Ukwazisa: Ukwakhiwa Kwemihlaba Engafundwayo EIndiya

Impahla ye-Indiya yolwazi (IP) yenye yezona zinto zinamandla ehlabathini, ejikelezwe ngumxube wemimiselo yamakoloni, utshintsho lwasemva kokuthengwa, kunye nezibophelelo zesivumelwano sehlabathi jikelele. Njengendawo yesihlanu ebanzi yezoqoqosho kunye nesiseko solwazi lobugcisa, amayeza, ulwazi lwesithethe, kunye noshishino lokudala, i-Indiya iye yavelisa isiseko esisemthethweni esilungelelanisa izilangazelelo zabaphathi basekunene kunye neenjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke ezifana nokufikelela kumayeza, imfundo, kunye nokulondolozwa kwenkcubeko. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo oluneenkcukacha lwesakhiwo se-IPR somthetho, imigaqo-mthetho engundoqo, iimfuno-procralictic, ulawulo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokubaluleka kokhuseleko lwe-IP lwamashishini, oonobumba, nabasebenzi bentlalo-omatila.

Indaleko Nezibophelelo Zezizwe Ngezizwe

Ulawulo lwe-IPR lwase-Indiya luye lwavela ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwinkululeko. Eli lizwe laba lilungu leWorld Trade Organization (WTO) ngo-1995 kwaye ngenxa yoko lamkela isivumelwano sokuKhuselwa Kwendawo Yorhwebo-Redentided Aments of Intective Relatective Relations Rights (TRIPS). Ikhompance neTRIPS ifuna ukutshintshwa kwemithetho yasekhaya, ingakumbi kwimvume yokugunyaziswa, ingakumbi kwimvume yamalungelo ombhali, kunye neempawu zomgunyaziso. I-Indiya kwakhona yayayayayamkela i-Berne ukwenzela ukukhuselwa kweLiterary neMisebenzi ye-S, i-Paris yeNkulumelelo yezakhono, kunye nePaten Coontation Trence Trence Trence (PT). Ezi zibopheneyo zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ziye zayenza kakubi kwemithetho yehlabathi ngezokuba ivumele phantsi kwe-TRIPPS ekhompmptic.

Imithetho ePhambili ePhawula Imicimbi Yolawulo

Isakhiwo se-IPR saseIndiya sakhiwe kwimimiselo ebanzi, nganye ilawula iqela elahlukileyo lempahla yenkcubeko. La macandelo alandelayo aphula imithetho eyintloko kunye namalungiselelo awo angundoqo.

UMthetho we-1970 (njengoko ulungisiwe)

Umthetho osemthethweni wase-Indiya ukhusela izinto ezintsha, zibandakanya inyathelo lokwenza izinto, kwaye ziyakwazi ukusetyenziswa kwezoshishino. Umthetho wePatens, 1970, watshintshwa kakhulu ngo-2005 ukuze uvumelane ne-TRIPS, ukwazisa iprojekthi esemthethweni yamayeza nemichiza. Iimpawu ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Umba ongenakubekwa: Nayiphi na into evelisweyo enxulumene nemveliso okanye inkqubo ehlangabezana nemilinganiselo yokufumana izinto ezintsha, inyathelo lokuyila, kunye nokusebenziseka koshishino. Noko ke, iCandelo 3 alifaki maqela athile, njengeendlela zezibalo, iindlela zoshishino, kunye nokufunyanwa nje kwezinto eziphilayo okanye ezingaphiliyo.
  • Icandelo elisisinyanzelisi elingu-48 livumela urhulumente ukuba anike urhulumente ilayisensi yonyanzelo ukuba uqalo olugunyazisiweyo alufumaneki kuluntu ngexabiso elifanelekileyo, aluveliselwanga eIndiya, okanye alusetyenzwanga ukuhlangabezana nemfuno. IIndiya iye yasebenzisa eli lungiselelo ngokuphawulekayo kwicandelo lonyango (umz., ilayisensi kaNatco Pharma yeziyobisi zomhlaza ka-Nexavar).
  • Inkcaso yePreftire-preset neyomva orhoxileyo: Amaqela esithathu angachasa isicelo esisemthethweni phambi kokuba sinikezele (ngaphambi konyaka) okanye kunyaka omnye wokupapashwa kwemvume (umphandle). Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba ugunyaziso lobunyani buthandabuzekayo lucelw ’ umngeniswe kwangoko.
  • Ixesha lokhuseleko: iminyaka engama-20 ukusuka kumhla we-screen.

I-ofisi ye-Patennt yase-Indiya, inamasebe eChennai, eDelhi, eMumbai, naseKolkata, inika izicelo ezisemthethweni. IIndiya ibone unyuko oluzinzileyo lwezixhobo, zifakelwe izicelo ezingaphezu kwama-90 000 ngowama-2023-24, ziqhutywa kakhulu ngamasuntswana asekhaya asuka kumayeza, i-IT, kunye ne-biotechnology.

Umthetho Wokhuphela Umqulu, 1957

Amalungelo omqulunqi eIndiya akhusela iincwadi zokuqala zababhali, kuquka iincwadi, umculo, umculo, kunye nemisebenzi yobugcisa, kwakunye neefilimu zefilimu kunye noshicilelo lwezandi. UMthetho we-Copyright, 1957, utshintshiwe amaxesha amaninzi ukuphendula imingeni yamanani (umz., i-mente yowama-2012 eyazisa umonakalo we-statory kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho ngokuchasene ne-intanethi). Isitshixo somthetho we-Apycensed sitshintshiwe izihlandlo ezininzi ukuphendula imingeni-e-e-ethemicrogen (umz., i-2012 2012 i-mendementation engenisa i-octromations translations transme (umt).

  • [[FLT: 0] Umboniso wokhuseleko: ufihla imbonakalo yeengcamango, hayi iingcamango ngokwazo. Ukhuseleko lwandisa kwiinkqubo zekhompyutha, iidatabase, kwanentlobo ezithile zosasazo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amalungelo aqhelekileyo: Icandelo 57 linika ababhali ilungelo lokuzibanga bebhali kwaye besithi bathintele okanye bathi bonakaliswa nayiphi na injoqo, uktyhalwa okanye utshintsho lomsebenzi wabo olubonisa imbeko okanye udumo lwabo.
  • Ulungiselelo lokuphatha i-Fair: luvumela ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwiinjongo ezifana nesifundo sabucala, uphando, ukugxeka, uhlolo, kunye nokunika ingxelo yeendaba. Umthetho awudwelisi imida ekhethekileyo enobukhulu, ushiya utoliko kwiinkundla.
  • Ubhaliso lwamalungelo omqulunqi lungabokuzithandela kodwa lunika ubungqina be-prima facie ekuxambuliseni. I-Ofisi Yomqulu, phantsi koBulungiseleli bezorhwebo nezoshishino, iphatha ubhaliso.
  • Ixesha: Ngokuqhelekileyo umbhali udibanisa iminyaka engama-60 emva kokufa. Kwimisebenzi engenagama, iifoto, iifilimu zefilimu, kunye noshicilelo lwesandi, eli gama liyiminyaka engama-60 ukusuka kunyaka wokupapashwa.

Ishishini lefilimu nelezomculo laseIndiya lixhomekeke kakhulu ekunyanzelweni komthetho wokufumana amaphepha asemthethweni. I-Ofisi Yoonobumba ikwandulule amanyathelo okuthontelana i-e-film nedilesi ephazamisayo kwiqonga lamanani.

UMthetho wezorhwebo, 1999

Umthetho wophawu lwezorhwebo eIndiya ukhusela iimpawu ezahlukileyo ezikwaziyo ukwahlula iimpahla okanye iinkonzo zeshishini elinye kwezabanye. I Trade Marks Act, 1999, yathatha indawo yoMthetho wangaphambili ka-1983 kunye nokhuseleko olwandisiweyo kwiimpawu zenkonzo, iimpawu ezidityanisiweyo, kunye neempawu ezizizo.

  • Inkqubo yokubhalisa: iinkqubo zigcinwa nge Trade Marks Registry (TMR) esekelwe eMumbai namasebe kulo lonke ilizwe. Le nkqubo iquka ukuvavanya, ukupapashwa kwenkcaso, nokubhaliswa. Kuthatha iinyanga eziyi-12/18 ukufumana ubhaliso ukuba akukho mpikiswano ivela.
  • Iimpawu ezaziwayo: I-TMR igcina uluhlu lweempawu ezaziwayo ezikhuselweyo ngaphandle kobhaliso. Uphawu olwaziwayo alunakusetyenziswa ngamaqela esithathu ngokunxulumene nokususa impahla okanye iinkonzo ukuba ukusetyenziswa kubonakalisa uqhagamshelwano kwaye mhlawumbi kubangele ukudideka.
  • Ukujija nokudlula: Umnini wophawu olubhalisiweyo angamangalelwa ngokuchasana. Iimpawu ezingabhalisiweyo zingakhuselwa ngonyango lomthetho oluqhelekileyo lokudlula, olufuna ubungqina bobulungileyo, ukugqwetha ngokugqwetha, kunye nomonakalo.
  • [[UMKUBE:0] Ithuba: iminyaka elishumi, evuselelwa ngokungenasiphelo.

IIndiya ibone ukwanda kwezixhobo zophawu, ezinezicelo ezingaphezu kwama-550 000 ngo-2023-24, zibonisa ukukhula kodaba phakathi kweMSME kunye nokuqalisa. ITMR iye yasebenzisa umatshini ozenzekelayo kunye nentsika ekwizibuko ukucutha umva.

IMithetho ye-Goographic yeZinto (Ukubhaliswa Nokukhuselwa), 1999

I-Gographicications (GI) ichaza izinto njengezivela kummandla othile apho ubunjani, udumo, okanye olunye uphawu lubangelwa yimvelaphi yayo yengingqi. UMthetho we-GI ukhusela izinto ezifana ne-Darjeeling tii, i-Basmati rhayisi, i-Mysore silika, kunye ne-Pochamply Ikat.

  • Ubhaliso: kuphela abasebenzisi abagunyazisiweyo abasuka kwindawo echaziweyo yelizwe. Ubhaliso luhlala iminyaka eli-10 kwaye lungahlaziywa.
  • I-Benefit: I-GIT ithintela ukusetyenziswa okungekho mthethweni, ixabiso lemarike, kwaye inceda abantu basemaphandleni bakhusele ulwazi lwesithethe. I-Indiya inenani elingaphezulu kwama-450 elibhalisiweyo, elinenani elikhulayo elisuka kumazwe anjenge-Tamil Nadu, Kerala, ne-Odisha.
  • Unyanzeliso: Ukucingela iGI ebhalisiweyo kunokwenziwa njengempazamo yamakhaya. Lo mThetho ukwalungiselela amayeza olwaphulo-mthetho aquka ukuphangwa kwezinto kunye nokuvalelwa kwezinye iimeko.

Eminye imithetho ye-IP ebalulekileyo

Ukongeza kwimimiselo engundoqo, i-Indiya inemithetho egquma iiplani zoshishino, i-odolo oludityanisiweyo lweziphakamiso ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nohlobo lwezityalo. UMthetho Wokwenziwa kwezityalo, 2000, ukhusela ukubonakala kwemveliso (uqwalaselo, umlinganiselo, njl. njl.) yexesha lokuqala leminyaka elilishumi, egutyungelwe ngeminyaka emihlanu. Ukhuseleko lwePlan Bariepies kunye namalungelo afanelekileyo ePrimini, u-200, usungula inkqubo yemfuno yemfuno yemfuno yezityalo kunye neendawo zabalimi, ehambisana neemfuno ze-Indiya phantsi kweSivumelo sezizwe ngeMfuno yeMfuno ye-Platein. Iimfihlelo azigqunywanga lukhuselwa ngesivumelwano esithile kodwa zikhuselwe ngesivumelwano esikhethekileyo, izivumelwano zemali, kunye nemfundiso eselelekayo yokwaphulwa kwentembelo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo esemthethweni yokubhalisa nokunyanzeliswa

Iinkqubo zoBhaliso

Iindidi ezininzi ze-IP (ii-patens, uphawu, izicwangciso, i-GIS), ukubhalisa kunika ilungelo elinyanzelekileyo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya:

  • Ifaka isicelo [ nge-ofisi enxulumeneyo (umz., i-ofisi ye-Paten, Trade Marks Registrationry) ngamaxwebhu kunye nentlawulo efunekayo.
  • [[UMTHLO] Uvavanyo lweFormal – iofisi ihlola ukuhambelana nemfuno ezisesikweni kunye nemilinganiselo encinci (ingcambu, ukwahlula, njl.njl.).
  • Ukhupho kunye nenkcaso – emva kokuba yamkelekile, isicelo siyapapashwa. Amaqela esithathu anexesha elichaziweyo (umz., iinyanga ezine zeempawu) zokuchasa.
  • Ubhaliso nokunika isatifiketi - ukuba akukho nkcaso igcinwayo okanye inkcaso ayiphumelelanga, ilungelo le IP libhalisiwe kwaye isiqinisekiso sikhutshwe.

I-Indiya ithe yazimisela ngokuqhubekayo ezi nkqubo. i-IP yomkhosi ivumela i-Indiya yezibuko le-intshi ivumela i-gconftopg, ukulandelela, kunye nokuhlawula. Urhulumente ujolise ekunciphiseni ixesha lokulahlwa ngokuhambelana nangebhedrin ezikhethekileyo kunye nabahloli abaphezulu.

Umatshini Onyanzelwayo

Ukunyanzeliswa kwe-IPR eIndiya kwenzeka ngonyango lwasekuhlaleni, lolwaphulo-mthetho nololawulo.

  • Iligion: Abanikazi bamalungelo e-IP bangafaka isuti kwinkundla yesithili okanye kwiNkundla ePhezulu (exhomekeke kwixabiso lemali yetyala) efuna imiqathango, umonakalo, ii-akhawunti zengeniso, kunye nokunikezelwa kwezingeniso. Iinkundla zinamandla okunika exprrease imiyalelo (imiyalelo ye-Anton Piller) ukuthintela ukungatshabalali. Iinkundla zamaIndiya ziba yi-IP-shavvy, kunye nolwahlulo lwe-IP olunikezelweyo kwiDelhiany, Bombay, Mads, kunye neCalcuttany.
  • Izikhalazo ezigqithisileyo: Phantsi koMthetho weLumkelo, uMthetho weTrade Marks, kunye noMthetho weGI, ukuchaswa kusenokuba sisaphuli-mthetho esigwetywayo ngokuvalelwa entolongweni (ezingaphantsi kweenyanga ezintandathu, ezinyukela kwiminyaka emithathu) kunye nentengo. Amapolisa angaqhuba uhlaselo aze aphanga izinto. Uqheliselo, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho usoloko usetyenziswa kwiimeko zenkohliso, ingakumbi ukushwankathela iimpahla kunye ne-software.
  • Imilinganiselo yeBroder:[ UmThetho weCumlthory yeIndiya ofundwa ngemithetho ye IPR uvumela abanikazi bamalungelo abo abhalisiweyo kwi-IP kunye nabaphathi bezithethe ukuba bathintele iimpahla zobuxoki neziphefumlelweyo kumazibuko enqanawa. Imodeli ye-WCO [[FLT:] ilandelwa, nangona ukuphumeza kuthenjiswa ngokwahlukileyo ngamazibuko.
  • Isenzo solawulo oluphezulu: Umlawuli Jikelele wePatents, izicwangciso, kunye noTrade Marks angaphelisa okanye asuse ubhaliso olusekelwe kwizikhalazo, kwaye iBhodi yeLungu (ngoku inyibilikisiwe; imicimbi ethunyelwe kwiiNkundla Eziphezulu) yasingatha iimpikiswano zobhaliso lobugunya. Ngo-2021, i-Intebtateting Profective Appelllate Board (PAB) yasuswa, idlulisela lonke ulawulo lwayo kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo. Oku kujolise ekunciphiseni iprojeko yephepha kodwa kunyusemsebenzi ophezulu.

Enye impikiswano

Iimpikiswano ze-IP eIndiya ziphinda ziconjululwe ngokukhulayo ngokusetyenziswa kolawulo kunye nokuququzelelwa. Iinkundla zikhuthaza amaqela ukuba ahlole ukuhlaliswa, ingakumbi kuxwebhu olusemthethweni, uphawu, kunye neempikiswano zoyilo. Icandelo leNkundla ePhezulu ye-IP yeDelhi linesahlulo sesahlulo secandelo esicombulule ngempumelelo amatyala amaninzi aphezulu e-profile. Izigwebo zokwahlula izivumelwano zokukhupha i-ankile zingumgangatho, nangona ukuhlahlela impikiswano yokunyaniseka kuhlala kulinganiselwe ngenxa yokuba ukubhalisa i-IP kubandakanya umdla kawonke wonke.

Ukubaluleka Kwefreyimu YeIPR Esetyenziswa Ngerobhothi EIndiya

Ukhuseleko oluqinileyo lwe-IP asiyomfuneko nje esemthethweni phantsi kwe-TRIPS; ngumqhubi wenkqubela yezoqoqosho, uhlaziyo, kunye notyalo-mali lwamanye amazwe.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uhlaziyo olunika amandla kunye ne-R&D: Iinkampani ezisunguliweyo zityale ingeniso kwi-R&D xa zisazi ukuba izinto eziziyilo zinokugunyaziswa kwaye zinyanzeliswe. Umzekelo, icandelo le-parma, lizityalela kakhulu kwintlobo-ntlobo kunye ne-biosicators, ngokwemo ethile ngenxa yolawulo olusemthethweni.
  • I-actractive ethe ngqo yotyalo-mali lwangaphandle (FDI): amashishini amazwe ngamazwe ajonga ukhuseleko lwe-IPR phambi kokuseka imisebenzi. Ukuphuculwa kwe-IP (eyenziwe kwi-Indiya ye-IP ye-Indiya i-International IP IP IP (apho inyuka khona isuka kuma-49 ngo-2016 ukuya kuma-33)) kwaye yafakthalela ekunyuseni kwe-FI kwi-i kwi-tektroniki, kwi-parma, nakwizonwabo.
  • Ukukhusela ulwazi lwesithethe nelifa lenkcubeko: IGONI ikhusela imveliso enjenge Kashmirsafron, Kanchipuram silika, kunye nerayisi yeBasmati ekuphathweni kakubi. Oku kuxhasa amagcisa asemaphandleni kunye nabalimi, ugcino-lwazi lwenkcubeko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingeniso enika ingeniso nomsebenzi: amashishini e-IP angenisa ingeniso eIndiya anegalelo ngokuphawulekayo kwi-GDP. Ishishini lamalungelo ombhali kuphela (i-appm, umculo, ukupapasha, i-software) ityala le-2% ye-GDP kwaye liqeshile izigidi.

Ucelomngeni Nendlela Engaphambili

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela, inkqubo yeIPR yaseIndiya ijamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-ofisi ePhathekileyo kunye nomthetho othe ngqo kunye nomthetho othe ngqo: I-ofisi yoMphathi kunye noTranki inciphisa ubalo kwimigangatho yencopho kodwa isaphatha ngaphezu kwama-300 000 iinkqubo zegama elifileyo kunye namashumi amawaka ezicelo ezisemthethweni. Urhulumente uye wanyusa inani labavavanyi kwaye wazisa uvavanyo olukhutshiweyo lwesiqalo kunye nezinto ezincinci.
  • Ukuphaphela: Amashishini amancinci nabadali abaninzi abangaziyo ngokhuseleko lwe-IPR okanye indlela yokuzinyanzelisa. Amanyathelo karhulumente anjenge I-CELO ye-IPR kunye noMgaqo we-IPR ka-2016 uzimisele ukunyusa ulwazi ngoqeqesho nangokhuthuzo.
  • Izithuba zonyanzeliso: Ngaphandle kwemithetho eyomeleleyo, ukunyanzelisa akwamkelekanga. Imilinganiselo emincinci yenkohliso kunye nokuqhatha zixhaphakile kwiimarike nakwi-intanethi. Maxa wambi iNkundla inika imimiselo emifutshane, ilibazisa. Urhulumente utyhalele phambili ukunyanzelisa amanani kunye nentsebenziswano kunye nee-internamedies.
  • Amalungelo e-IP asetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni: i-Indiya iyaqhubeka ijongene noxinzelelo loorhulumente bamanye amazwe ukomeleza ukhuseleko lwe-IP, ingakumbi kumayeza kunye nokufumana amalungelo angenayo. Ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yamayeza anokufikeleleka kunye namalungelo asemthethweni abanikeli bemvume kusengumbano onzima. Ukusetyenziswa kwelizwe lokunyanzelisa ukufakwa kwe-intwala kunye nendawo yalo kwi-COVID-19 ye-unitor i-confice

Isiphelo: Isakhiwo esijikelezayo

Ukwakhiwa kwamalungelo empahla e-Indiya kubanzi, kuyavumelana, kwaye kuya kuhambelana ngakumbi nemigangatho yomhlaba wonke. Ukwakhiwa komthetho kunika isiseko esiqinileyo sabadali, abavelisi, kunye namashishini ukukhusela izinto zabo ezingaqondakaliyo. Noko ke, amandla okwenene enkqubo axhomekeke kumthetho kodwa ekusebenzeni kwawo okusebenzayo . "uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo, ulwandiso, kunye nokuqonda okuthe sabanzi kwabantu. Njengoko i-Indiya izimele ngokwayo njengolwazi, utshintsho oluqhubekayo kulawulo lwe-IP, izibonelelo zomthetho, kunye nomthetho wamanani obenobunzima. I-Stakers/irhower-inders , imibutho emininzi, intlalo nganye, okanye i-ograpts, okanye izigqeqeshi, okanye izigqesho ezisebenza ngokuneyo, kunye nokusebenza kwe-IP ukuze ikwazi ukufikelela kwayo ngokupheleleyo. Ukuqonda lo msebenzi kumgangatho wokuqala wokuxhasa kwempahla kunye noncedo lwe-Indiya.