Inkqubo yokulawula yezobulungisa yenze isiseko sesigqibo sengxoxo yoxolo kwibutho labantu lanamhlanje, inika abantu kunye nemibutho inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo yokulungisa izinto ezingekho mthethweni. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho, apho umtshutshisi efuna isohlwayo ngokuphula umthetho, umthetho wasekuhlaleni ugxininisa ekucombululeni iingxabano zabucala ngokuhlawulelwa, ukwenza okuthile, okanye ezinye iindlela zokulungisa ezikhoyo. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olunzulu lwenkqubo yokulawula inkqubo yezomthetho wesizwe, amaqela abathathi-nxaxheba, uludwe lwamalungelo abathathi-nxaxheba, uludwe lwezicocisotho-nkqubo ezikhokelwayo ekunikezeleni ityala ekugqityweni kwesigqibo. Ngokuqonda ezi zinto, abafundi bayakwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle imingeni yabo engokwasemthethweni kwaye bayayixabisa ngakumbi indima yenkqubo yolungele ulungelelwano lwentlalo lwentlalo-ntle kunye nokulunga.

Yintoni Inkqubo Yokusesikweni Yamakhaya?

Inkqubo yokulawula yezobulungisa yamakhaya sisakhiwo semithetho, iinkundla, kunye neenkqubo ezilungiselelwe ukushwankathelana phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, `ii-indivictals, amashishini, okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente asebenza ngokungekho mthethweni. Injongo yawo eyintloko kukulungiselela inkqubo yoxolo, esemthethweni yokuphelisa iingxabano nokunika uncedo kwabo baye benzakala. Ngoxa umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho uzama ukohlwaya abaphuli-mthetho nokukhusela uluntu, ujolise ekubuyiseni iqela elilimeleyo kwindawo yalo yangaphambili, okanye ekusondeleni kangangoko, ngelahleko okanye ngemiyalelo yemali yokuthatha amanyathelo okanye ukuyeka ukwenza into ethile.

Umthetho wamakhaya uquka iindidi ezininzi zempikiswano, kuquka ukonakalisana kwezivumelwano, iimfuno zokophula, ukungavisisani ngokwempahla, imicimbi yentsapho efana noqhawulo-mtshato kunye nokugcinwa kwabantwana, imicimbi yemisebenzi, kunye nokuphulwa kwempahla yempangelo. Indawo nganye inemithetho yayo ekhethekileyo kunye nemizekelo, kodwa zonke zineenjongo ezifanayo ezisisiseko: ukucombulula iimpikiswano ngaphandle kokuzifunela uncedo okanye ugonyamelo. Inkqubo ilawulwa yimithetho ye-produracration ehluka-jikelezwayo (umz., iF.F.C.Genell Institutesmentalment Informations [F.1]

Amalungu angundoqo enkqubo yokulunga kwe-Mouse

Ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokulawula kwezasekuhlaleni kuxhomekeke kwizinto eziliqela ezixhomekeke kwiimeko ezixhomekeke kwezinye. Ukuqonda nganye ibalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo ekusebenziseni inkqubo.

Iinkundla

Amatyala amakhaya adla ngokuviwa kwinkundla yeenkundla, nganye ingendlela ekhethekileyo. Kwinqanaba lokuvavanywa, iinkundla ezincinane zisingatha iimbambano ezibandakanya iimali ezincinane (ngokufuthi zimalunga namawaka ambalwa eedola) kunye neenkqubo ezenziwe lula yaye ngokufuthi akukho magqwetha. Iinkundla zetyala jikelele. "ezifana neenkundla zesithili okanye iinkundla zephondo" eziva amatyala anzima kakhulu ngemiba ephezulu. Iinkundla zenkundla zenkundla zihlola iinkundla zamatyala ngenxa yeempazamo zomthetho, kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo (ooooorhulumente okanye abalawuli) zisebenza njengeenkqubo zokugcina ityala elilula. Indima yenkundla yetyala ifanele isebenzise umthetho kumatyala achazwe, iqinisekisa ukuba omabini anelungelo lokuvalelwa ngokusesikweni. Inkundla yezo komiti kufuneka iphakame ngookanye (igunya okanye ityala lomthetho) kwityala lobuqu (ityala).

ABagwebi

Abagwebi basebenza njengabagwebi abangakhethiyo, abalawula ii-arhente zetyala, abalawula kwiimeko, abayalela amatyala (ukuba kukho), kwaye banikela izigwebo zokugqibela kwiimvavanyo zebhedi. Batolika imimiselo, basebenzisa imizekelo, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba abagwebi bagwebi basebenzisa imigaqo esesikweni. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, abagwebi badla ngokwenza indima esebenzayo kunakwimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho, ingakumbi ekulawuleni nasekuhlaliseni izigwebo ezicacileyo. Izigqibo zabo kwimiso ecacileyo zingachaphazela iziphumo eziphawulekayo. Kwakhona aBagwebi banegunya lokuchasa isigwebo nxamnye namaqela okanye amagqwetha ababandakanye kwihambo engendawo embi yokholo, banceda ukugcina ingqibelelo yenkqubo.

Abaphathi-mthetho

Amagqwetha anikwe imvume amela izilangazelelo zabathathi-nxaxheba nabamangalelwa. Iimbopheleleko zawo ziquka ukucebisa abaxhasi ngamalungelo asemthethweni, ukucela ukwenziwa kwezicelo kunye nokuhamba ngemiqathango, ukufumanisa, ukudityaniswa kwemida, nokunika ubungqina ekuvavanyweni. Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo ngokusemthethweni kuxhomekeke ekusebenziseni imigaqo esemthethweni ekwimida ephezulu. Kwimeko ezininzi, ingakumbi abo babandakanya imigaqo-nkqubo emikhulu, ukumela okusemthethweni kuphantse kube yimfuneko ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kwemithetho ye-procracties. Noko ke, abantu abanezixaso zilinganiselwe basenokujamelana nemiqobo yokufumana isiluleko esifanelekileyo, ucelomngeni olubhekiswe kwimiqathango yenkqumbutho yoncedo esemthethweni kunye neenkqubo ze-proon.

Izangqa

Amaqela abandakanyeke ngqo emangalweni. Ummangalelwa uqalisa ityala ngokufaka isikhalazo; ummangalelwa uphendula ngempendulo okanye ngokuhamba. Ngapha koko, abaxhasi bangaba zinkampani, amaqumrhu karhulumente, okanye amanye amaqumrhu asemthethweni. Iqela ngalinye linelungelo lokunikela ubungqina, amangqina anqamlezayo, kunye nokubhenela kwimimiselo engalunganga. Ukuqonda indima nezibophelelo zikabani xa kufunyanwa amaxwebhu afanelekileyo, ukugxeka ukuphepha imigibe yokufumana izinto ezibukhali.

Inkonzo

Inkundla yelifa lesizwe imisela ukuba yeyiphi inkundla enokuva ityala. Isekelwe kwizinto ezifana nendawo, umba wempikiswano (umz., umthetho wentsapho vs. ukuwa kwemali), kunye nexabiso lemali exhotyisiweyo. Iinkundla zomanyano zinegunya elilinganiselweyo, ngokuyintloko eligquma amatyala phantsi komthetho wezwe, ulawulo lwezahluka-jiko, kunye namatyala apho iUnited States iyiqela. Iinkundla zelizwe zinegunya ngokubanzi, ukusingatha imicimbi yabemi. Ukubekwa ngokungalunganga enkundleni ngaphandle kolawulo kungakhokelela ekugxothweni nasekuchitheni ixesha. Ukuntywila okunzulu kulawule, bona [[FLT:] uFidkl. [[FL]

Amalungelo Abantu Kumthetho Welizwe

Abantu ababandakanyekileyo kwilifa lemveli banelungelo elisisiseko elilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kufanelekile ukufezekisa okusesikweni nokufanelekileyo. La malungelo asekelwe kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, kumthetho wemithetho, nakwimithetho yesizwe.

  • Amalungelo omelo olusemthethweni — Ngelixesha engaqinisekiswanga kuzo zonke iimeko zasekuhlaleni (njengetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho apho iSithandathu sokuHlaziya igqwetha) amaqela anelungelo lokuqesha isiluleko sokhetho lwawo. Amanye amaziko anika isiluleko esimiselweyo kwimicimbi ethile ephezulu, njengamalungelo obuzali.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene kwityala elilungileyo — Iquka ilungelo kumgwebi ongakhethi buso okanye abachopheli-mthetho, ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina nokubiza amangqina, nelungelo lokujamelana nobungqina obuchasanayo. Imithetho yendalo iqinisekisa isaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa.
  • [[NTLA] ekunene ukunikela ubungqina — Iiparishi zingazisa amaxwebhu, ubungqina, kunye nemifanekiso ebonakalayo enxulumene nezibhengezo okanye ukhuseleko lwazo. Imithetho yobungqina ilawula ukungalawuleki, ukulingana komsebenzi nxamnye nekhethe.
  • Ilungile ukubhenela [ — izigwebo ezininzi zokugqibela zinokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno ziphelela ekuhloleni iimpazamo zomthetho okanye iimpazamo ezinzulu ezingokwendalo, zingaziqwalaseli izibakala ngaphandle kokuba zikho impazamo ecacileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ilungile ekufihleni imfihlo — uthungelwano oluthile, olufana neengxoxo ezi-gqwesi-igqwesi-igcisa elilungileyo, lukhuselwe ekutyhilweni. Uxambuliso oluzinzileyo kunye neentlanganiso zokukhupha isandi zidla ngokuba likhusi, lukhuthaza incoko.

La malungelo akaphelelanga; asenokungamkeleki okanye alinganiselwe ngesivumelwano (umz., amacandelo okudibanisa) okanye ngemiyalelo yenkundla. [[FLT: 0] IMelika Bar Association[[FLT: 1] ibonelela ngoovimba abaninzi kumalungelo eprocedtura kwiimeko zabemi.

Iindlela Zonyango Ezikhoyo Kwinkqubo Yobulungisa Belizwe

Xa isalathisi singqina ityala laso, inkundla inika isicombululo. Unyango lukwicandelo amabini abanzi: amayeza asemthethweni (umonakalo wemali) kunye nonyango olulinganayo (imiyalelo yaselugcinweni yokwenza okanye ukuyeka ukwenza into ethile). Ukhetho lonyango luxhomekeke kwindlela eyingozi ngayo nokungahlawulwa kwemali.

Umonakalo Wokhuphiswano

Umonakalo wokuqokelela ungowona uqhelekileyo, owenzelwe ukubuyisela ityala lobomi. Oku kusenokuba yimali eninzi, njengemivuzo yezamayeza, ilahleko, iindleko zokulungisa, okanye ingeniso yeshishini, kunye nokungabi namali, njengeentlungu kunye nokubandezeleka, ukudandatheka ngokweemvakalelo, okanye ukulahlekelwa lilungu le-comilia. Injongo kukubuyisela i-contitiff epheleleyo, ingamohlwayi ummangalelwa. Umzekelo, kwimeko yengozi yemoto, iqela elilimeleyo lingaphinda lifumane iindleko zotyando, ukubuyisela utshintsho, nokulahlekelwa kwemali yemali esebenzayo. Kwisivumelwano, iinjongo zokubeka iprojectal blo-comiumstion kwisikhundla ebezakuba kwenziwe izivumelwano ezingaziwayo.

Umonakalo Obangelwa Kuko

Umonakalo wetyala (okwabizwa ngokuba ngumzekelo womonakalo) unikwa ukongezelela kumonakalo wokubulala xa ihambo yommangalelwa yayingenankathalo, intiyo, okanye inkohliso. Zisebenza ukohlwaya umenzi wobubi kwaye zithintela ukuziphatha okubi okufanayo kwabanye. Olu monakalo alufumaneki kwimeko nganye; amazwe amaninzi amisela umlinganiselo wesicelo sawo, kwaye inkqubo efunekayo yemithetho-siseko ifuna ukuba alungelelanise umonakalo. Umzekelo, umenzi othenge ngempazamo ebangela umonakalo onzulu. Inkundla ephakamileyo igqibelela ukuba umlinganiselo ongaphezulu kunomlinganiselo omnye wemiba elingephini elinguphini lokuchasana.

Iintshukumo

Umyalelo wenkundla ufuna iqela ukuba lenze into (umyalelo womthetho) okanye liyeke ukwenza into (umyalelo womthetho). Ziziindlela ezilinganayo zokunyanga ezisetyenziswayo xa umonakalo wemali ungaphelelanga (ngomzekelo, ukuthintela ungcoliso lwemekobume oluqhubekayo, ukunyanzelisa isivumelwano esingadibaniyo, okanye ukuyalela ukubuya kwempahla ebiweyo. Imiyalelo yesithethe ingakhutshwa kwangoko kumzekelo ukugcina isimo sikwityala elijikelezayo, ngelixa imimiselo esisigxina igqiba ityala. Ukugatya umyalelo kungaphumela ekudeleni isohlwayeni kwenkundla.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Isenzo esikhethekileyo sinyanzelisa iqela ukuba liphumeze iimfuno zalo ezithenjiweyo, kunokuba lihlawule ilahleko. Olu nyango lugcinelwe izivumelwano ezibandakanya izinto ezikhethekileyo, ezinjengendawo yomhlaba okanye imifanekiso engaqhelekanga, apho kungekho nto ifanelekileyo yokuyifaka endaweni. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo azikuvumeli ukuyalela umsebenzi othile ukwenzela iinkonzo zobuqu kuba ziya kunyanzelisa ubukhoboka obuzenzekelayo. Umzekelo, ukuba umthengisi akavumi ukuvala indlu emva kokusayina isivumelwano sentengo, umthengi unokucela ukudlulisela intengo ekhethekileyo ukuze adlulisele isiqu sakhe.

Imigwebo Yokuvakalisa

Umgwebo onyanzelisayo sisigqibo senkundla samalungelo neembopheleleko zamaqela ngaphandle kokuyalela nasiphi na isenzo okanye isohlwayo. Sisetyenziselwa ukucacisa ukuma okusemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba impikiswano ikhule okanye ukusombulula ukungaqiniseki ngezimvo zesivumelwano, i-inshorensi, okanye amalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Ngokomzekelo, umfaki-tyala angafuna umgwebo wokukhupha ityala ukuze afumanise enoba inkqubo iqulethe intelekelelo ethile. Olu nyango lungathintela ukudityaniswa kwemali enkcithayo ngokucacisa umthetho kwangoko.

Inkqubo Yokusesikweni Kwabemi

Ukubeka ityala lamakhaya kubandakanya amaqondo aliqela ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linemithetho ekhethekileyo nexesha elimiselweyo. Xa amatyala amaninzi ehla phambi kokuvavanywa, ukuqonda inkqubo epheleleyo kunceda abasebenzi benze izigqibo ezithe ngqo.

Ukukhalaza

Le nkqubo iqala xa ummangalelwa efaka isikhalazo kwinkundla efanelekileyo, echaza isiseko esiyinyaniso setyala, iingcamango ezixhasa isiphumlisi, kunye nonyango olufunekayo. Isikhalazo kufuneka sinikezelwe kummangalelwa kunye nezicelo, sinika ummangalelwa isaziso kunye nethuba lokuphendula. Imithetho yemiqathango imisela imiqathango engqongqo yokubekwa kwetyala; ukuphoswa kwazo kungasibekela esiphelweni esisisigxina. Umzekelo, intengo yomntu owenzakalisayo kufuneka ibekwe phakathi komntu ngamnye ukuya kwiminyaka emithandathu kuxhomekeke kwimo.

Ukusabela Kummeli

Ummangalelwa kufuneka aphendule ngexesha elimisiweyo (ngokufuthi 20-30 iintsuku). Bangafaka impendulo evumayo okanye ekhanyela ityala ngalinye, kwaye bangaphakamisa ukhuseleko. Okanye, banga faka intshukumo yokurhoxa (Rule 12(b) (6) kwinkundla yequmrhu) bephikisa ngelithi nokuba izibakala ziyinyaniso, ummangali akathethi nto esemthethweni. Inkundla ingakuvumela ushukuma okanye ngaphandle kokushiya. Ukuba ummangalelwa akasamkeli ukuphendula, umgwebo ongagqibekanga ungangena kubo.

Umbuzo

Ukufumana okuqulunqweyo liqondo lobungqina apho iqela ngalinye lingacela amaxwebhu, amaxwebhu, amatyala (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), ukudityaniswa (okanye ubungqina phantsi kwesifungo), kunye nokuvunywa. Umlinganiselo wokufumana okubanzi/nayiphi na into engamkelekanga enxulumene nemeko. Le sigaba singaba yeyona ibalulekileyo ebangela ukwenziwa kwengxelo yexesha kwaye ibe nexabiso eliphezulu, kodwa ibalulekile ekwakheniseni ixabiso lokuhlalisa. Imithetho engundoqo ifuna ukutyhilwa kobungqina obungundoqo. Iinkundla ziqhelekile; iinkundla zingangenelela ukunyanzela okanye ukukhupha imiyalelo ekhutshwayo, bona Umthetho we-Politiki ye-Foctiveral 26[FFFF:1].

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala alipheli okanye alipheli, liqhubekeka licinezelwe. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, abachopheli-tyala bamisa izibakala baze basebenzise umthetho phantsi kwemiyalelo yomgwebi; kwityala lebhedi, ijaji yenza zombini iindima. Ummangaleli unikela ityala lakhe kuqala, ulandelwa ngummangalelwa. Icala ngalinye lingabiza amangqina, lizise imiboniso, kwaye liqule amangqina anqamkileyo. Emva kokuqukuqela, ijaji okanye abachobi betyala ngengozi libuyise isigwebo. Umlinganiselo wokungqinela kwimicimbi yamakhaya “ubungqina obuphambili" ngokunokwenzeka uthe qha, qha, uthetha ukuba amatyala aphantsi, kwaye umgangatho omnye ungowo uqikelelo oluphantsi kunomthetho olwaphulo-mthetho“ ongenakuthanda ukuba uthandabuzakala."

Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Emva kwesigqibo, iqela eliphulukana nento lisenokuyifaka ifayile yentshukumo zasemva kovavanyo, njengentshukumo yomgwebo njengombandela womthetho (ukuqinisekisa ulwaneliseko lobungqina) okanye intshukumo yokulingwa okutsha. Ukuba alamkelwa, angabhenela kwinkundla enesibheno. Izibheno zijolise kwiimpazamo zomthetho okanye iziphene ezinzulu; iinkundla ze-appellate zisoloko zibambezela ukuvavanya isibakala senkundla. Inkqubo yokubhena inganwena kangangeenyanga okanye iminyaka. Kwimeko ezininzi, imigangatho emininzi yesibheno inokwenzeka, kuquka izibheno zesibeleko ezinzulu kwiNkundla ephakamileyo yeU.

Ucelomngeni Notshintsho Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni Yamakhaya

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwayo, inkqubo yobulungisa yamakhaya ijongene nocelomngeni olungapheliyo. [[FLT: 0] ihlala iyimbambano ebalulekileyo: abantu abaninzi abakwazi ukuthenga amagqwetha, kwaye oovimba boncedo olusemthethweni banciphile. Ukuzimela ngokwabo kusoloko kulwisana neenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, ezikhokelela kwi-infections kunye nokungalungisi. [[FLT:] iindlela zokuzibamba nokulibazisa [ zizinto eziqhelekileyo; ukufunyanwa nokuhamba nokusetyenziswa okugqithisileyo kunakho ukuqhuba iindleko ezisemthethweni ngaphezu kwexabiso lezinto ezincinci. Ukuthetha ngezi miba, iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zikhuthaza [FOct:4] ukuchasana nokungalungiswa kwemigaqo epheleleyo. [[FLT] [FFFFF:] iindlela zokuzimisela kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwazi olukhawulezayo, ezinye iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa lula nokusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwe-eromentersti zemeko ze-ejectivessssss, kusetyenziswa imigaqo ephantsi kwe-evicences.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yobulungisa yesizwe yeyona ndlela intsonkothileyo elungelelanisa amalungelo abantu nemfuneko yokulungisa impikiswano. Ukusukela ekuququzeleleni konobangela wesikhalazo ukuya kwimali yokugqibela yomonakalo wedemokhrasi okanye isiphumlisi esilinganayo, inyathelo ngalinye lenzelwe ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni, ukubonakala, nokuphendula. Ngoxa inkqubo ingenazingxaki, ukuntsonkotha, kwaye imiqobo yokufikelela ihlala ibalulekile, kwaye ihleli ibalulekile, kwaye isiseko semigaqo yenkqubo ekhoyo yenkqubo kunye nonyango olusemthethweni sibalulekile kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Ukuba ungumxhasi oqhelekileyo ofuna imbuyekezo ephosakeleyo, ummangalelwa ochasene nokumangalelwa, okanye ummi ofuna ukuqonda amalungelo akho asemthethweni, ulwazi lwenkqubo ye-cawase-mthetho, ukukunika amandla okuphumelelka nokuxhasa ngokunempumelelo. Ukhokelo oluthe keenkcukacha, ukudibana noogqeqeqesho olusemthethweni olufana noluyi-Roctive [5] [5] [5]