinwa kwemali, kunye nokungavisisani okungokwenkqeqeleyo okufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo kubenzi bezomthetho, abasebenzi bezomthetho, kunye namashishini ngokufanayo. Njengoko ukuthengiswa kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, imigaqo kunye neenkqubo zorhwebo ziya kuhlala zibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuzinziseni koqoqo kunye nokunqamla imidanga. Ukuqonda akuyo nje ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni yezo nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo yezo yezo propati.