Ukubaluleka Kwemithetho Esemthethweni

Ukwazi amagama asemthethweni linyathelo elisisiseko kulo nawuphi na umfundi obandakanyekileyo kwimfundo yoluntu. Umthetho uchaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi bentlalo-ntle ("kusuka kumalungelo okuvota kunye nokugweba kolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kumgangatho wempahla kunye nenkululeko yokuthetha). Ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokucacileyo ulwimi olusetyenziswa kwimimiselo, imiyalelo yenkundla, kunye namaxwebhu asemthethweni, abafundi abanako ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo indlela esebenza ngayo okanye indlela yokukhusela amalungelo abo. Amagama asemthethweni awapheleli nje amaqela; ngamaqela acacileyo achaza imida yenkululeko, imbopheleleko, kunye nesigwebo. Oku kuchaza ngokucocekisa okunzulu amagama abalulekileyo, izicelo zabo zehlabathi, kunye namaqhinga okuwadibanisa kwimicimbi yezentlalo-yo.

Amagama asemthethweni asebenza njengendawo esisiseko yokuqonda imithetho, amalungelo, kunye neembopheleleko. Xa abafundi befunda la mabinzana, bafumana amandla okufunda imithombo ephambili efana nomGaqo-siseko, bahlalutya iimbono zenkundla, baze babe nenxaxheba kwingxoxo ebhaliweyo ngemibandela engokwasemthethweni ekhoyo. Ukuqonda amagama asemthethweni kwakhona kunceda ukuphelisa inkqubo yenkundla, kuyenze izive ingasoyiki kwaye ingabi lula ngakumbi. Kubafundisi- ntsapho, ukuquka amagama asemthethweni kwizifundo ezisuka kwingcamango ecacileyo, imibandela ecacileyo enokuthi abafundini basebenzise ebomini babo.

Isizathu Sokuba Imibandela Engokwasemthethweni Yokuthetha Ngemibandela Yobumi Obuyiyo

Ulwimi olusemthethweni yiDNA yenkqubo yedemokhrasi. Umthetho ngamnye, zonke izigqibo zenkundla, kwaye nawuphi na umthetho karhulumente ubhaliwe usebenzisa la magama. Nazi izizathu eziliqela ezingundoqo zokuba abafundi nabemi ngokufanayo bafanele bazichithe ixesha befunda amagama asemthethweni:

  • Intsingiselo kunye nomthetho: amagama akhethekileyo, ngokufuthi anciphileyo aneentsingiselo ezahlukileyo kwindlela asetyenziswa ngayo yonke imihla. Ukwazi umahluko phakathi “kokubulala” okanye“ ukubulala” kunye ne-“crime” kuthintela ukudideka kunye nokuqinisekisa unxibelelwano oluchanekileyo malunga nemicimbi engokwasemthethweni.
  • Ukulawula kunye nokuphatha: Xa abemi beluqonda ulwimi olusemthethweni, bangazixhasa ngokunempumelelo bona ngokwabo kunye nabanye. Umzekelo, ukwazi “inkqubo esele ikhona” kunganceda umntu afune ukuchotshelwa ngokufanelekileyo ukuba amalungelo abo asongelwa.
  • Ukunikezela kwi Process zedemocratic : umsebenzi, umsebenzi wabachopheli-tyala, ukubalekela isikhundla, okanye kwanastywina isicelo konke kubandakanya iingcamango ezisemthethweni. Ukuqonda amagama afana “ukubuyiselwa,”“ ukufundisa,” kunye“ nesifungo sokugweba” kuvumela abantu ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba enentsingiselo engakumbi kubomi bentlalo-ntle.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukucinga okuthe ngqo: amagama asemthethweni anyanzela abafundi ukuba bacinge ngokusengqiqweni nangocoselelo ngesizathu, isiphumo, kunye noxanduva. Uhlalutyo lwemeko zomthetho luphuhlisa ubuchule bokucinga obusebenza kakuhle ngaphandle kodidi loluntu.
  • I-Media Literacy: iingxelo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, iityala zolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye umthetho omtsha uzele ngamabinzana asemthethweni. Isigama esinamandla sinceda abafundi bahlolisise ezi ngxelo ngokungqongqo kunokuba bazimkele ngokungekho mthethweni.

Imithetho elandelwayo kunye neenkcazelo zayo ezandisiweyo

Ngezantsi kukho ingcaciso ebanzi yamagama asemthethweni afunekayo kwimfundo yoluntu.

1.Plaintiff

u-'liqela' eliqala ityala ngokufaka isikhalazo enkundleni. Kwimeko zabemi, ummangalelwa uchaza ukuba ummangalelwa ubangele umonakalo okanye waphula ilungelo kwaye ufuna unyango olusemthethweni, olufana nezono zemali okanye umyalelo. Umzekelo, kwimeko embi yomntu owenzakalayo, umntu olimeleyo ngumphandle. Ukuqonda eli gama kungundoqo wokwahlula ityala loluntu kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, apho urhulumente ezisa izityholo.

Isikhuseli

liqela elijongene nomntu omangalelwayo okanye owenziwe ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa ngumntu otyholwe ngokuwenzakalisa. Kwityala loluntu, ummangalelwa ngumntu okanye ummangalelwa otyholwe ukuba ubangele umonakalo. Abameli banelungelo lokuphendula kwiimeko ezikhoyo, ubungqina obukhoyo, kwaye bamele ngokusemthethweni. Imbono yokungabi natyala de kuqinisekiswe lityala lisebenza kubamangalelwa kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, omnye wezona zibalulekileyo zokukhusela kumthetho we-U.S.

3. Ukulahlwa

Juristion ibhekisela kwigunya lenkundla lokuva nokugqiba ngetyala. Isenokusekelwe kwimo yezulu (umz., iinkundla zephondo zinegunya kumatyala abandakanya umthetho wezwe) okanye umcimbi obalulekileyo (umz., iinkundla zentsapho zisingatha uqhawulo-mtshato kunye nokugcina umntwana). Ngaphandle kolawulo, inkundla ayinakukhupha umthetho onyanzelisayo. Kubafundi bephondo, igunya eliqondayo lichaza isizathu sokuba amanye amatyala aye kwinkundla yenkundla yesizwe, kwaye kutheni iNkundla Ephakamileyo ikhetha nje inxalenye encinane yamatyala ukuze ihlole.

4. Imilinganiselo

A ngumthetho obhaliweyo omiselwe liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho, njengeBhunga okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho. Imithetho idityanisiwe kwimithetho esemthethweni kwaye igqume yonke into ukusuka kwimithetho yendlela ukuya kwimimiselo yemeko-bume. Kwimfundo yequmrhu, imimiselo imele umthombo oyintloko womthetho, owahlukileyo kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko okanye umthetho oqhelekileyo. Xa abemi befunda umthetho, bawabona amagama achanileyo alawula ukuziphatha kwabo. Umzekelo, uMthetho we-Voing Rights ka-19656 ngummiselo womthetho othintela ucalucalucalucalu-calu-calu-calulo.

5. Tort

[[NTLT:0] ngumonakalo wasekuhlaleni obangela umonakalo komnye umntu, okhokelela kwityala lomthetho. Ngokungafaniyo nolwaphulo-mthetho, oluphosakeleyo nxamnye norhulumente, itort yimpazamo yabucala. Itort iquka ukungakhathali (umz., ingozi yemoto ebangelwa kukuqhuba ngokungakhathali), ukunyelisa (umenzi okanye i-libhe) kunye nokubangela unxunguphalo lwezelo ngokwempazamo. Umthetho unika amaqela aphukileyo intlukwano ngendlela yokufuna imbuyiselo. Ukuqonda u-tort kunceda abafundi ukuba baqonde umahluko phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho nobulungisa.

6.

I- i-contract ngumnqophiso onyanzeliswayo ngokomthetho phakathi kwamaqela amabini okanye amaninzi. I-Contracts ingabhalwa okanye ibhalwe ngomlomo (nangona abanye kufuneka babhale ukuze basebenze). Izinto ezingundoqo ziquka ukunikezela, ukwamkelwa, ukuqwalasela (into yexabiso elitshintshiweyo), kunye nokuvumelana. Intengiselwano ilawula uthengiso lwemihla ngemihla ukuthenga i-frecrea. Imfundo ye-CUcts isoloko ihlola indlela i-soctive echaphazela ngayo ishishini, umsebenzi, namalungelo abathengi.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

[[NTLT:0] Inkqubo efunekayo sisiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko sokuba urhulumente kufuneka alandele iinkqubo zobulungisa phambi kokuba ahlule umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ulungiso lwesihlanu nolweshumi elinesine lokuLandela ifuna inkqubo efunekayo. Iquka ilungelo lokuqaphela, ukuva, inkundla engenamkhethe, nethuba lokunikela ubungqina. Inkqubo ilelona lenkqubo esemthethweni yenkqubo yaseMelika, iqinisekisa ukuba naxa urhulumente esebenza kakuhle. Iimeko zokuphawula izinto ezifana GreadkGeneright v. WNT[FL:3] [iFLT] [ir] [iiiiiiii]

8. Isibheno

I- isicelo sokuba inkundla ephezulu iphinde ihlole isigqibo senkundla esezantsi. Iqela elinomtsalane ngumphathi; umphikisi ngu-appel. Izibheno azizizo iimvavanyo; zijolise kwiimpazamo ezisemthethweni, hayi izibakala. Umzekelo, ukuba ijaji ivumile ukuba ingqina elingalunganga, iqela elilahlekileyo lingabhenela. Inkqubo yokubhenela ibalulekile ekugcineni ukungaguquguquki nokusesikweni kumthetho. Abafundi kufuneka baqonde ukuba amatyala amaninzi aphela kumgangatho wenkundla yokuvavanywa; kuphela ipesenti encinci iyabhenela.

9. Ukuthembeka

Ukufumaneka kuthetha uxanduva olusemthethweni lwezenzo okanye ukuphoswa kwemisebenzi kabani. Kwimeko zabemi, ityala lidla ngokuphumela kwimbopheleleko yokuhlawula umonakalo. Ubuchule bungangqongqo (umz., kwintelekelelo yemveliso, umenzi ujongene nemveliso engalunganga nokuba kukho impazamo) okanye esekelwe ekungakhathalini. Ukuqonda ityala kunceda abafundi baqonde imbono yokuziphendulela kumthetho. Umzekelo, umqhubi oqhuba isibane esibomvu nobangela ingozi ufanelwe yingozi.

Isifungo

Ityala lisigqibo esisemthethweni esenziwa ngabachopheli-tyala (okanye ijaji kwityala lebhentshi) ekupheleni kwetyala. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo sibophelelekile okanye asinatyala. Kwityala likarhulumente, singamisela ityala kunye nezono. Isigqibo sahlukile kumgwebo, ngumyalelo wokugqibela wenkundla osekelwe kwisigqibo. Isigwebo, esinjengetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ku-O. J.Simpson, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, libalase indlela ityala elichaza ngayo ubungqina nelomthetho.

11. Isiqalo

Imposiso ephambili (okanye i-decisis) ngumgaqo osemthethweni ofuna iinkundla zilandele imiyalelo yangaphambili xa zigqiba iimeko ezifanayo. Uqwalaselo luqinisekisa ukuqikelela kunye nozinzo kumthetho. Umzekelo, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi [[FLT:]] brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954]] irhoxisa imizekelo yangaphambili yokwahlulwa kodwa elingana. Ukuqonda umzekelo kubaluleke kubafundi belizwe kuba ichaza indlela ezihamba ngayo izinto ngokuthe ngcelele ngayo ngokucaciswa.

12. IHabeas Corpus

. HAbeas corpus ngumthetho ofuna ukuba umntu obanjiwe aziswe phambi komgwebi okanye enkundleni. Injongo yakhe kukuthintela ukuvalelwa okungekho mthethweni. UmGaqo-siseko ukhusela ilungelo lokufumana i-habeas corpus kwiQumrhu I, Icandelo 9. Eli gama lingundoqo kwingxoxo yenkululeko yamakhaya kunye namandla olawulo, ingakumbi ngexesha lonxunguphalo lwesizwe. Umzekelo, i-habeasmpus yamiswa ngexesha lemfazwe yemiba yoluntu, iphakamisa imibuzo enzulu yemithetho-siseko.

Udibaniso

U- lumyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela ukuba lenze okanye liyeke ukwenza isenzo esithile. Lunyango olulinganayo, olusoloko lusetyenziswa xa umonakalo wemali ungena. Umzekelo, inkundla ingakhupha umyalelo wokunqanda umzi - mveliso ekungcoliseni umlambo. I-Injtiontions zikwasetyenziswa nakumatyala amalungelo abantu, njengaxa kuyalela isikolo ukuphelisa umanyano. Abafundi bamele bazi ukuba imimiselo inokuba yeyokwexeshana (umboniso we-preli) okanye ehlala ixesha elide.

14. Unobangela ofanelekileyo

Unobangela ofanelekileyo [ ngumgangatho osemthethweni ofuna ubungqina obaneleyo ukuthethelela inkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa okanye ubungqina bukhona kwindawo eza kuphengululwa. Sisiseko sokufumana imvume yokubanjwa nokuphendla phantsi koMmiselo wesine. Imfuneko elindelekileyo yokuba unobangela ukhusele abemi ekungeneleni okuzenzekelayo kukarhulumente. Kudidi lwasekuhlaleni, eli gama lisoloko livela kwingxoxo yamandla amapolisa kunye neBhili lamaLungelo.

Umthwalo Wobungqina

Ingumqondiso ophezulu ubhekiselele kwimbopheleleko yeqela ukungqina izityholo zalo xa kuxoxwa. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba linetyala “ngaphandle kobungqini obusengqiqweni”", umgangatho ophezulu. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, ummangalelwa kufuneka angqine ityala “ngento ephambili yobungqina” (kunokwenzeka ukuba akunjalo). Ukuqonda umthwalo wobungqina ucacisa isizathu sokuba umntu angakhululwa kwinkundla yakwaphula umthetho kodwa alahlekelwe sisuswe isaphoso somthetho (njengoko kusenzeka i-O. Simp).

Isenzo sodidi

Isenzo seklasi sisenzo sokumangalela esibekwe etyala linye okanye ngaphezulu ngenxa yeqela elikhulu labantu abafuna into efanayo. Izenzo zodidi zisebenza kakuhle xa abantu abaninzi benziwe kakubi ngendlela efanayo, njengakwimveliso engalunganga okanye ucalucalulo olusasazekileyo. Umzekelo, [FLT]] [[FLT]]]-MTLL v. [[FFLT:4] ityala elithetha ukuba iklasi yabasebenzi abangamafazana abasisi-5 miliyoni banokuthetha ukuba ngaba udidi lucalucalucalucalulo olungo lobufana nolwano. Iinkqubo zobuhlanga zibonisa indlela esemthethweni yokuphatha umonakalo.

Ukuzimela

Ityala liba [[NTLT:0] lingumzekelo xa lingasabikho ngqiqweni, ihlala iphikiswana, ngokufuthi ngenxa yokuba le mbambano isisombululwe okanye itshintshwa. Iinkundla zidla ngokuwalahla amatyala okuqhaqhatha ngenxa yokungabi nagunya. Umzekelo, ukuba umfundi umangalela isikolo kumgaqo ophinda ubekwe phambi kokuvavanywa, ityala liba ngumqobo. Ukunganyanisi yimfundiso ebalulekileyo ethintela amandla ejajini, ikhuselwe iinkundla ekuphumezeni iimbono zobunyani.

Ukusebenzisa Imithetho Kwimfundo

Ukusebenzisa amagama asemthethweni eklasini kufuna ukucwangcisa kakuhle. Abafundi bafunda kakuhle xa bedibanisa amagama nemizekelo eqinileyo kunye nemithambo esebenzayo. Ngeli ngezantsi kukho iindlela ezininzi abanokuzisebenzisa abafundisi-lwazi ekwenzeni ulwimi olusemthethweni lube nenxaxheba kwaye lukhumbuleke.

Imisebenzi Ephazamisayo

Ukudlala ingqeqesho yendima yenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokufundisa amabinzana asemthethweni. Abafundi bangalingisa ukuvavanywa kwetyala lobuxoki, ukuthatha iindima ezifana ne-axict, ummangalelwa, ijaji, abachopheli-tyala, kunye namagqwetha. Njengoko belungisa iimpikiswano, ngokuqhelekileyo basebenzisa amagama afana “uxanduva lobungqina,”“ uxanduva,” "ukuchasana,” kunye“ nokungafezeki.” Ukuvavanywa kobugqhinga okusekelwe kuhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwetyala elidumileyo, [irda v., kunceda abafundi babone indlela imigaqo esemthethweni esebenza ngayo. Enye ingcamango ethethayo “igama elisemthethweni lokudlala, apho abafundi benza okufana“ ne-charpeccor" okanye “ircontions"

Uvavanyo Lomzekelo

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala encopho yeNkundla Ephakamileyo kuvumela abafundi babone amagama asemthethweni asebenzayo. Umzekelo, ufundo [FLT]Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ichaza amagama afana no-“khuselo olulinganayo,” "i-" ne-“injgantion.” I-Cornell Legin Information Institute (LII) inikeza ngesisa, ushwankathelo esifikelelekayo seemeko ezinkulu. Abafundi bangabela abafundi ukuba bafunde ityala elifutshane kwaye bachaze amagama angundoqo asemthethweni, bacebise indlela inkundla eyawasebenzisa ngayo loo mabinzana ukuze ifikelele kwisigqibo sayo.

Iziganeko Zangoku

Ukudibanisa amagama asemthethweni kumabali eendaba aqhubekayo kwenza ulwazi lube yinto eyimfuneko. Xa ityala leprofile ephezulu lisemaphepheni, abafundi bangafumana indlela yokusetyenziswa kwamagama afana “sifungo,”“ iprocence,”” "ipolena,” ne-“appel.” Abafundisi- ntsapho bangabuza: ‘ Yintoni ebangela unobangela ongenakuthelekiswa nanto kumongo wale ngxelo yokufuna uncedo?” okanye “Kutheni ilawula imbambano kule meko?” Ingxoxo enjalo ikhuthaza ukucingelana nokugxeka nokufunda. Umzekelo, ukuxoxa ngesiqinisekiso sokugweba kweNkulawula okuPhakathi Kolonga kubandakanya amazwi afana “umthetho wokuqala, ulawulo lwenkundla,”“ nolwelo-" "luvoluvo lwangaphambili" okanye “ukuzilawula?" okanye “ukufuna ulwazi.”

Iijenali zeVolatery kunye namaQuizze

Indlela ecwangcisiweyo iquka ukuba abafundi bagcine ulindixesha wegama elithile elisemthethweni. Kwigama ngalinye elitsha, babhala ingcaciso, benze ibinzana elisebenzisayo, kwaye baphawule umzekelo wehlabathi lokwenene.

Abathethi Neentsimi Ezintle

Ukucela igqwetha, ijaji, okanye umabhalane wenkundla ukuba athethe neklasi kuzisa ulwimi olusemthethweni ebomini. Abafundi bangabuza imibuzo malunga namatyala okwenene kunye namagama asetyenziswa kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. Uhambo lwasentsimini oluya kwindlu yenkundla yasekuhlaleni/elona thuba lokukhenketha, "ukuvuma" abafundi ukuqwalasela imicimbi nokuva amagama akhoyo. Iinkundla ezininzi zinika ubuncwane bemfundo kunye nezikhokelo zeendwendwe zabafundi.

Indima Yeenkundla Ekuchaseni Ukusetyenziswa Kwamazwi Asemthethweni

Amagama asemthethweni awahlali ehla-nyuka; asetyenziswa ngokucaciswa kwetyala. Iinkundla zidla ngokuchaza okanye zicombulule intsingiselo yegama xa kugqitywa ityala. Umzekelo, ukutolikwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo “kwesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga” (UkuHlaliswa kwemiHlaliso) kutshintshile ngokuhamba kwexesha, kuchaphazela indlela esisetyenziswa ngayo isohlwayo sokufa. Ngokufanayo, igama elithi“intetho ye-comcial” lifumana intsingiselo esemthethweni kuphela ngenkulungwane yama-20. Abafundi kufuneka baqonde ukuba ulwimi olusemthethweni lubunjwe yizo kanye imigaqo esetyenziswa yile projekthi. Le ndalo inamandla ibala ukubaluleka kokungafundisi nje inkcazelo kodwa kwanengqiqo esemva kwezigwebo.

Xa inkundla ikhupha umthetho, idla ngokuba nengcaciso eninzi yendlela etolika ngayo imithetho engundoqo okanye amagama omgaqo-siseko. Ezi nkcazelo ziba yimodeli kwiinkundla ezincinci. Umzekelo, -Obergefell v. Hodges[FLT]][2011], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ichaza “Umtshato” phantsi koMphengululo weshumi elinesine njengendlela yokusebenza kwizibini ezidibani ezidibeneyo, ngaloo ndlela intsingiselo esemthethweni yegama. Ngokulandela indlela iinkundla ezichaza ngayo amagama anceda abafundi baqonde ngayo ukuba amagama asemthethweni aluncedo, aluncedo ekuguquleni intlalo.

Iimpazamo Eziqhelekileyo Ekufundeni Ukusetyenziswa Kwamagama Asemthethweni

Abafundi badla ngokudida amagama asemthethweni avakala ngathi ayafana okanye aneentsingiselo ezilayishwayo. Umzekelo, “owokunyathela” kunye no-“wonke amagunya athetha imithetho ebhaliweyo, kodwa imithetho idluliswa koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. “Udityaniso” kunye“inue” lusoloko luxutywa; indawo ibhekisela kwindawo apho ityala lizanywa khona, ngoxa igunya libhekisela kwigunya lokuliva. Olunye udideko luphakathi kwe-“Alect” kunye no-“dismis.” Umvumi uyenzeka emva kwetyala kwaye uthetha ukuba ummangalelwa akaboni natyala; ukugxothwa kuyenzeka phambi kwetyala, ngokufuthi ngenxa yeembambano zomcimbiso. Abafundi-mthetho kufuneka bathethele ngokucacileyo ukunqanda ukungaqondani.

Ukongezelela, abafundi basenokutsala nzima namagama asemthethweni asetyenziswayo, aphelelwe lixesha afumaneka kumaxwebhu akudala asemthethweni. Bakhuthaze ukuba basebenzise iinkcazelo zale mihla baze baqhelisele ukuguqulela ulwimi olusemthethweni kwisiNgesi esicacileyo. Obu buchule busisifundo esibalulekileyo ngonxibelelwano. Xa abafundi benokulichaza igama elifana nelithi “impsa loquator” (le nto ithetha ngokwayo) ngolwimi lwemihla ngemihla, bayiqonda ngokwenene.

Ukuvelisa Imigaqo Esemthethweni

Iiklasi zembali azingombandela kuphela apho amagama asemthethweni evela khona. Iiklasi zembali zixubusha izivumelwano, iindibano zomgaqo-siseko, kunye neemeko eziphawula iziganeko. Iiklasi zamaNgesi zingahlalutya amaxwebhu asemthethweni afana neSibhengezo senkululeko okanye iintetho ezibhekisa kwiingcamango ezingokwasemthethweni. Kwanezibalo kunye nenzululwazi zichaphazela imibandela esemthethweni xa zixubusha umthetho osemthethweni, imimiselo yemekobume, okanye ugcino-lwazi. Indlela yokusebenza kwabafundi kwizifundo zemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yangasemva iqinisa amagama kwaye ibonise ukuba umthetho uqule wonke umhlaba. Umzekelo, isifundo sembali esingendlela yokuvavanywa kweMicimbi yeNuremberg ingaveza amagama afana “neetyala ngokuchasene noluntu” kunye“ nenzululwazi yemozulu. Iqela lenzululwazi lokutshintsha imozulu inokuhlola “impembelelo yesazi somthetho nenkqubo yomthetho” kunye“ nemimiselo yomthetho. ”

Isiphelo

Umthetho othetha ukuba ngummeli. Kubafundi kwimfundo yoluntu, ukukwazi la magama akuyonto nje yemfundo ephambili, bubuchule obubalulekileyo ekuqhubeni amalungelo, iimbopheleleko, kunye neengxabano ezivela kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Ngokuqonda indima yomchasi ekumangaleleni ukuqinisekisa imigaqo-siseko yenkqubo efunekayo, lonke ixesha elifundiweyo likhulisa ubuchule bomfundi bokudibana nenkqubo esemthethweni ngokuqiniseka nangokuqinisekileyo. Abafundisisebenzisa imisebenzi enxulumeneyo, iintlanganiso, iziganeko zangoku, kunye nokudibana kwe-odrona kwangaphakathi kunokwenza ukuba eli gama lifikeleleke kwaye lilibaleke. Njengoko abafundi besakha isivakalisi solwazi olusemthethweni, bakha isiseko sobomi babo bonke, ubumi bomsebenzi obusebenzayo. Ngokubheke phambili, njengezinto ezifana [FLT: [FFT] kunye ne-FT] [FLT] [2]