Ukwazisa: Iindlela ezimbini zenkqubo yomthetho

Ukugwetywa kwesigwebo ngomnye weyona migangatho ilandelayo kwimicimbi esemthethweni. Enoba kukwinkundla yezaphuli-mthetho okanye kuvavanywa kwetyala lamakhaya, iziphumo zimisela imiphumo engeyoyonto yangoko kuphela kumaqela ababandakanyekileyo kodwa kwakhona zibumba imilinganiselo ebanzi kunye namathemba. Kubafundi nabafundisi-mfundo abafunda umthetho, imbali, okanye inzululwazi yezobupolitika, ukuqonda umahluko ongundoqo phakathi kwesigwebo soluntu nesolwaphulo-mthetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela okuchanezelwa ngayo okusesikweni nokudluliselwa ngayo kwiinkqubo zomthetho zale mihla.

Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olunzulu lokugwetywa kwimeko zoburhulumente nezezaphuli-mthetho. Siza kuhlola iinjongo ezahlukeneyo, iinkqubo, iintlobo zeziphumo, kunye noothunywa abaphembelela izigqibo zomthetho. Ngesiphelo, abafundi baza kuba nolwazi olucacileyo, olucacileyo ngesizathu sokuba isenzo esinye sikhokelele ekuvalelweni kwenye imeko kwaye nemali ehlawulwayo kwenye, nendlela ezi zahlukaniso ezibonisa ngayo iinjongo ezisisiseko zesebe ngalinye lomthetho.

Yintoni Isigwebo Sesaphuli - mthetho?

Isigwebo sezaphuli-mthetho senzeka emva kokuba ummangalelwa egwetywe ngetyala, okanye ngetyala okanye ngesigwebo sokuchophela ityala. Iinjongo eziphambili zokugwetywa kwezaphuli-mthetho sisohlwayo, ukunqanda ukunqanda, ukuchacha, ukubuyisela impatho-mbi kunye nesohlwayo. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, ogxininisa ekucombululeni iimpikiswano zangasese, ihambo yolwaphulo-mthetho egqalwa njengeyingozi ebantwini bebonke. Urhulumente umangalela umenzi-tyala, kwaye isigwebo senzelwe ukubonisa ukugwetywa kwabemi nokukhusela uluntu.

Imigaqo Esisiseko Yokugwetywa Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Isiseko sokugweba isigwebo sezaphuli-mthetho sisekelwe kwimigaqo emininzi engundoqo:

  • Isiqinisekiso: Isohlwayo kufuneka silufanele ulwaphulo-mthetho. Amatyala anzima afuna izisohlwayo ezingqwabalala, ngoxa izaphuli-mthetho ezincinane zifumana imvume elula.
  • Uguqulo:[ ulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo, olwenziwa phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo, kufuneka luphumele kwizivakalisi ezifanayo ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni.
  • Ukwenziwa ngcono kobuntu: Ngaphandle kwesicelo sokufana, abagwebi baqwalasela imbali yobuqu, imeko yengqondo, kunye namandla okubuyisela umva.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imilinganiselo: izigqibo zesigwebo kufuneka zicaciswe, kwaye kupapashwe imigaqo, ngoko uluntu lungasiqonda isizathu sokuba izigwebo ezithile zibekwe.

Iindlela Eziqhelekileyo Zokugwetywa Kwamatyala

Izigwebo zezaphuli-mthetho ziyahluka-hluka ngokubanzi, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqatha, nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho.

  • Udibaniso: Umenzi wobubi uvalelwe kwintolongo (ngokoqobo kwizivakalisi ezimfutshane) okanye intolongo (kwimiqathango emide). Isigwebo singasuka kuentsuku ukuya kubomi ngaphandle kovalo. Amanye amagunya avumela ukunyuswa kwemiqathango yokuphinda ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho olubandakanya imipu.
  • Isiqinisekiso: Umenzi wobubi uhlala kuluntu oluphantsi kolawulo kodwa kufuneka avumelane neemeko ezithile, ezifana nokuxilonga rhoqo, ukuvavanya iziyobisi, okanye iimfuno zemisebenzi. Ukwaphula umthetho kungakhokelela ekuvalweni.
  • Iziphoso ze-monetary zihlawulwa kwimo. Iintle zisoloko zisetyenziswa kwityala eliphantsi njengezophulwa zitrato okanye iimpazamo. Zingadityaniswa nezinye izivakalisi.
  • Inkonzo ye-commony: Umenzi wobubi wenza umsebenzi ongahlawulwayo ukuze kungenelwe uluntu, njengokweepaki zokucoca okanye ukusebenza ngokuzithandela kwimibutho engangeni ngeniso. Oku kuqhelekile kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingenazo ugonyamelo.
  • [[NTLA:0] I-Restitution: inkcitho eyenziwa ngqo kwixhoba ukuhlawula ukulahlekelwa, njengetyala lezamayeza okanye umonakalo wempahla. Ukubuyiselwa kuthathwa njengomlinganiselo wokubuyisela inzala nokubuyisela umva.
  • Ithuba lokufa: Esona sohlwayo sigqithisileyo, esigcinwe kwamanye amazwe nakwamanye amazwe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olumanyumnyezi, njengokubulala kokuqala okunezinto ezimandundu.

Imigaqo Egwebayo Nengcebiso

Imithetho emininzi isebenzisa imigaqo yokugweba ukunciphisa umahluko. Ezi zikhokelo zinika uludwe lwezivakalisi ezinconyelweyo ezisekelwe kumgangatho wetyala nakwimbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa. Noko ke, abagwebi bahlala benobulumko bokushiya izikhokelo phantsi kweemeko ezithile, njengaxa umenzi wobubi esebenzisana nabatshutshisi okanye xa kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa izigwebo ezincinane. Unxibelelwano phakathi kokhokelo kunye nengqiqo lummandla otyebileyo wokufundisisa ngokusemthethweni.

Yintoni Isigwebo Samakhaya? (Imibutho Yamakhaya)

Kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, igama elithi "ukugunyazisa" liyimpazamo yobugcisa; ibinzana elichanekileyo lingu "unyango lweziphene" okanye "umgwebo". Iimeko zabemi zibandakanya iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, amashishini, okanye ngamanye amaxesha izinto zikarhulumente /amalungelo orhulumente, iimbopheleleko, okanye amatyala. Injongo ayikokokohlwaya kodwa ukusombulula ingxabano kwaye, xa kunokwenzeka, yenza iqela elimonzakeleyo liphinde liphinde lifumane imali.

Iintlobo Zocombululo Lwabemi

Iindlela zonyango zamakhaya zenzelwe ukubuyisela i-atlantiff kwindawo ebeya kuba kuyo ukuba ibingenzekanga impazamo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[NTL:0] Umonakalo ocacileyo: Unyango oluqhelekileyo. Iziphumo zingaba yimposiso (ukugquma ezona ndleko njengenkcitho yezamayeza, ilahleko, okanye ukulungiswa kwempahla) okanye isohlwayo (efuna ukohlwaya ukuziphatha okubi okungalawulekiyo kwaye ithintele ukuziphatha okufanayo). Iziphumo zesohlwayo zinqabile kwaye zigcinelwe amatyala abandakanya ubuqhetseba okanye umonakalo owenziwe ngabom.
  • Iinjudings: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela ukuba lenze (okanye liyeke) isenzo esithile esikhethekileyo. Umzekelo, inkundla ingakhupha umyalelo wokuba inkampani ingangcolisi umlambo okanye ithintele lowo wayesebenza ngaphambili ekusebenziseni iimfihlelo zorhwebo ezibiweyo.
  • Imisebenzi epeyintayo: isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimpikiswano zesivumelwano, olu nyango lunyanzela iqela ukuba liphumeze iimfanelo zalo zombutho xa umonakalo wemali ungenele, njengakwindawo ethengiswayo apho impahla ifaniswe khona.
  • IMigwebo yoKwaphula-mthetho: ingxelo yenkundla enegunya kumalungelo asemthethweni amaqela ngaphandle kokuyalela nasiphi na isenzo. Umzekelo, inkundla ingavakalisa ukuba isivumelwano siphuthile, icacisa iimfanelo zamaqela ngaphandle kokohlwaywa.
  • [[Utshintsho:0] Utshintsho kunye noHlaziyo: Ukurhoxa kwesivumelwano kwaye ibuyisela amatheko kwizikhundla zawo zangaphambili. Utshintsho luphinda lubhale isivumelwano ukubonakalisa iinjongo zokwenyaniso zamaqela xa esenzekile okanye inkohliso.

Indima Yomonakalo Wesohlwayo

Umonakalo wesohlwayo ufiphaza umgca phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowabaphuli-mthetho kuba uyilelwe ngokucacileyo ukusohlwaya nokunqanda. Noko ke, banikwa kuphela intlawulo xa ihambo yommangalelwa inetyala elikhethekileyo, njengakwimeko zobundlobongela okanye ukwenza okubi ngempazamo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. ibeke imida yesiseko kwimposiso yomthetho-mqathango ukuqinisekisa ukuba azinyanzeli okanye azigqithisi, njengoko kuxutyushwa kwiimeko ezifana BMW yoMntla Merika. Gore

Umahluko Oyintloko Phakathi Kwesigwebo Samakhaya Nesesaphuli - mthetho

Ngelixesha omabini amasebe omthetho enika iziphumo, umahluko unzulu kwaye ubonisa imisebenzi yawo eyahlukileyo yoluntu. Ngeli ngezantsi kuthelekiswa okuneenkcukacha:

Injongo Yokuqhubeka

  • Icala eliphakathi: ukubohlwaya umenzi wobubi, ukunqanda ulwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha elizayo, ukunqanda abantu abayingozi, ukulungisa apho kunokwenzeka, nokuvakalisa isigwebo sebutho labantu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] ICIILI:[ Ukunika unyango kumntu owenzakeleyo, ukunyanzelisa amalungelo, nokucombulula iimpikiswano ngaphandle kokubhenela kuncedo lwakhe. Ukunikezela, hayi isohlwayo, yeyona njongo iphambili.

Iipati -

  • Ityala:[ urhulumente (umntla okanye urhulumente) umangalela ummangalelwa. Ixhoba aliloqela kodwa linokuba nenxaxheba kwiingxelo zeziphumo zexhoba. Umtshutshisi umela umdla woluntu.
  • [[FLT: 0] ICIIL: I-pecttiff (iqela elidibeneyo) imangalela ummangalelwa (umenzi wobubi othe tye). Zombini zingamaqela angawabo, nangona urhulumente enokuba ngumxhasi kwiimeko zamakhaya (umz., kwiimpikiswano zesivumelwano).

Umthwalo Wokungqina

  • Ityala kufuneka lingqine ukuba linetyala "ngaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni," owona mgangatho uphakamileyo kumthetho. Oku kukhusela abantu kwintelekelelo ephosakeleyo enikwa iziphumo ezinzima.
  • ICivil: I-Placttiff mayingqine imeko yabo ngo "kuqwalaselwa kobungqina," ithetha ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba ummangalelwa abe necala. Umgangatho osezantsi kuba kuphela imali okanye isiphumlisi esilinganayo sisemthini.

Imiphumo

  • Ityala lingaquka ukuvalelwa, ukuvalelwa, ukuhlawulwa, ukuhlawulwa kwemali ehlawulwayo kwiphondo, kwinkonzo yoluntu, okanye, kwezinye iindawo, isigwebo sokufa. Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho likwanesohlwayo esihlala sihleli kwaye lingachaphazela umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, namalungelo okuvota.
  • Ityala libandakanya ukonakaliswa kwemali, imiqathango, okanye umsebenzi othile okhethekileyo. Iqela eliphulukana nento alijoni nokuvalelwa entolongweni (ngaphandle kwamatyala anqabileyo okudelelwa kwenkundla). Akukho ngxelo yezaphuli-mthetho.

Amalungelo Abamangalelwayo

  • Ngokugqithisileyo: Abakhuseli baneendlela ezibanzi zomgaqo-siseko zokukhusela: ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, ilungelo lokuvavanya ngokukhawuleza noluntu, ilungelo kwigqwetha (elimiselwe ukuba lingenamdla), ilungelo lokujolisa kumangqina, kunye nokhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini nenkohlakalo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga.
  • ICivil: AbaKhuseli banezinto ezincinci zokukhusela ngokwesithethe. Akukho lungelo lokucebisa ngendleko karhulumente, akukho lungelo lichasene nokuzithethelela ngokwabo (naxa kunjalo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni zinokusetyenziswa kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho), kwaye akukho siqobo sichaseneyo nokumangalelwa kabini ngenxa yempazamo efanayo (ngaphandle kokuba isophula imigaqo yangaphambili).

Imizekelo Ebonisa Umahluko

Qwalasela isenzo esifanayo . Ngokusuka kwisenzo esifanayo, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho libandakanya ukutshutshiswa kwe-DUI okanye ukuhlaselwa kwamalungu omzimba, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kubekho ixesha lokuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuvalelwa kwephepha, ukuhlawuliswa, nokuvavanywa kwetyala. Ngokuphandle, iqela elimoshakeleyo lingamangalela ityala likarhulumente ngenxa yokungakhathali, lifune imbuyekezo yemali ehlawulwayo, ingeniso elahlekileyo, kunye neentlungu. Iziphumo zizimele: umntu akanakufunyanwa engenatyala kwinkundla yakwaphula umthetho (ukuba ubungqina abuhlangani nomgangatho ofanelekileyo) kodwa lisenokufunyanwa lingenatyala enkundleni yamakhaya (ngokuba umgangatho ongaphambili ukungabikho kwempilo umbangowo uyakwazi ukudibana).

Izinto Ezibangela Ukuba Kubekho Izigqibo Zokugwetywa

Kumatyala olwaphulo - mthetho nawamakhaya kukho iinkalo ezininzi ezibonisa imiphumo efanelekileyo. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kusinceda siqonde isizathu sokuba amatyala abonakala efana nawo abe nemiphumo eyahlukileyo.

Iimeko Zetyala Lezaphuli - mthetho

  • Ubungcungcungela betyala: Okukhona ulwaphulo-mthetho luba nzulu ngakumbi, isigwebo sinzima. Isigwebo sithwala iintambo zentolongo ezinde nemali eninzi kunezokuphosa. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olubandakanya ugonyamelo, izixhobo, okanye umonakalo omkhulu kumaxhoba luphathwa ngokukrakra.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ushicilelo lolwaphulo-mthetho oluphinda-phindiweyo abaphuli-mthetho bajongana nesohlwayo esandisiweyo phantsi "kwezibhedlele ezintathu" okanye imimiselo eqhelekileyo. Ingxelo ecocekileyo ingakhokelela ekuzilungiseni okanye kwisivakalisi esifutshane.
  • Iimeko ezidityanisiweyo nezinyuswayo: oothunywashe abaxhobisayo (umz., iingxaki zempilo yengqondo, ukunyanzelisa, ukungazijongi, intethelelo, intsebenziswano namagunya) zingasihlisa isigwebo. Iimeko ezididayo (umz., ukucwangcisa, inkohlakalo, ukuhlasela amaxhoba abuthathaka, ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo) zingasandisa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] uyasebenza kumaxhoba: iingxelo zempembelelo yamaxhoba, umlinganiselo womonakalo ongokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokweemvakalelo, kunye nemfuneko yokuhlawulelwa kwempembelelo yesigqibo somgwebi. Amanye amazwe avumela amaxhoba ukuba athethe ngqo kwinkundla.
  • Ubulumko obungaqhelekanga kunye neMiqathango yeNyanga: Imithetho emininzi isebenzisa imigaqo-siseko okanye imigaqo enyanzelisayo yokulawula izivakalisi, kodwa abagwebi banengqiqo yokushiya ngokusekelwe kwizibakala ezingaqhelekanga zetyala. Ubuncinane bomntu bungamisela ingqiqo, ikhokelela kwiimpikiswano malunga nokusesikweni.
  • Imithetho esesikweni: ingafuna izigwebo ezithile kwizenzo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezifana nobomi obunyanzelekileyo ngaphandle kokukhulula umntu ekubulaleni, okanye izigwebo ezingeyomfuneko zokurhweba ngeziyobisi.

Iimeko zocoselelo

  • [[UMTL:0] Imali kunye nokukhutshwa kwengozi: umlinganiselo womonakalo ohlawulwayo uxhomekeke kakhulu kwilahleko ekhoyo ye-acttiff, kuquka ingeniso yezoqoqosho (iirhafu zezonyango, ezilahlekileyo) kunye nezongezozoqoqosho (ingxaki, ukubandezeleka ngokweemvakalelo).
  • [[NTL: 0] Inguqu yempazamo: Kumatyala okungakhathali, iqondo lommangalelwa lempazamo elinxulumene neso sinikezelo sommangaleli okanye uthelekiso lobunewunewu luchaphazela umvuzo. Amanye amaphondo athintela ukubuyela ukuba ummangaleli ungaphezulu kwama-50% empazamo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ihambo ye-Defanting: Ukuba ummangalelwa wenza ngobubi, ubuqhetseba, okanye ukungakhathali okugqithisileyo, inkundla inganika imbuyekezo yemali engqeqesho ukuze yohlwaye kwaye inqande. Imeko yemali yommangalelwa ingaqwalaselwa ekumiseleni imposiso yesohlwayo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Imigaqo engenakulinganiswa:[ Kwiimeko ezifuna imithetho okanye umsebenzi othile, iinkundla ziqwalasela ulungelelwano lobunzima, umdla kawonke-wonke, nokuba amayeza asemthethweni akanele. I-Equity ifuna izandla ezicocekileyo/i-Platoff kufuneka ingathathi nxaxheba ngokungekho sikweni.
  • [[NTL: 0] Umfundisi- ntsapho ofundisayo kunye nemida: Umazwe amaninzi anyanzelisa iikepisi kwilahleko engeyoyoyo imeko yezoqoqosho okanye yesohlwayo, ingakumbi kwiimeko zokungasebenzi kakuhle kwezamayeza. Ezi zikhonkwane ziyaphikisana kwaye ziye zacelw'ityala enkundleni.

Uhlalutyo lwentelekelelo: Ukubopha ngaphezulu kunye nenteleko

Nangona umthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala wahlukile, basoloko besebenzisana. Isenzo esinye esiphosakeleyo singabangela ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokumangalelwa kwabemi. Ityala likaSimpson ngumzekelo obalaseleyo: ukukhululwa ekubulaweni enkundleni yezaphuli-mthetho, kamva wafunyanwa enetyala lokufa ngokuphosakeleyo kwinkundla yasekuhlaleni. Oku kubonisa ubunzima obahlukeneyo bobungqina nokungabikho kweengozi ezibini kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Ukongezelela, imiyalelo yokubuyisela isigwebo yezaphuli-mthetho isebenza njengohlobo lonyango lwamakhaya, ifuna umenzi wobubi ukuba ahlawule ixhoba ngokuthe ngqo. Ngokuchasene noko, isohlwayo kwiimeko zamakhaya sisebenza njengesohlwayo esingekho mthethweni kunye nokuthintela. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi umoshala phakathi kweenkqubo ezimbini zokohlwaya kwaye baphakamisa inkxalabo ezifunekayo, njengoko bohlwaya ngaphandle kokhuseleko lwemiqathango yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iziphumo zakutshanje zibonisa ukwanda "kolwaphulo-mthetho" lwehambo yamakhaya, apho abalawuli basebenzisa izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho kwimisebenzi esetyenziswa ngokwesithethe, njengenkxwaleko yemeko-bume okanye inkohliso yenkampani. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwiingxoxo ngokusetyenziswa kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngokugqithisileyo nokukhukuliseka kwendima eyahlukeneyo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni.

Izicelo Ezibanzi Zoluntu Nemfundo

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kweziphumo zoburhulumente nezaphuli-mthetho asiyonto nje yemfundo. Ineziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi ngendlela okuqondwa ngayo okusesikweni nokusetyenziswa ngayo. Umzekelo, umbutho # MeToo wabalaselisa umsantsa phakathi kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lokuhlasela ngokwesini (ngokufuthi kunzima ukungqinelana) kunye netyala loluntu lokuhlaselwa ngokwesini (okunokuthi kuphumelele naxa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho zingaziswanga). Ukukhutshelwa kwezopolitiko kusoloko kudidanisa abantu ababini, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungaqondani kukawonke-wonke xa umntu "engabekwangabekwanga" enkundleni yamakhaya okanye ekufunyanisweni "emfanelo" enkundleni yabaphuli-mthetho.

Ngokuhlolisisa amatyala abalaseleyo nokuthelekisa imiphumo ekhoyo kwiindawo ezisemagunyeni, abafundi banokubuqonda ubuntsonkotha benkqubo yomthetho nendaleko eqhubekayo yokugweba iintanda - bulumko.

Abo banomdla kufundisiso olunzulu, oovimba abanjengolu U.S. IKhomishini yokugweba inikela ugcino-lwazi kwimiqathango yogwebo yesizwe, ngelixa Iziko lohlanga lweeNkundla zikaRhulumente linikela uluvo kuqheliselo lwenkundla. Iincwadi ze-Academic ezifana nolu .] Journal of Lawn and Society [ zipapasha rhoqo iinkcazelo ezithe kratya.

Isiphelo

Ukugwetywa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nonyango kusetyenziswa ngokusisiseko kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa zombini zibalulekile kwinkqubo yomthetho esebenzayo. Ukugwetywa kwezaphuli-mthetho kujolise ekukhuseleni ibutho labantu nasekubohlwaeni ububi phantsi komthwalo ophezulu wobungqina, neziphumo ezisuka ekulingeniseni ukuya kwisigwebo sokufa. Iingcaciso zamakhaya zijolise kumaxhoba angenayo kwaye zicombulule iimpikiswano zabucala, ngokugweba okubandakanya imali okanye imiyalelo engenakulinganiswa. Umahluko ongundoqo, amaqela, umthwalo wobungqina, iziphumo, kunye namalungelo ahlukeneyo ahlukeneyo.

Ngokuqonda ezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo, abafundi nabafundisi-mfundo bangaziqonda kakuhle iimeko eziphezulu, iinkqubo zogwebo ezidibeneyo, kunye negalelo kwiingxubusho ezingolwazi ngotshintsho olungokwasemthethweni. Umthetho asiyondlela enye; yinkqubo ecacileyo ehambelana nobume bengxabano nezilangazelelo ezisemngciphekweni. Ukuqonda ukuba umba wenkundla yakwaphuli-mthetho ungowomntu okwinkundla yamakhaya, kwaye uqonda iziphumo zomendo ngamnye, kusisiseko sokufunda okusemthethweni.