Ukubhaqa Umthetho

Ukumangalelana kuqala ngommangaleli (umntu okanye umbutho ozisa ityala) elungiselela nokuhambisa amaxwebhu achanileyo kwinkundla enegunya lokuva elo tyala. Eli nyathelo libandakanya izinto eziliqela ezimaxongo ezimisela inkqubo esemthethweni ehambayo.

Amaxwebhu Angundoqo: Ukukhalaza kunye nomxholo

ugwebo oludityanisiweyo lusisicelo esisisiseko esichaza izityholo zomchasi, isiseko esisemthethweni setyala, isiqabu esithe safunwa (njengomonakalo wemali, umyalelo, okanye ugwebo lokukhupha). Isikhalazo esifakelweyo masichaze isikhalazo esivakalayo soncedo phantsi komthetho osebenzayo, ukuba siyahluleka ukwenza njalo, inkundla ingaligxotha elo tyala kwangoko, ide ityala likhululwe kwangoko. amamon luxwebhu olwahlukileyo olukhutshwe yinkundla engakhutshwanga ummangalelwanga wolwaphulo-mthetho nocwangcizo (iiiiiiiiiiiii, ukuxhomekeka kuma-30) onke amaxwebhu afunekayo kunye neemali ezimali ezimali ezinyanzelwayo.

Ukukhetha Inkundla Efanelekileyo Nesigwebo

Iinkqubo zomthetho zifuna ukuqukunjelwa enkundleni ephethe ulawulo oluyintloko lwe- (igunya kuhlobo lwetyala) kunye ulawulo lwangasese[ (igunya phezu kommangalelwa). Umzekelo, iinkundla zolawulo lwesizwe zisingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente okanye iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo xa umlinganiselo wempikiswano ungaphezulu kwee-$75,000, ngelixa ityala lisingatha ezinye izinto. Amatyala kufuneka aqwalasele nu , ithetha indawo apho ukumangalelwa komthetho kufuneka kubekwe khona, apho kudla ngokubakho imicimbi echaphaza okanye apho iziganeko ezingalunganga.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Emva kokubhala, ummangalelwa makalungise ukuba afumane intelekelelo esemthethweni enemibhalo yesikhalazo kunye nezicelo. Inkonzo yenkqubo iqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba ufumana isaziso esiyinyaniso setyala kunye nethuba lokuphendula. Imithetho yenkonzo efanelekileyo yomthetho eyahlukeneyo ngegunya: abamangalelwa bangathunyelwa kwinkqubo yobugcisa, ngeposi eqinisekisiweyo enerisithiliti, okanye kwezinye iimeko ngokupapashwa kwiphephandaba ukuba ummangalelwa akanakufumaneka. Inkonzo ingalibazisa ukumangalelwa okanye ikhokelele ekugwebeni okubekwa ecaleni. Xa igqibileyo kufuneka isetyenziswe, ummangalelwa aphendule ngendlela esesikweni, ngokuqhelekileyo avume okanye akhanyele ukurhoxa izityholo, okanye ukukhupha i-'ikhuthulo.

Umlinganiselo

Uhlobo ngalunye lwezityholo zelizwe lunexesha eliqingqiweyo. Ukungaqiniseki kwexesha kumele kubekwe ityala kumlinganiselo wexesha. Ukungagqibeki kommiselo kusoloko kuvala umqathango ukusuka kwixesha lonke ukuzisa umba, ngoko kubalulekile ukuphawula ummiselo osebenzayo kwangoko. Amanye amaxesha ayahluka ngokokulawula nohlobo lwento ethethwayo (umz., ukuzonakaliswa komcimbi, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo luvalelw'umva, ukusukela ekuziseni kwetyala, ngoko kubalulekile ukuphawula ummiselo osebenzayo kwangoko. Ezinye izinto, njengalowo uqhubeka nomonakalo okanye iimeko ezithile (umz.g., i-startfiff yayincinane ngexesha), isenokunyusa imiqathango okanye i-mthetho esebenzayo (njengomthetho we-FLTCNT).[3]

Iinkqubo eziphambili

Xa ummangalelwa efake impendulo, ityala lingena kwisigaba sangaphambi kovavanyo, esinokuhlala iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka ixhomekeke ekuntsonkotheni. Eli qonga lenzelwe ukuxinanisa le miba, ukuqokelela ubungqina, nokukhuthaza ukusombulula ngaphandle kokuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo.

Ukufunyanwa: Inkcazelo 76Gathering Injini

Icebo yinkqubo eqhelekileyo apho iqela ngalinye lifumana khona ubungqina kwelinye icala nakumaqela esithathu. Imithetho yomanyano lweProjekthi yangaphakathi kunye needlelane zikarhulumente zivumela izixhobo zokufumana ezininzi:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Izibeko – isifungo, ngaphandle kwe-(asgnup) ubungqina bamaqela, amangqina, okanye iingcali, ezibhaliweyo ezibhaliweyo zelitye elisetyenziswayo ekucinyweni.
  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo, esoloko iphelele kwimibuzo engama-25 kwinkundla yequmrhu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemveliso – imfuneko yamaxwebhu, ulwazi olugcinwe nge-electronic (ESI), okanye ubungqina obuphathekayo obunxulumene nezibhengezo okanye ukhuseleko.
  • Izicelo zemvume – iingxelo omnye umntu amele azivume okanye azikhanye, ezisetyenziselwa ukuphelisa iingxaki ezingavavanywanga.
  • USubpoenas – umyalelo wenkundla onyanzelisayo engeyoyaparatis ukuvelisa amaxwebhu okanye ukuvela kwemigciniso.

Uhlolo lulawulwa yimithetho elungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yobungqina obuchasene nobunzima bexabiso kunye nelungelo lobuqu. Amacandelo angafuna imiyalelo ekhuselayo ukuze amisele ukufunyanwa okunzima ngokungeyomfuneko okanye afune ulwazi oluphezulu. Ukungaphumeleli ukuhambisana neemfuno zokufunyanwa (umz., ngokutshabalalisa okanye ngokunika iimpendulo zobuxoki) kungaphumela kwimiqathango, kuquka ukugxothwa kwemiqathango okanye ukufakwa komgwebo ongagqibekanga.

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, naliphi na iqela lingafaka intengiso kwifayile licela ijaji ukuba ilawule kwimiba ethile engokwasemthethweni. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi komthetho ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhupha – uphikisa ngokuthi isikhalazo asikwazi ukuchaza ityala okanye inkundla ayinalo igunya. Ukuba iyavunywa, ityala liphela (ngokufuthi liphele ngekhefu ukuya kutsho kwisiphelo).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo - - uphikisa ngelithi akukho mpikiswano yokwenene ngokuphathelele nayiphi na into yento ephathekayo nokuba umntu ohambayo unelungelo lomgwebo njengomcimbi womthetho. Ukuba uvunyiwe, akukho luvavanyo olufunekayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] i-Motion kwi Compel – icela inkundla ukuba iyalele omnye umntu ukuba aphendule kwizicelo zokufumana.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Motion kwi Limine – ufuna ukukhupha okanye ukuvuma ubungqina obuthile phambi kokuba ukuvavanywa kuqalwe, ukunqanda ikhethe okanye udideko olungalungiyo.

Imithetho yezeejaji kwezi zindululo ibumba umlinganiselo wetyala kwaye isoloko isombulula ityala kwangoko. Kwezinye iimeko, ijaji ingakhupha umgwebo ocacileyo [[FLT: 0] olahla zonke izibhengezo, egcina amaqela ixesha elibalulekileyo nendleko.

Ukuzinziswa kwengxoxo kunye neSisombululo Sezinye Iingxabano

Amatyala amaninzi amakhaya ahlala phambi kokuvavanywa. Iinkqubo zomthetho zisoloko ziquka imfuneko [[FLT:] iingqungquthela ze-arhente apho amaqela, amagqwetha abo, kunye namanye amaxesha umamkeli ongathathi-nxaxheba azama ukufikelela isivumelwano esiphindiweyo. [ I-Meko-Pintetion ibandakanya iqela lesithathu elingondileleyo eliyathathayo eliyamlathayo kodwa elinganyanzeli sisombululo. ulwahlulo , ngokwahlukileyo, luyinkqubo ebotshelelwayo okanye engaqhubi ye-6] apho umenzi wetyala evayo nesigqibo. Ngokuninzi afuna ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwimeko yenye ([FLT: 4,4]) njengoko kunokwenzeka nakwelishwa nakwetyala okanye ukugwetywa, kwangoko, kwangoko, xa kuthenjiwe inkundla, okanye kuvunywa ityala, ukuba kuvunywa, xa kuvunywa i

Inkqubo Yokuvavanywa

Ukuba imigudu yokulungisa ityala iyasilela kwaye inyathelo elithathwa ngaphambi kwetyala aliyicombulule ngokupheleleyo ityala, ityala liyaqhubeka licinywa. Ityala likukuchotshelwa okusesikweni apho ubungqina bunikelwa kwijaji (ukuvavanywa ngetyala) okanye inkundla yabachopheli-tyala (ukuvavanywa kwetyala) ukufumanisa izibakala nokusebenzisa umthetho.

Ukhetho

Ukuvavanywa kwejaji, inyathelo lokuqala kukukhetha i-avaleji engakhethiyo kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba i-oyir'adar. Ijaji kunye namagqwetha babuza abaququzeleli abanokubhenca ikhethe, ikhethe, okanye uqhagamshelwano kwityala. Icala ngalinye lingavavanya inani elingenasiphelo lejaji ngenxa yesizathu [umz.g, i-ceng, i-calate) kunye nenani elisikelwesikelweyo le imingeni edityaniswe kwimiba esisiseko, (kuxhomekeka macala amathandathu kwicala ngalinye, ngokuxhomekeke kulawulo) nangangomntu ongengonyaka-66. Injongo yesigqibo kukuhlali ye-12 kwe-ecclixtoption (ith) engongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongo).

Ukuvulwa Kwamazwi Nokunikelwa Kobungqina

Emva kokuba ijaji ifungisiwe, igqwetha lenkundla likhupha ichaza izibakala ezikhoyo ezilindelwe ngumphengululi. Igqwetha lommangalelwa linokunikela ingxelo yokuvula okanye liyigcinele ukuqala kwetyala lokuzikhusela. Ukuvula iingxelo akubonisi bungqina; kuchaza ukuba i-apply iyazi ukuba incede abachopheli-tyala baqonde ityala. Ngokulandelayo, igqwetha linikela ityala layo ngobungqina obuyi-“[9nb, amaxwebhu, amaxwebhu, neenkonzo ezi-autices. Ingqina ngalinye limele ukuvavanywa [[FLT:] [12] ngokuphandleka kokungachana kwayo.

Impikiswano Yokuvala Nesipheko SikaJury

Emva kokuba amacala omabini enike bonke ubungqina, igqwetha ngalinye lichaza impikiswano ecacileyo. Isalathisi somthetho sifushanisa ubungqina kwaye sibongoza abachopheli-mthetho ukuba bafumane uncedo lomxhasi wabo. Ijaji ngoko iyalela abachopheli-mthetho ngomthetho osebenzayo (imiyalelo), ichaza ukuba ziziphi izijungqu ezisemthethweni ezimele ziqinisekiswe kwaye zisetyenziswe yiyiphi imilinganiselo. Isigwebo kufuneka sithatyathelwe kwigumbi labucala i-dbery , ixubulisa ubungqina, ize ifikelele kwisigwebo. Ityala lisenokuthatha iiyure okanye iintsuku, kuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezintsonko.

Iinkqubo zasemva

Xa kubhengezwa isigqibo, ityala alisoloko liphela.

Ukungena koMgwebo

Emva kokuba ijaji ibuyise isigqibo (okanye kwityala lebhedi, emva kokuba ijaji ibhengeze okufunyenweyo), inkundla ingena kwityala ````````Umthetho osesikweni ochaza isigqibo kunye nayiphi na inkululeko enikiweyo. Umgwebo ungaquka umoshado, iimiyalelo, iimvume zokukhupha isikhalazo, okanye iindleko. Iqela eliphulukanayo lingafaka uxwebhu lweposi, njengo umgaqo osesikweni ochaza ukuvavanywa okutsha (ukugweba iimpazamo kwinkqubo yokuvavanya) okanye ukukhupha iindleko zomgwebo [[FLT] [FLT] [FLD] [FF:] [5] (uth] (uhlulwa ugwebo olunolwayo olunolwayo olunolwayo olunolwayo olunolungenawo ugwebo [uqulu]). Ukuba luye olo lunga ugwebo luye lwama.

Izibheno

Iqela elilahlekileyo ekucinyweni (ummangalelwa) lingafaka ingxelo yetyala encotsheni kwinkundla ephakamileyo, liphikisa ukuba inkundla yamatyala yenza iimpazamo ezisemthethweni ezibangela ityala likhethe iziphumo. Izibheno azizizo iimvavanyo ezintsha; inkundla ehlola ingxelo yamatyala, iishwankathela, kunye neempikiswano zomlomo ukuze igqibe ukuba iimpazamo zenzeke. Inkundla kufuneka iphawule imiba ethile ecacileyo njengemiyalelo ephosakeleyo yejajikileyo, ukuvunywa okungafanelekanga kobungqina obungachananga, okanye ukungafumani bungqina obufunekayo bokuxhasa isigqibo somgwebo. (* kwaye ichaza isizathu sokuba ityala liphinde ligwetywe. Inkundla (iqela leqela) iphendula, iphendula ityala elithe qhosa phambili. Nangona iinkundla zokuvavanyaza.

Ukunyanzelwa Kwemigwebo

Kwanasemva komgwebo wokugqibela, iqela eliphumeleleyo (umvuli-tyala) kufuneka lithathe amanyathelo okuqokelela oko kukweleta. Iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa ziyahluka ngokwemithetho kodwa zidla ngokuquka:

  • [[UMTHLOBO: 0] Ukungatyiwa – ukuthatha isabelo somvuzo okanye ityala lebhanki.
  • [[UMTL:0]----- withselisa ityala lemali kwimpahla yokwenene yetyala lomgwebo.
  • Isenzo sokusebenza – eyala umgwebi ukuba abambe aze athengise impahla yakhe (umz., izithuthi, izixhobo) ukwanelisa umgwebo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ityala [ – ukuba lowo ubolekayo akavumi ukuthobela umyalelo wenkundla (umz., ukujika kwimpahla), inkundla inganyanzela inkokhelo okanye ixesha lokuvalelwa entolongweni.

Ukunyanzeliswa kusenokuba lucelomngeni, ingakumbi ukuba lowo ubolekileyo akanazo iimpahla okanye iifayile zokuwa. Ababolekwayo abagwebi kufuneka baqonde ukuba ukuqokelela isigwebo kudla ngokufuna iinkqubo ezingakumbi ezingokwasemthethweni kwaye kusenokungenelwa ngokubuza kwigqwetha eliqokelela imali.

Ukuqonda Izigqibo Zenkundla

Izigqibo zenkundla zithatha iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ezixhomekeke kwinqanaba lokwalathiswa komthetho nohlobo. Nantsi imiyalelo engundoqo esetyenziswayo kuyo yonke le nkqubo:

  • Isiqinisekiso – Ukuzimisela kwenyaniso okufikelelwa ngabachopheli-tyala okanye, kwityala lebhentshi, ngumgwebi. Isigqibo sisombulula imbambano yenyaniso enikezelwe kwimeko--VHAMBIIfinder (umz. “ethembekileyo” okanye“engafanele").
  • [[NKQUBO:0] I-'-A isalathiso senkundla kwintshukumo ethile okanye kumbandela othe ngqo. Imiyalelo inokuba yi-interim (umz., ukunika umgaqo wokukhusela) okanye wokugqibela (umz., ukukhupha ityala).
  • Isigqibo sokugqibela senkundla kulo lonke icala, sibandakanya isigqibo okanye izinto ezifunyenweyo kunye nokuyalela isiqabu esifanelekileyo. Umgwebo luxwebhu olunokunyanzelwa okanye lubhenqwe.
  • Decree – imbali isetyenziswa kwiimeko (umz., imiqathango, uqhawulo-mtshato), ngoku ifana kakhulu nomgwebo kwimimandla emininzi.
  • Ukunika [ – ligama leambrela yesigqibo senkundla kwintshukumo okanye kwimbambano, kuquka nemithetho edluliselwa ngomlomo esebhentshini.

Ukongeza kugwebo lokugqibela, iinkundla zingakhupha imiyalelo yemvume esombulula imiba ngexesha ityala liqhubeka. Ezinye imiyalelo yokudibanisa (umz., imithetho kwimiyalelo yokuqala) ingabheniswa ngoko nangoko, ngexa inkoliso kufuneka ilinde de emva komgwebo wokugqibela.

Isiphelo

Ukumisa iinkqubo ezisemthethweni zokwenza imigaqo-nkqubo esemthethweni — ukubeka ityala ngokuvavanywa nangaphaya kwetyala nangaphaya kwe-_requers ngenyameko kwimiqathango emiselwe ixesha elide, imithetho yenkundla, kunye nezigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Iqonga ngalinye linikela amathuba neengozi, kwaye iziphumo zixhomekeke kumgangatho wokucela, ukucoceka, ubuchule bokufumana, ubuchule bokumangalelwa, kunye nokucaca kobungqina. Ngoxa ukufika kwakho kunokwenzeka kwezinye iimeko ezincinci (umz. umz, inkundla encinane), iintelekiso ezininzi zixhomekeke kwisiluleko esisemthethweni esinamava. Igqwetha linokunceda ekuhloleni amandla okuzithethelela, ukuqhuba imicimbi, ukuqulungelana, nokubeka ityala, nokuzisa ityala elifanelekileyo kugwebi. Ngokuqonda inkqubo esisiseko, abantu ngabanye, kwaye ukufikelela kwiimeko ezisemthethweni zezo nangokweenkqubo zezo ezisemthethweni ezicazulu kunye neemeko ezimanyeneyo ezimiselwe nasemthethweni.

Ukuphinda ufunde, i yeMelika Bar Association ye “Indlela Iinkundla Ezikhokela ngayo” inika ucaphulo oluneenkcukacha lwezikhankanyi zoluntu, ngelixa i i-Cornell Lituri’s Livetikal Procedure[[FLT:]] inika umbhalo opheleleyo wemithetho elawula inkundla yenkundla. Imo ye-[FLT] ingunolo kwisikhokelo sokumangalela abamangali-mthetho abangengomthetho.