Ukuqonda Indima YoMongameli Nemibandela Engxamisekileyo Kurhulumente Wethu

Urhulumente wesizwe wase-United States usebenza ngenkqubo elungiselelwe ngenyameko yokuhlola nokulinganisela, isebe eliphetheyo lidlala indima ephambili ekunyanzelweni komthetho nasekuzalisekisweni kwenkqubo. Entloko yeli sebe ihleli kuMongameli, osebenza ecaleni kombutho omkhulu wamasebe karhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela ezi zinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo ezi nkonzo ziyimfuneko kubemi abafuna ukuqonda indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo, imithetho iphunyezwa, kwaye kunikezelwa iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Eli nqaku linciphisa iimbopheleleko ezahlukileyo zoMongameli, imisebenzi yamaziko karhulumente, kunye nolwalamano olunamandla phakathi kwabo.

Indima YoMongameli

UMongameli we-United States usebenza njengentloko yobabini karhulumente nentloko karhulumente, equka ukhokelo lwesizwe kwiimeko zasekhaya nezezizwe ngezizwe. Amagunya asesikweni nemisebenzi ibekwe kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko, elityhola uMongameli ngoku "tak[ixesha] Inkathalo yokuba iMithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka. Le mithetho imisela isiseko segunya lolawulo oluphezulu, inika uMongameli imbopheleleko yokunyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente edluliselwe yiBhunga.

Ukuthobela Imithetho Nokumisela Umgaqo - siseko

Omnye wemisebenzi ephambili kaMongameli kukulawula ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho. Oku kuquka ukukhokela amaqumrhu alawulayo ukuba azalisekise imimiselo, ukukhupha imiyalelo yolawulo ukukhokela umsebenzi wombutho, nokubeka inkqubo ephambili ngesicelo soqingqo-mali sonyaka. Umzekelo, xa iBhunga lidlulisela intelekelelo yemozulu, uMongameli uyalela i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ukumisela imimiselo ehlangabezana namaxhoba omthetho. UMongameli ukwanamandla phezu komthetho, osebenza njenge-chelo kwiBhunga. U-Aveto unokuba yi-hayibhile kuphela ngobuninzi obubini bamagumbi omabini, ewenza isisixhobo esinamandla ekulungiseni inkqubo yesizwe.

Idinga Namandla Okushenxiswa

UMongameli umisela iintloko zamasebe namasebe karhulumente, kuquka oonobhala bobukhabhathi, abalawuli, kunye nabameli. La magunya afuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, inkqubo eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abameli bafanelekile yaye abangomadlelane nje bezobupolitika. Xa sele beqinisekisiwe, iinkokeli zombutho zisebenza ngovuyo lukaMongameli, intsingiselo yokuba zinokususwa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Eli gunya livumela uMongameli ukuba amisele ukhokelo lwezikomkhulu kunye nezinto eziphambili zolawulo. Umzekelo, uMongameli ojoliswe ekubekeni intloko yombutho ekunciphiseni umthwalo wokulawula.

Imicimbi yamazwe angaphandle kunye nomyaleli-iNkulumbuso

Kwinqanaba lezizwe ngezizwe, uMongameli usebenza njengonozakuzaku omkhulu wesizwe, othetha ngezivumelwano (ngeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMacana) kwaye eqonda oorhulumente bamanye amazwe. NjengoMthetheli-oMphathi-mikhosi exhobileyo, uMongameli ulawula imisebenzi yomkhosi kwaye unegunya lokuthumela imikhosi, nangona iNgqungquthela ingeyodwa enokuthi ibangele imfazwe. Oomongameli bale mihla basoloko besebenzisa izivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu ukudlula kwinkqubo yesivumelwano, uqheliso oluye lwadala ingxoxo ngokulungelelanisa ulungelelwaniso lwamagunya emfazwe.

Imiyalelo yesebe kunye nemetanda

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yimiyalelo ekhutshwa nguMongameli olawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Banamandla omthetho kodwa balinganiselwe yimithetho ekhoyo kunye nemida yomgaqo-siseko. Umongameli wecalialtranda ufeza injongo efanayo kodwa ayisetyenziswanga ngendlela esesikweni. Zombini izixhobo zinika uMongameli amandla okuzalisekisa inkqubo ngaphandle kokulinda inyathelo lombutho, nangona zinokutshintshwa ngolawulo olulandelayo okanye zicelwe umngeni enkundleni. Umzekelo owaziwayo nguMongameli Biden’s Grence Orced 14008 ekuchaseni ingxaki yemozulu, eyalathisa abameli ekuveliseni imimiselo emitsha nokuzisela amandla acocekileyo.

Ingxamiseko karhulumente nemisebenzi Yazo

Amaqumrhu omanyano angoorhulumente abaququzelelweyo abakhiwe yiNgqungquthela okanye uMongameli ukuze benze imisebenzi ethile karhulumente. Basebenza phantsi kwesebe elilawulayo kwaye bayaphendula kuMongameli, nangona abaninzi benamagunya okuqukumbela kunye nolawulo. Ii-APProfessi zinokuba ngamaqela adityanisiweyo athathu: amasebe olawulo oluphezulu (umz., iSebe lokhuselo lokhuselo), amasebe azimeleyo (umz., i-NASA), kunye neekhomishini zolawulo (umz.

Ukuthobela Imithetho

Umsebenzi oyintloko wamaziko amaninzi kukuphumeza imithetho edluliselwe yiBhunga. Xa umthetho ungenazo iinkcukacha ezikhethekileyo — eziqhelekileyo — amasebe agcwalisa imida ekwisithuba sokwenziwa komthetho. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukupapasha imithetho ecetyisiweyo kwi- Féderal Register[, ukucela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, nokumisela imithetho yokugqibela. Umzekelo, i-Occapational Safety and Health Administration (OSHO) imisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko emsebenzini esekelwe kwi-Occupational Safety and Health Act. Le mithetho inegunya elisemthethweni elifana nemithetho, kodwa iphantsi kokuhlola.

Ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo

Izikhululo zezezokhuseleko zinika abahlali iinkonzo ngqo. Iinkqubo zoLawulo loKhuseleko loNyaka kunye neenzuzo zokukhubazeka. ISebe leMicimbi yezeNtlalo-ntle linika amagqala unyango. I-ofisi yoKhuseleko lobuSebenziso kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya. Le misebenzi idla ngokunikezelwa ngee-ofisi zengingqi, ii-ofisi zasemasimini, okanye ii-intanethi. Ubuchule nokufikelela kwezi nkonzo kulinganiswa ngamaqumrhu kunye nangameli anjenge-ofisi ye-akhawunti kaRhulumente (GAO).

Unyanzeliso kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwakhona

Amasebe amaninzi agunyazisa ukugcinwa kwamagosa ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho nemithetho. I-EPA ingakhupha ityala lokwaphulwa kongcoliso. IKhomishoni yeFederal Trade (FTC) inyanzelisa imithetho echasene nokuthembeka. IKhomishini yeNkcubeko yoNxibelelwano (FCC) iyalawula unomathotholo nomabonwakude. La maqumrhu aqhuba uphando, abamba amatyala, abeke izigwebo. Izenzo zawo zokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yomthetho womthetho owiso-mthetho zidla ngokucel

Ingxakeko Ezizimeleyo Nocelomngeni Lokulawula

Amaqumrhu azimeleyo, anjengeFederal Reserve Board neNational Labor Relations Board, ayilelwe ukusebenza ngeqondo lokuzilawula kulawulo lomongameli. Abameli bawo basoloko besebenzisa izindululo ezizinzileyo kwaye banokususwa kuphela ngenxa yesizathu. Esi sakhiwo sibakhusela kwiingcinezelo zobupolitika, sibavumela ukuba benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kubuchwepheshe. Noko ke, ikwadala uxanduva nabaphathi benkqubo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yalinganisa kulo mlinganiselo, ngokukodwa uMthetho we-LLLC.Consumerficial Provition Burevice Bureagement [[FLT1:20]), eyayikholelwa ukuba isakhiwo se-CFPB singenawo ombaxazulu ngenxa yokuzinziswa kwegunya.

Ukungenelela phakathi koMongameli kunye neZimvo

Ulwalamano phakathi koMongameli namaqumrhu karhulumente luntsonkothile, lubandakanya ulwalathiso, ulawulo, kunye nengxabano yamaxa athile. Ngoxa uMongameli engumphathi oyintloko, amaqumrhu anemithetho yawo, izithethe zamaqumrhu, kunye neenkcubeko. Le ngxoxo inokuphawulwa ngeenkqubo eziliqela ezingundoqo.

Imiyalelo yecandelo elilawulayo kunye nemithetho

Oomongameli basebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukulathisa abameli ukuba bamisele imigaqo ethile. Umzekelo, umyalelo olawulayo ungafuna ukuba bonke abameli bahlole imimiselo ekhoyo ukwenzela ukuphinda okanye utshintsho. Ii-Arhente kufuneka zithobele ngaphandle kokuba umyalelo ungqubana neemfuno zomthetho. I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OMB) idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni ezi miyalelo, ekuhloleni uqingqo-mali lweziko, nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ihambelana nocwangciso lukaMongameli. I-OMB ikwanikezela nangemijikelezo ekhokelayo imigaqo yolawulo kunye nombatho woqingqo-mali.

Idinga Nokhokelo

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, uMongameli umisela iintloko zeziko. Xa zisemgangathweni, ezi nkokeli zimisela indlela yokuqhuba umbutho, zigqiba ngendlela yokusukela ngamandla ngayo ukunyanzelisa, nokuba zifuna ukubeka imimandla ethile yezobupolitika, nendlela yokwabelana ngoovimba. Abamiselwe kwezobupolitika, noko ke, maxa wambi, kufuneka basebenze kunye namagosa omsebenzi osebenza phantsi kwemisebenzi anobuchule obunzulu kunye nobude obude. Le mpembelelo inokubakhokelela kwintsebenzi okanye ungquzulwano. Umzekelo, ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump, abamiselwe bezopolitili kwi-EPA batyhalela ukukhutshwa kwe-degi, ngoxa abasebenzi bemisebenzi bebonke bebona iinguqu zihamba ngokuhambela komsebenzi.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

UMongameli ucebisa uqingqo-mali lwesizwe nyaka ngamnye, kodwa iKhomishini kufuneka ivume ukuququzelelwa kweenkqubo zeKhomishini. Oku kunika uMongameli isixhaso seNkqutyana kwimisebenzi yombutho. Umzekelo, angacela inkxaso engakumbi yemali yeSebe leMasipala ukuxhasa uphando lwamandla acocekileyo, kodwa iBhunga lingakhetha ukunikezela okuncinane. Ii-atting commissication kufuneka zisebenze kwimali yazo efanelekileyo, elinganisela amandla abo okufeza zonke izinto eziphambili zikaMongameli. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yindawo engundoqo ye-interbranch Convention.

Ukulawula nokuphendula

IKhomishini ikwavelela amaqumrhu ngokuvalwa, uphando, kunye ne-ofisi kaRhulumente. UMongameli unezixhobo zokuphembelela indlela yokuziphatha kwemibutho, kodwa abameli bakwaneembopheleleko kwiNgqungquthela. Oku kuphendulana kudibeneyo okubini kunokudala iimbambano, ingakumbi xa uMongameli kunye neBhunga lilawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, iKomiti yeNdlu yeNdlela kunye neNdlela yokuLatha isenokuhlola izenzo zesebe elilawulayo, ngoxa uMongameli eqinisekisa ilungelo eliphezulu lokuvala amaxwebhu. Ingxhulumaniso igosagosagosa ngomlomo okanye ngokupheliswa.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni ulwalamano loMongameli noMongameli. Phantsi koMthetho (APA), izenzo zolawulo zingabekelwa ityala. Ukuba inkundla ifumanise ukuba isebe lingaphaya kwegunya layo okanye lizenze ngokungenanjongo, linokusiguqula isenzo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sama-20222 kuMphathiswa [FLT: 0] West Virginia v. i-EPA] yawabeka umda amandla e-EPA okulawula ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu phantsi koMbindi we-Air, isigqibo esinyanzelela ukuba zombini iziko kunye nemeko-mo ye-moyezulu. Uphengululo luqinisekisa ukuba abameli bahlale kwimidali esemthethweni, kwanaxa besebenza kwicala loMongameli.

Imeko Engokwembali: Indlela Ulwalamano Oluya Luncipha Ngayo

Ulwalamano lwale mihla phakathi koMongameli namaqumrhu luye lwabangelwa yinkqubela yembali. Irepublic yokuqala yayinamaqumrhu amancinane karhulumente; iKhomishini yokuqala yayila amasebe amathathu: URhulumente, iNgxowa-mali, kunye nemfazwe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, njengoko ilizwe landisa laza lajamelana neengxaki ezintsha — ushishino, iimfazwe zezoqoqosho, iimfazwe zehlabathi — iBhunga leNtlanganiso leNtlalo leNtshona Koloni lavelisa amaqumrhu amatsha ukuze licombulule. I-New Deal quaration, kuquka i-Securities kunye ne-Exchange Commission, i-National Laborvery Revolution Board, kunye ne-Social Security Board Board Board. Iinkqubo zeNtlanganiso yee-1960 zoongquzungezo zoo-1960 zookhiwo zoo-Mbutho wolawulo lwe-Oventini.

Umbutho ngamnye omtsha wandisa iimbopheleleko zolawulo zoMongameli. Oomongameli baqalisa ukuthembela kwisebe elikhulayo labasebenzi abamhlophe kwiNdlu yoNcedo, elimiselwe ngowe-1939, ngoku liquka iOMB, iBhunga loKhuseleko loMkhosi weSizwe, iBhunga lezezoqoqosho, namanye amaqela. Le miqathango inike oomongameli ulawulo oluthe chatha kumaqumrhu, kodwa ikwaye yadala i-ofisi ekwandiswayo ekunzima ukuyilawula.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iingxoxo ezingegunya lomongameli ziye zakhula. Bambi baphikisa ngelithi ukulawula kukaMongameli amaqumrhu oonontlalo-ntle kubalulekile ukuze aphendule ngedemokhrasi — abavoti bakaMongameli, ngoko ke uMongameli ufanele akwazi ukwalathisa isebe eliphetheyo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ulawulo oluninzi kakhulu lomongameli lunciphisa ukuzimela kwemibutho yeingcali, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuwiseni utshintsho nonyulo ngalunye. Uxanduva phakathi kolawulo lwezopolitiko kunye nemibutho lusazulu lusal

Imizekelo Esebenzisekayo: Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Khawuqwalasele imizekelo emibini ebonisa ubuchule bukaMongameli.

Umzekelo 1: Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo

UMongameli ozimisele ukulungisa imozulu umisela injongo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekharbon ngo-50% ngo-2030. Ukufezekisa oku, uMongameli unika umyalelo olawulayo oyalela i-EPA ukuba imisele imithetho emitsha ye-oyile. I-EPA, ekhokelwa ngumlawuli weCanternella eqinisekisiweyo, imisela umthetho oya kufuna ukuba izityalo zifumane ikharbon. Umthetho uphumeze amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, apho amaqela eshishini aphikisanayo ngokubiza kakhulu, kwaye amaqela emeko-bume i-epal aphikisa ukuba ibuthathaka kakhulu. Umthetho u-EPA uphelise umthetho, kodwa ucelw'icel'ecel'eceringsss, umgaqo owenziwe kwinkundla. Kamva iNkuqululo oluPhakamileyo uyawubeka kwizithuba ezingakhange zinikezeli gunya elinjalo. Umongameli uquluvo lwe-Gawulayo.

Umzekelo 2: Unyanzeliso loshenxiso

UMongameli ufuna ukubeka iliso ekugxotheni abantu abagwetywe kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu ngoxa ekhusela abanye. ISebe loKhuseleko lwaseHomeland (DHS), eliquka ukudityaniswa nokugcinwa kwemiqathango neCumismment (ICO), linembopheleleko yokunyanzelisa. UMongameli unika isalathisi solawulo lwe-IAM, ukunikela ingcebiso okanye ingcebiso elikhethekileyo kwimiqathango ethile. Abameli abasemagunyeni emhlabeni, noko ke, kufuneka batolike imiyalelo. Abanye abameli bangaphikisana nomthetho. Oku kungabalasel ’ umngeni wokufumana imigaqo engaphandle kwemigaqo. Intloko yesebe ingakhupha ukhokelo okanye ingqeqesho engakumbi. Ikomiti inokubamba iimvavanyo ukuze ihlole imigaqo yokulawula.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano oluphakathi koMongameli kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente lusekelwe ekulawuleni kweMerika. UMongameli umisela ulwalathiso oluphangaleleyo lwenkqubo, umisela ukhokelo lwamaqumrhu, kwaye usebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukulungiselela izenzo zolawulo eziza kuqala. Ngokulandelayo, i-APPPPPPPPP, izisa ubuchule obukhethekileyo, izalisekisa imithetho entsonkothileyo, kunye nokunika amagosa abalulekileyo iinkonzo ngqo. Olu manyano alusoloko lulungelelaniswa — luyilwe yimigaqo esemthethweni, ulawulo lwezikomkhulu, uhlalutyo, kunye nobunzima obusemgangathweni wolawulo. Kubemi, ukuqonda oku kubalulekile ekuqululeni ukusebenza korhulumente nasekubekeni amagosa anyuliweyo amele aphendule. Ngokuhlala besazi ngendlela imisebenzi yolawulo, abemi banokuyiqonda kakuhle imigaqo echaphazela ubomi babo kunye nendlela abasebenza ngayo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa e-U.S. i-website karhulumente kumasebe karhulumente, inkcazo yeNdlu yeWhite yesebe eliphetheyo[, kunye nombhalo we- we-Cult