Isiseko senkonzo kaJury kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika

Inkonzo kaJury imele njengenye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo zenkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika, emela inkqubo engqalileyo yokuthatha inxaxheba kulawulo lobulungisa. Indima yamajaji kwiimeko zoluntu nezamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho isekelwe ngokunzulu kwisiseko somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, isebenza njengekhusi nxamnye norhulumente ophathwe kakubi kunye nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zomthetho zibonakalisa amaxabiso abantu. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo amatyala, iimbopheleleko ezahlukileyo aziphatha kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, kunye nemigaqo elawula umsebenzi wawo kubalulekile kuye kufuneke nabani na ukuyiqonda indlela yokusesikweni kwaseMelika.

UHlaziyo lweSithandathu kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. luqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nangoluntu ngokubanzi lisenziwa ngabachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo, ngoxa isiHlaliso seSembethi silondoloza ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala labemi apho ixabiso lempikiswano lingaphaya kwama-20 000 eedola. Olu khuselo lomgaqo-siseko lubethelela inkolelo yabaseki benkundla yokuba amatyala asebenza njengengqwalasela egosa lejaji kunye neyolawulo lukarhulumente. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi inkqubo yabachopheli-jaji iguqule ekubeni ilungelelanise inyani nesigqibo esinento esilungele imfuneko yokhokelo olusemthethweni nobulumko babemi abaqhelekileyo.

Ngokutsho kwe- i-Ofisi yoLawulo yeNkundla yase-U.S., inkonzo yabachopheli yenye yezona misebenzi zibalulekileyo zentlalo-ntle yaseMerika enokuthi ifezekise, namakhulu amawaka abemi balapho abakhonza njengeejaji nyaka ngamnye kwiinkundla zorhulumente. Oku kuthabatha inxaxheba kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokulawula iyaqhubeka inxulumene noluntu ekulo msebenzi.

Imvelaphi yembali neZisekelo zomGaqo-siseko

Ingcamango yenkundla yabachopheli-tyala inemvelaphi yamandulo, elandelelwa emva eNgilani yamaxesha aphakathi apho amangqina asebenza njengengqina kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abachopheli bejaji bavela kwiqumrhu labafumana inyaniso abavavanya ubungqina obunikelwa ngamaqela empikiswano. IMagna Carta yewaka le-1215 yaqulathe amalungiselelo aphembelela ukuphuhliswa kwamalungelo abachopheli-tyala, nangona imbono yale mihla yamatyala njengomenzi-zigwebi ongakhethi yavela ngokuthe ngcembe kwiinkulungwane eziliqela.

Abenzi bobupolisa baseMerika babeka ukubaluleka okukhulu kwelungelo lokuchophela ityala, beligqala njengesixhobo esisisiseko sokukhusela ekulawuleni ngokweembono zabo. Esinye sezikhalazo ezidweliswe kwiSibhengezo senkululeko kukuncishwa koKumkani “iingenelo zokumangalelwa nguJury.” Le ngxelo yembali ichaza isizathu sokuba umGaqo-siseko kunye neBhili lamaLungelo e-inshrine igwebe ngokungqalileyo kuvavanywa amalungelo abachobi abaninzi.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ngokungaguqukiyo ukuba ilungelo lokuchophela ityala liyinxalenye esisiseko yenkqubo efunekayo. Kwimeko eziphawula iziganeko ezifana Dincan v. Louisiana (1968), iNkundla ibambelele kwelokuba uHlaziyo lweSihlaziyo lweSithandathu lunelungelo lokuqulunqwa lisebenza kumazwe ngeSigqibo se-14, iqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa betyala abajongene netyala elinzulu banokufikelela kwiityala zejaji.

Iintlobo ze Juries kunye nemisebenzi Yazo Yodityaniso

Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni yaseMerika isebenzisa iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zezigwebi: abachopheli-tyala abazukileyo kunye nabachopheli-tyala. Ngoxa zombini zibunjwe ngabemi abaqhelekileyo, zisebenza ngokwesiseko ekwahlukaneni kweenjongo kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwezi ndlela zimbini zokuchophela ityala kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo njengeli lilonke.

IGrand Juries: Abagcini Bezaphuli - mthetho Abatshutshisa

Iqumrhu leejaji eziphezulu lisebenza ngokuyintloko kwinkqubo yorhulumente nakwisiqingatha samaphondo. Umsebenzi walo ngumsebenzi ophengululayo nowokumangalela kunokuba uwise ityala. Inkundla ebalaseleyo yabachopheli-tyala iquka abantu abali-16 ukuya kwabangama-23 abava ubungqina obunikelwa ngabatshutshisi ukufumanisa ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa nokuba umntu othile kufuneka abekwe ityala.

Inkundla ezukileyo yabachopheli-tyala isebenza ekuhleni, ithetha ityala elivalelwe kuwonke wonke kwanakummangalelwa osenokuba ukho. Oku kufihla ityala kufeza iinjongo eziliqela: kukhusela udumo lwabantu abasenokungabekwa tyala, kukhuthaza amangqina ukuba athethe ngokukhululekileyo, kwaye kuthintela abarhanelwa ukuba basabe phambi kokubekwa amatyala. Abachopheli-tyala abagwebi abazimiselanga ukuba babe netyala okanye babe msulwa, kuphela abagqibeli ukuba limele lithethwe na icala.

Ukuba igqibi elizukileyo lifumana ubungqina obaneleyo, likhupha ityala, elityhola umntu ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba ubungqina abunele, abachopheli-tyala abaphezulu babuyisela “akukho mthetho,” kwaye akukho zityholo zibekweyo. Umgangatho wobungqina bejaji enkulu usezantsi kunomlinganiselo“ wokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni” ofunekayo ukuze ugwetywe, njengoko iqumrhu eliphezulu lifuna kuphela isizathu sokukholelwa ummangalelwa owenzileyo.

Iintlanganiso Zemidlalo Encinane: Ukugqiba Imiphumo Yezilingo

Isigwebo setyala sifana noko abantu abaninzi bakucingayo xa becinga ngenkonzo yabachopheli-tyala. Ezi zijaji eziva ubungqina ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwetyala zize zinikeze izigwebo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala lomntu omangalelweyo ligqiba enoba unetyala okanye akanatyala kusini na. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, bagqiba enoba ummangalelwa umele agwetywe kusini na, ukuba kunjalo, okona kumele kunikwe ityala.

Izigwebo eziphambili kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ngokwesithethe zinamalungu ali-12, nangona amanye amaphondo evumela ukuba kubekho izigwebi ezincinane kwiimeko ezithile. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ithi inkundla yabachopheli-tyala yabathandathu ingumGaqo-siseko kwiityala zolwaphulo-mthetho zikarhulumente ngenxa yokungabi naziququ zabungqongqo, kodwa abachopheli-mthetho abangangeyonxalenye yesithandathu baphula iSihlaziso seSithandathu. Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, iPhondo lezeMithelela-mthetho yeZiko loNombolo-Poli livumela ukuba kuhlalo-mthetho lwamalungu angaphantsi kwamathandathu nangaphantsi kweshumi eli-12.

Indima yejaji eligwebayo isebenza ngokungqongqo njengendawo yokufumana inyaniso. Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo, kwaye abachopheli-mthetho basebenzisa loo mthetho kwiinyaniso njengoko befumana.

Umsebenzi WobuJuli Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Kwiziko lolwaphulo - mthetho, imbopheleleko eyintloko yenkundla yabachopheli - tyala kukugqiba enoba ummangalelwa uye wasingqina kusini na ityala lakhe ngokusengqiqweni. Obu bungqina buphakamileyo bubonisa imiphumo enzulu elandela ityala lolwaphulo - mthetho, kuquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuhlawuliswa, nokuhlaziswa okuhlala kuhleli. Ijaji lisebenza njengendlela epheleleyo yokukhusela ukugwetywa okuphosakeleyo.

Ukucinga Ngokungabi Nalucalulo Nobunzima Bobungqina

Ukucingela ukuba umsulwa ngumgaqo osisiseko kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ummangalelwa ugqalwa njengomsulwa ngalo lonke icala, yaye ityala lithwele umthwalo wokubonakalisa ityala. Abachopheli-tyala kufuneka baqalise ukucinga ngalo mbandela ngeli tyala. Ukuba abachopheli-tyala abawuphumeziyo umthwalo wabo, abagwebi kufuneka bawukhulule, kungakhathaliseki ukuba banokukrokrelelwa kusini na ngehambo yommangalelwa.

“Ngaphandle kobuthandabuzeko obusengqiqweni” umgangatho awuchazwanga ngokuchanekileyo kwezibalo, kodwa kuqondwa ngokubanzi ukuba ubungqina bumele beyiseke kangangokuba umntu onengqondo angabi namathandabuzo anzulu ngetyala lommangalelwa. Lo ngumgangatho ophezulu wobungqina kwinkqubo yomthetho, ongaphezulu kakhulu kuno “bubungqina obucacileyo nobunengqiniseko” obusetyenziswa kwezinye iimeko zasekuhlaleni kwaye uphakame kakhulu kunomlinganiselo“ ophambili wobungqina” osetyenziswa kwiimeko ezininzi zasekuhlaleni.

Ubungqina Obucacileyo Kwizilingo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Abamangaleli kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka bahlolisise ngenyameko uninzi lobungqina, kuquka ubungqina obungachananga, ubungqina obubonakalayo, ubungqina obubhaliweyo, neembono zeengcali. Kufuneka baqwalasele ukuthembeka kwamangqina, ukuthembeka kobungqina obuchanekileyo, nokuvumelana okusengqiqweni kwengcamango yetyala. Abatshutshisi bayalelwa ukuba bahlolisise ubungqina ngokuchanekileyo nokufumana iimbono ezisengqiqweni ngokwezibakala ezinikelweyo.

Enye yeenkalo ezilucelomngeni kwinkonzo yabachopheli-tyala kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kukuqhubana nobungqina obuntsonkothileyo okanye obungobuchule. Kwimeko ezibandakanya uhlalutyo lweDNA, i-agemini ye-ocensic, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali, abagwebi kufuneka baxhomekeke kubungqina obungoochwepheshe ukuze baqonde ubungqina. I-American Bar Association ivelise imigaqo yokuphucula ukuqonda kobungqina obuntsonkothileyo, kuquka nokuvumela abachopheleli-mthetho ukuba bathathe amaphetshana baze bathumele imibuzo yamangqina.

Isigqibo neemfuno zesigwebo

Emva kokuqukumbela iimpikiswano kunye nemiyalelo yejaji engomthetho, abachopheli-tyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi ngabom ngasese. Ngexesha lokucinga, abagwebi baxubusha ubungqina, babelane ngeembono zabo, baze basebenzele ekuphumezeni isigqibo. Inkqubo yokuzicebisisa iyimfihlo, ivumela abachopheli ukuba bathethe ngokukhululekileyo ngaphandle kokuxhalabela ukuxilongwa esidlangalaleni.

Kwimiba yezaphuli-mthetho, ulawulo oluninzi lufuna isigwebo esingqineke sidibene netyala okanye ityala eligwetywayo. Ukuba abachopheli-tyala abanakufikelela kwisigqibo sokunganyaniseki emva kokuba kucaciswe ityala eligqithisiweyo, yaye ityala lisenokukhetha ukulilungisa kwakhona ityala. Imfuneko yokungalingani ixhasa imigangatho ephakamileyo yokungqinelana kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu ugwetywa ngaphandle kwesivumelwano sabo bonke abagwebi.

Isigqibo sejaji kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka sisekelwe kuphela kubungqina obunikelwa kwityala. Abagwebi bayalelwa ukuba bangaqwalaseli inkcazelo engaphandle, bathathe iziphumo ezizimeleyo, okanye bathembele kulwazi lobuqu lwetyala. Ukungathobeli kwale mithetho kungakhokelela ekugwetyweni ngempazamo okanye ekuphelisweni kwesiqinisekiso esikwisibheno.

Umsebenzi Wobu Jukubhede Kwiimeko Zamakhaya

Iijaji zamakhaya zisebenza umsebenzi owahlukileyo kodwa obaluleke ngokufanayo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Iinkundla zamakhaya zibandakanya iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela abantu, kuquka abantu ngabanye, amashishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zamatyala asekuhlaleni ziquka ukungxwelerheka komntu, ukuphulwa kwezivumelwano, ukuxambulisana ngempahla, nokucalucalulwa kwemisebenzi. Kule meko, indima yabachopheli-mla-mli-tyala kukucombulula iimbambano eziziinyani nokugqiba ityala elingomthetho.

Ukucingela Ukuxoka Nokugweba Ityala

Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, ummangalelwa uthwala umthwalo wokubonisa imeko yakhe ngokuqwalasela ubungqina. Lo mlinganiselo ufuna ukuba ummangalelwa abonise ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba ummangalelwa afanelwe yityala. Ngokungafaniyo nomgangatho wolwaphulo-mthetho ongaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni, umgangatho obalulekileyo usoloko uchazwa njengofuna ubungqina ukuze aphelise kancinci amasampula axhasa icala elinye.

Ijaji kufuneka ivavanye ubungqina obunikelwa ngamaqela omabini ukuze ibone enoba ummangalelwa waphula umthetho obotshelelwe ummangali-mthetho obotshelelwe kwityala eliqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, kwityala lokungakhathali, abachopheli-tyala kufuneka bagqibe enoba ummangalelwa wenza ngenkathalo esengqiqweni phantsi kweemeko. Ukuba abachopheli-mmangaleli bafumanisa ukuba ummangalelwa akakhange abonise inkathalo esengqiqweni nokuba oku kubangele umonakalo wommangali-tyala, kuya kufumana ukuba ummangalelwa unecala.

Kwezinye iimeko zamakhaya, abachopheli-tyala kufuneka baqwalasele ukuphoxeka kothelekiso okanye ukungakhathali okunikelayo. Ukuba ukungakhathali kwe-paltiff kufak' isandla kwingozi yabo, abachopheli-tyala banganciphisa umonakalo ngokweemeko. Amanye amaphondo alandela inkqubo yokufakela imposiso egqibeleleyo, ngoxa amanye ebeka umqobo ongaphaya apho ummangali-mthetho engenako ukubuya abuye abuye.

Umonakalo Obangelwa Kuko Okuthethwa Ngabemi Basekuhlaleni

Ukuba abachopheli-tyala bafumana ityala lommangalelwa, kufuneka ngoko kufunyaniswe umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo womonakalo. Oku yenye yezona mbopheleleko zilucelomngeni kubagwebi basekuhlaleni, njengoko kufuneka babeke ixabiso lemali kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zengozi. Umonakalo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni ungaquka imbuyekezo yeendleko zonyango, ukulahleka kwemivuzo, ukonakaliswa kwempahla, kunye neentlungu nokubandezeleka.

Kwezinye iimeko, abachopheli-tyala basenokufumana ityala elinokohlwaya ityala, eliza kugweba ummangalelwa ngenxa yehambo engalunganga kwaye lithintele ukuziphatha okufanayo kwixesha elizayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibeke imida yemithetho emiselwe isohlwayo kumonakalo wetyala phantsi kwe-CSClaus yeNkqutyana ka-Celas, ifuna ukuba babe nolwazelelelo kwaye balinganisele kwingozi ekhoyo.

Abafaki-mali bayalelwa ukuba bafumane ingqwalaselo entle esekelwe kubungqina. Baxelelwa ukuba bangaqwalaseli ityala le-inshorensi yommangalelwa okanye imithombo yemali xa kufunyaniswa ukuba kukho umonakalo wemali, nangona ezi zinto zinokusetyenziswa ekuhloleni iziphumo zokohlwaya.

Izigwebo ezikhethekileyo nezigwebo Jikelele

Izigwebo zomgwebi zingacelwa ukuba zinikele isigqibo esiqhelekileyo, esichaza nje kuphela ukuba liliphi iqela elikhoyo kunye nobungakanani bomonakalo, okanye isigqibo esikhethekileyo, esifuna abachopheli betyala baphendule imibuzo ethile eyinyaniso. Izigqibo ezikhethekileyo zinokuba luncedo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abachopheli-tyala baqwalasele ityala ngalinye ngenyameko kwaye bangenza isigqibo siphindeke ngakumbi kwisibheno.

Amanye amagunya avumela ukuba amaqumrhu ejaji kwityala lamakhaya, apho isigwebo sejaji singanyanzeliswanga kumgwebi. Oku kwenzeka kumatyala athile anokungqinelana, njengalawo afuna ukuhlangulwa, apho kungekho lungelo elisemthethweni kwityala labachopheli-tyala.

Umahluko Oyintloko Phakathi Kwamabhunga AngooNontlalo - ntle Nabesaphuli - mthetho

Ngeli xesha izigwebi zamakhaya nezaphuli-mthetho zisebenza umsebenzi ofanayo wokufumana inyaniso, zisebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo nemigangatho ebonisa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala. Ukuqonda le ngxabano kubalulekile kuye nabani na onokuba ngumgwebi okanye osebenza kunye nenkqubo engokwasemthethweni.

Umgangatho wobungqina

Umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwemigwebo yamakhaya neyamatyala ngumgangatho wokungqina. Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho afuna ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa, obusemgangathweni ophezulu kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Amatyala amakhaya afuna ubungqina obuvela kubungqina obuqwalaselwe, obunomgangatho ophantsi. Lo mahluko ubonisa imiphumo engakumbi yenkolo yezaphuli-mthetho nemfuneko engqinelanayo yokuqiniseka ngakumbi ngaphambi kokuba ahluthe umntu wenkululeko.

Amanye amatyala abandakanya amatyala anzima, afana nokuqhatha okanye ukubotshwa kwemiqathango, asenokufuna ubungqina obucacileyo nobeyisekayo, umgangatho ophakathi ophakathi phakathi kokuxhalabela nokungathandabuzeki. Noko ke, uninzi lwamatyala asekuhlaleni lungagqitywa phantsi komgangatho ophambili.

Iimfuno Zokukhupha

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, izigwebi zolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka zifikelele kwisigqibo esingqinelanayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaqumrhu eejaji angaphakathi, angavunyelwa ukuba anikele isigqibo ngokungekho mthethweni kwimimandla ethile. IMigaqo yoLawulo lwaMasipala yeNkcubeko kufuneka igqitywe ngamacala onke kumatyala asekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuba amaqela avumelana ngenye indlela, kodwa amazwe amaninzi avumela izigqibo zikarhulumente ngevoti enkulu, enjengeesithandathu okanye ezintathu zabachongi.

Umnyango osezantsi wemigwebo yamakhaya ubonisa ukuba kukho iinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanyekileyo ekucinyweni kwemiba yasekuhlaleni, nomdla wenkqubo wokucombulula iingxabano ngokunempumelelo.

Ubungakanani be Jury kunye nokwakhiwa

Ngoxa izigwebi zejaji ngokwesithethe zinamalungu ali-12, lo mlinganiselo awufuneki ngokwemigaqo-siseko kuzo zonke iimeko. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ithe ingqina ukuba amajaji agwebayo asemthethweni asenokuba mancinane njengamalungu amathandathu kwityala elingabalulekanga. Iijaji zamakhaya zinokuphinda zahluke ngokobungakanani, ngemithetho emininzi esebenzisa amatyala akwimiqathango emithandathu eqhelekileyo.

Ukuqulunqwa kwenkundla yabachopheli-tyala kukwaphantsi kolwahlulo olwahlukileyo kumatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Kwizigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa unelungelo elisemthethweni kwijaji elikhethwe kwicandelo loonozakuzaku elinqumla uluntu. Le mfuneko isebenza nakumatyala asekuhlaleni, kodwa imilinganiselo yokucel ’ umngeni ityala lejaji nokuqhuba i-voir oracd ingahluka.

Ukhetho lwe Jury: Isandi esincinane esisetyenziswayo ekuqheliseni

Inkqubo yokukhetha abachopheli-tyala, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-voir yodangaliso, licandelo elibalulekileyo lalo naliphi na ityala labachopheli-tyala. Ibinzana elitsha lisuka kwibinzana lesiFrentshi elithetha “ukuthetha inyaniso,” kwaye lisebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokubeka izithuba kwi-profile yolawulo lwabachopheli abangakhethiyo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukubuza abaququzeleli abanokuba nolukhethe, ikhethe, okanye ezinye izinto ezinokuchaphazela amandla abo okukhupha isigqibo esilungileyo.

Ukushwankathela Nokwenza Ubuchule Beziphene

Inkqubo yokukhetha abachopheli-tyala iqala ngokubizwa kwabaququzeleli bejaji abavela kuluhlu oluvela kumthombo, ngokuqhelekileyo bequlunqwe kwiingxelo zokuvota, kwiincwadi zogcino-lwazi zomqhubi, okanye kwezinye iingxelo zikarhulumente. Ukuze bafanelekele inkonzo yejaji, abantu ngabanye kufuneka babe ngabemi base-U. ubuncinane abaneminyaka eli-18 ubudala, abemi besithili eligweba, bakwazi ukufunda nokuqonda isiNgesi. Abanye abantu abanokukhutshwa kwinkonzo yejaji, kuquka nabo baneenkolelo ezingengawakhe babuyiselwanga amalungelo abo oluntu.

Iinkundla zizama ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqumrhu labachopheli-tyala limela icandelo elisesikweni elinqamleza ibutho labantu. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yathi ukususwa ngokucwangcisiweyo kwamaqela aziwayo kwiqumrhu labachopheli-tyala kukwaphula iSihlaziyo seSithandathu soMgqibo-siseko. Lo mgaqo uyalwalela izenzo ezinjengokususa amabhinqa okanye amancinane angohlanga kwinkonzo yejaji.

Ucelomngeni Neengxaki

Ngexesha loloyiko olukhulu, ijaji namagqwetha abuza abaququzeleli bejaji ngemvelaphi, amava, nesimo sengqondo sabo. Injongo kukutyhila naluphi na ucalucalulo okanye ungquzulwano lomdla onokuthi uthintele umgwebi ekubeni angakhethi. Ii-attorney zisenokusebenzisa i-odolophir ukufundisa abaququzeleli abanokuba nengxubusho engo malunga nemigaqo esemthethweni eza kusebenza kule meko.

Ii-athorney zingalucel ’ umngeni uvavanyo lwezigwebo ngeendlela ezimbini. Iingxaki zezizathu azinasiphelo kwaye zinikwa xa umgwebi ebonisa ikhethe lokwenene okanye ukungagqibeki okusemthethweni. Umzekelo, ijaji enxulumene nelinye lamaqela okanye esele eqalisile uluvo ngetyala ingaba lucelomngeni ngenxa yesizathu. Imingeni yokucinezela ivumela amagqwetha ukuba abethe inani elithile labagwebi ngaphandle kokunika isizathu, nangona engenakusetyenziswa ukucalula abantu ngokwesizinziso sohlanga okanye ubufana.

Impembelelo Yokhetho Lokuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ukhetho lwe Jury lunokuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwisiphumo setyala. Abathathi-nxaxheba bachitha ixesha elininzi kunye noovimba benqanawa eyingozi, ngokufuthi besebenza nabacebisi bejaji ukuchonga iimpawu ezintle nezingentle. Inkqubo yokukhetha isebenza kakuhle, kwicala ngalinye befuna abagwebi abanokuba novelwano kwiingxoxo zabo.

IZiko lesizwe leNkundla yeRhulumente liye laqhuba uphando olunzulu kuqheliso lokukhetha lwabachopheli-tyala kwaye lavelisa iingcebiso zokuphucula inkqubo, kuquka ukusebenzisa ii-gcisa ezibhaliweyo zamatyala anzima nokunika amagqwetha ixesha elininzi lokuqhuba i-voir brain.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo YobuYuni

Nangona imbali kunye nomgaqo-siseko ubalulekile, inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala ikho ngaphandle kokuba igxekwe. Abaphengululi, abagwebi, kunye noogqirha abasemthethweni baye bafumana imingeni emininzi enokuba negalelo kwimpumelelo nobulungisa bokwenziwa kwesigqibo sabachopheli-tyala.

Ubunzima Bokuqiqa Kwale Mihla

Njengoko ukumangalelwa kuya kusiba nzima, abanye baya bathandabuza ukuba abagwebi abaqhelekileyo banokubuqonda baze babuhlolisise kakuhle ubungqina obunikeziwe. Ityala elibandakanya ubungqina benzululwazi, intengiselwano yemali enzima, okanye imicimbi yobugcisa lisenokuba nzima ukuba abagwebi abapheleleyo baqonde ngokupheleleyo.

Abaxhasi benkqubo yabachopheli-tyala baphendula ngokuthi abachopheli-mthetho bazisa ingqiqo nengqiqo edibeneyo kwiingcinga zabo. Bakwalatha ekuphandeni okubonisa ukuba abagwebi badla ngokuqonda kakuhle oko kuboniswa ngokucacileyo naxa benikwa imiyalelo nezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokunceda ukuyiqonda.

IBhaas Nekhethe

Ngaphandle kwenkqubo enzima, ikhethe lingachaphazela ukwenza isigqibo sabachopheli-tyala. Ikhethe elipheleleyo elinxulumene nohlanga, ubufanasini, imeko yentlalo, okanye ezinye izinto zingaphembelela indlela abagwebi ababuvavanya ngayo ubungqina nokuvavanya ukuthembeka. Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni iye yasebenzisa amanyathelo ahlukahlukeneyo ukucombulula ikhethe, kuquka ukulinganisela imingeni enzima nokuqeqesha abagwebi namagqwetha ngokunekhethe.

Uphando lubonise ukuba imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala inokubanceda banciphise ikhethe ngokukhumbuza abachopheli-mthetho ngomsebenzi wabo wokuba bangacaluli nokunikela ukhokelo olucacileyo ngendlela yokuvavanya ubungqina. Ezinye iinkundla ziye zamkela imiyalelo emiselwe ngokusesikweni equka imiyalelo ecacileyo yokuphepha ikhethe.

Ukwenziwa kwe Jury Nullification

Ukupheliswa kwetyala kwenzeka xa inkundla egwebayo ikhupha ummangalelwa ngokusemthethweni phezu kwako nje ukufumanisa ukuba ityala lakhe livunywe ngokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Oku kwenzeka xa abachopheli bekholelwa ukuba ukusebenzisa umthetho kwimeko ethile kuya kuvelisa iziphumo ezingekho sikweni. Ngoxa ukupheliswa kwejaji kubangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwegunya lejaji, kuthandabuzeka kuba kunokuwunciphisa umthetho.

Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo ziyalela abagwebi ukuba mabawusebenzise umthetho njengoko unikwe yijaji, kwaye abagwebi abaxelelwanga ngamandla abo okuphelisa. Noko ke, amandla abachopheli-mthetho okugweba ngokuchasene nobungqina asebenza njengesivalo sokukhusela kwimithetho engekho sikweni okanye kwiqhinga.

Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokulingwa Kobubhovu

Phezu kwazo nje iingxaki nokugxekwa, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kuseyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yomthetho waseMerika.

Imfundo nentsebenziswano

Inkonzo yeJury ifundisa abemi ngendlela engqalileyo ngendlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo yomthetho. Ukusebenza njengejaji kubhenca abantu kwimigaqo yobungqina, inkqubo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo.

Ukubotshwa kwetyala ngenkonzo yejaji kukwaqinisa imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi. Ilungelo lokuchophela amatyala lilungelo lokunika inxaxheba elinika abemi amandla okwenza indima engqalileyo ekulawuleni okusesikweni. Oku kuthabatha inxaxheba kunceda ekugunyaziseni iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni nokugcina intembelo yoluntu kwiinkundla.

Ukukhuselwa Kulawulo Olungaphezu Kolwamandla Karhulumente

Ijaji isebenza njengengqwalasela kwigunya likarhulumente, ingakumbi kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokufuna ukuba urhulumente aqinisekise iqela labemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba ummangalelwa unetyala ngokungaphaya kokuthandatyuzwa okusengqiqweni, inkqubo yokuchophela ikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo ivumile, abachopheli-mthetho bafaka ingqiqo ebanzi yoluntu phakathi kommangalelwa kunye namandla ogunyazileyo karhulumente.

Lo msebenzi wokukhusela udlulela kwiimeko zabemi. Ii Juries zingasebenza njengovavanyo kumandla equmrhu ngokubeka ityala kunye nomonakalo xa amashishini ethatha inyathelo elingafanelekanga okanye engakhathali. Ubuchule bokugcina izinto ezinamandla zinoxanduva luphawu olungundoqo lwenkqubo yokulawula yezobulungisa.

Umthetho nokuThenjelwa

IJuries ikhulisa ukufaneleka kwezigqibo zomthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuba zibonakalisa imilinganiselo nemilinganiselo yoluntu. Xa kukhishwa isigqibo esinikelwa liqumrhu labachopheli-tyala abaqhelekileyo, linegunya lokuziphatha elingenakunxibelelana nesigqibo esisenziwa ngumgwebi omnye. Eli lungelo liyimfuneko ukuze kuhlale kukho intembelo kubantu kwiinkundla.

Ngokwe-[QLT:0] Iziko lolwazi loMthetho weSikolo soMthetho saseCornell , abachopheli-mthetho badla ngokuchazwa njengesazela soluntu, bezisa imilinganiselo yoluntu kwinkundla yenkundla kwaye beqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zomthetho zisekelwe kwimigaqo yezentlalo.

Ikamva Lokuvavanywa KwaJury Kumhlaba Osemthethweni Otshintshayo

Inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala iyaqhubeka iguquka isenzelwa iinguqu kwibutho labantu nakumsebenzi ongokwasemthethweni. Inkqubela yezobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu, kunye nokuguqula iinguqu zendalo zibumba ikamva lenkonzo yabachopheli-tyala.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nolawulo lweJury

Iinkundla zisebenzisa ubugcisa obuqhubekayo ukuphucula inkqubo yokukhetha abachopheli-tyala kunye namava okuchophela amatyala. Iinkqubo zolawulo lwezigwebi zekhompyutha zikhupha imiyalelo kunye nemfaneleko yabachopheli-mthetho. Ngexesha lokuvavanywa, ubugcisa buvumela ukunikelwa kobungqina obunempumelelo ngakumbi ngemiboniso eninzi ye-media kunye nemifanekiso ebonisa iingxoxo.

Kodwa ke, ubugcisa bukwabangela iingxaki. Abasebenzi kufuneka bayalelwe ukuba bangaphandi ngemiba ye-intanethi okanye baxubushe ngayo kwi-media. Ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwefowuni ne-intanethi kuye kwabangela ukuba kube nzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba abachopheli-mthetho bayayithobela le miyalelo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni iinkundla zithathe izilumkiso kunye nokugada okucacileyo.

Utshintsho Ukuze Kuphucuke Inkonzo Yobubhovu

Kuye kwacetyiswa iinguqu ezahlukeneyo zaza zaphunyezwa ukuphucula inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala. Ezi ziquka ukunciphisa ubude benkonzo yabachopheli-tyala, ukunyuka kwembuyekezo yejaji, ukuphucula ubunjani bemiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala, kunye nokuvumela abachopheli-chokoza ukuba bathathe amaphetshana baze babuze imibuzo ngexesha lokuvavanywa. Ezinye iinkundla ziye zazama ukulungiselela abachopheli-jaji ngemiyalelo ebhaliweyo nemithi yesigqibo ukunceda ukuqwalasela kwabo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezinye iindlela zokoyisa impikiswano, ezifana nokukhupha isindululo kunye nokuvavanya, kuye kwanciphisa inani lamatyala asiwa etyala. Ngoxa ezi ndlela zinika impumelelo nokuzinza, zikwaphakamisa imibuzo ngendima enciphileyo yamajaji kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Ukugcina ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngabachopheli-mthetho ngeli lixa ulawulo lwezibonelelo zenkundla lulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kubenzi benkqubo engokwasemthethweni.

Isiphelo

Umsebenzi wejaji kumatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho umela ukubonakaliswa okusisiseko kokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi ekuphatheni okusesikweni. Ukusuka kwindima yabachopheli-tyala abazukileyo njengewonga lokuhlola igunya labachopheli-tyala ukuya kwityala lejaji elincinane lokugqiba ukuba unetyala okanye unetyala, amajaji aquka umgaqo wokuba izigqibo ezingokwasemthethweni zifanele zibonakalise umgwebo odityanisiweyo wabemi abaqhelekileyo.

Ukuqonda iindima neembopheleleko ezahlukileyo zamajaji kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezi ngxelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela inkqubo esemthethweni elungelelanisiweyo ngayo izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo. Amagosa ejaji asebenza phantsi komgangatho ophakamileyo wobungqina bokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ngoxa amatyala asekuhlaleni ecombulula iimbambano zangasese kwaye enika ityala lokwenzakala. Zombini ezi misebenzi zixhaswa ziinkqubo zocoselelo kukhetho lwabachopheli-tyala, uvavanyo, kunye nokucombulula ingcebiso.

Ngoxa inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala ijongene nocelomngeni olusuka kwintsonkothileyo yezi nkundla, inkxalabo ngokujongene nocalulo, kunye nokukhula kwesinye isigqibo sempikiswano, ukubaluleka kwayo okungundoqo kusahlala kuhleli. IiJuries zinika inkqubo yokungeniswa kwegalelo loluntu kwizigqibo ezingokwasemthethweni, uhlolo kumandla karhulumente kunye neenkampani, kunye nomthombo wokugunyaziswa kweenkundla. Njengoko inkqubo engokwasemthethweni iqhubeka iguquka, ukugcina nokuqinisa isiko lenkundla yejaji, kuya kuhlala kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukuthenjwa nokugcinwa kwemigaqo yokusesikweni exhasa umthetho.

Ukuvuma kwabemi ukukhonza ngokuthembeka nangokungakhethi buso kubangela ukuba abachopheli - tyala babe namandla yaye baqiniseke ukuba isithembiso sokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni sisekho kubo bonke.