Ukwazisa Kwisigwebo Sasemthethweni

Ulawulo olusemthethweni lwakha isiseko salo naliphi na igunya lenkundla lokuva nokugqiba ityala. Ngaphandle kwemithetho ecacileyo, kungalandela isiphithiphithi: amaqela angarhuqelwa kwiinkundla zasemzini, iza kungquzulana izigwebo, kwaye yonke inkqubo engokwasemthethweni iyakuphulukana nokuxelwa kwangaphambili nokusesikweni. Ijulidiation imisela kungekuphela [[[FLT:]] [[FLT:] [[1] inkundla ingenza, kodwa kwakhona apho , [[FLT]], xa , [[FLT], kunye [FLT] kunye abanokumiswa kwemiqatha, xa kuthe kwamiswa imiqatha, xa kuthelelwa iimeko eziluncedo.

Yintoni Isigwebo Esingokwasemthethweni?

Ulawulo lomthetho lugunyaziso olusemthethweni lwenkundla ukwenza izigqibo zomthetho kunye nezigwebo. Eli gama lisuka kwisiLatini ujuriscio] `igunya lokuthetha umthetho. Ngoku, igunya lokulawula lisebenza kwimigangatho emininzi: umGaqo-siseko, umthetho-siseko, nomthetho oqhelekileyo. UMgaqo-siseko we-U.S., umzekelo, ummiselo wezikhostiyo, imida yamatyala karhulumente ekuphumeleni phantsi komthetho kazwelonke, izivumelwano, okanye umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo (ulawulo lomthetho) kunye namatyala abandakanya ubumi obahlukahlukeneyo okanye amanani empikiswano engaphezulu kwama-$75,000 (i-5 000 ulawulo lomthetho). Iinkundla zelizwe, ngokwahlukileyo, ngokwemeko, ngokweemeko zomthetho kunye nolawulo jikelele kuzo zonke iinkundla ezingagcinwangagcinwanga kuphela kwimicimbi yolawulo.

Ilishwa asiyongcamango enye, yento enye. Ingahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo: ulawulo lomntu ngamnye, ulawulo lwento, kunye nolawulo lwezwe (lomqukumbelo). Udidi ngalunye luthetha ngenkalo eyahlukileyo yamandla enkundla, kwaye zonke ezintathu kufuneka zibekho ukuze inkundla ive ityala ngokusemthethweni. Ukuba kukho engekho, inkundla ayinalo igunya kwaye kufuneka igxothe icala, ngaphandle kokucalula, ivumela amaqela ukuba aphinde afumane ifayile kwi-forum efanelekileyo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye nesiseko

IBhunga lase-U.S. limisele imithetho echaza ulawulo lweenkundla zephondo, ngokuphawulekayo ingakumbi i-28 U.S. 31: 1331-1332. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe ngokufanayo zikhupha imvume yokufikelela kwetyala lazo nenkundla ze-appellate. Ngaphezu koko, imithetho ye-procedural. "Imithetho ye-Federal of Civil Procedure", ."Iindawo elawulayo inokucelwa okanye icelwe phantsi. Ukuqonda le mithombo ayingombandela wesivumelwano okanye imvume esemthethweni. Iinkundla kufuneka ziqinisekise ukulawulwa kwazo kulo lonke ixesha lokuqhubeka, kwanokuba akukho qela linyusa inkupho.

Iintlobo Zomjuxuzo

ISifungo Sobuqu (Isigwebo kwiiPali)

Ulawulo lomntu ngamnye lunxulumene negunya lenkundla kubantu okanye amaqumrhu akhankanywe etyala. Olu hlobo lolawulo luqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa akanyanzelekanga ukukhusela ityala kwindawo echaphazelekayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ivelise isiseko esicacisiweyo solawulo lobuqu, esisekelwe kwingcamango yokuba “amaqabane angaphantsi” nemeko ye-aum. Ityala lembali i-International Shoe Co. v. Washington [1945]) ikholelwa ukuba imo yobuqu ingagunyazisa igunya ngaphandle-kommeli-mmeli-wommeli ukuba ummangalelwa unxibelelanelo olwaneleyo nemeko efuna umthetheleli akhusele apho alimcacineyo “iiindlela ezintle zokudlala kunye nezobulungisa ezisesikweni ezingundoqo.

Igunya lomntu linokuhlulwa ngokweentlobo ezintathu:

  • Kwi-Manuam Jurisdition: Amandla phezu komntu wommangalelwa, adla ngokusekwa ngobukho bokwenyama, imvume (umz., ngesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano), okanye imisebenzi yeshishini eqhubekayo nelungelelanisiweyo. Olu lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo kwaye lunika igunya lenkundla ukunyanzelisa imbopheleleko yobuqu kummangalelwa.
  • Kwi Rem Jurisdition: Amandla phezu kwempahla ebekwe kwimida yenkundla yendawo. Inkundla ingenza isigqibo sokungavumelani kobunikazi okanye ulwahlulo lwendawo nokuba umniniyo ungaphaya kokuba inkundla ifikelele. Noko ke, umgwebo udla ngokuchaphazela kuphela impahla, hayi umniniyo ngokobuqu.
  • Quasi Kwi-Rem Jurisdiction: Amandla phezu kommangalelwa asekelwe kwimpahla yabo ngaphakathi kwi-forum, esetyenziselwa ukusombulula umgwebo ongahambelaniyo nepropati. Olu hlobo lungachazwanga kakuhle ngezigqibo zenkqubo zale mihla.

Oothunywashe Ababalulekileyo Abamisela Icebo Lobuqu

  • I-Residenti okanye i-Domicile: abantu baphantsi kolawulo lobuqu kwimo yabo yokuhlala; amaziko aphantsi kwegunya kwimo yawo yokuququzelela okanye indawo eyintloko yeshishini.
  • Isivumelwano:[ Imikhosi ingavuma ukulawula ngokuvela enkundleni (imbonakalo yojikelezo), ngokuvumelana (ii-games zokhetho), okanye ngokusilela ukubeka into ngaxesha linye.
  • Uqhagamshelwano oluncinci: luvela ulawulo olukhethekileyo xa ummangalelwa efumana ilungelo lokuqhuba imisebenzi ngaphakathi kwe-folum, kwaye ukumangalelwa kuvela kwezo misebenzi. Ulawulo jikelele lubakho xa abamangalelwa bedibana ngokuqhubekeka kwaye belungelelanisiweyo “ngangokokuba basekhaya” kwi-forum (] DAMLER AG v. Bauman, 2014]).
  • Imithetho-ebanzi: Wonke amazwe amisele imimiselo emide yamacala ekwandiseni ukufikelela kweenkundla zawo ukuba zikhuphe abamangalelwa abazenza izenzo ezithile kwilizwe (umz., ebangela umonakalo, ukutshintsha ishishini, okanye ukuba nepropati). Umthetho mawuhambisane nemida yenkqubo efunekayo karhulumente.

2. Uphando lwesihloko (Amandla phezu kohlobo lonobumba)

Imithetho elawula imibandela ibhekisela kwigunya lenkundla lokuva amatyala ohlobo oluthile okanye anxulumene nommandla othile womthetho. Ngokungafaniyo nolawulo lomntu, igunya lombandela lombandela alikwazi ukupheliswa okanye licetywe ngemvume, “‘ ingummiselo ogunyazisiweyo okanye ugwebo olungenziwanga. Umgwebo owenziwe yinkundla engenalo igunya lombandela awunanto.

Kwinkqubo yenkundla ephindiweyo yaseUnited States, igunya lemibandela lahlulwe phakathi kweenkundla zikarhulumente norhulumente:

  • Inkonzo yeFederal Jurisdiction: iinkundla zoMasipala zinemithetho elinganiselweyo yento elawulwayo. Zinokuva amatyala abandakanya:
    • Umbuzo weFeristral Jurisdiction (28.S.C. qhaga 1331]:[[] Ityala elivela phantsi komGaqo-siseko we-omgamthetho, imithetho yesizwe, okanye izivumelwano.
    • Ityala eliphakathi kwabemi bamazwe awahlukeneyo (okanye phakathi kommi wase-U.S. kunye nommi wasemzini) apho imali ekwimpikiswano ingaphezulu lee $75 000 (R1).
    • Admiralty kunye nomkhosi wamanzi: Ityala elibandakanya amanzi anokufumaneka okanye urhwebo lwaselwandle.
    • [[FLT: 0] Bankruptic, Paten, Copyright, and Federal Crimes: Imimandla ethile yemixholo ingunorhulumente kuphela.
  • Isizwe se Jurisdiction: Iinkundla zeRhulumente zinemithetho elawulwa ngokubanzi elawulayo, "inokuva naliphi na ityala elingagcinelwanga iinkundla zikarhulumente ngokukhethekileyo. Oku kubandakanya umthetho wentsapho, iimpikiswano zomnqophiso, ii-tort, iingxwabangxwaba zempahla, kunye neengxwabangxwaba ezininzi zolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Exp vs. Isiqinisekiso sangoku esiququluliweyo: Xa iinkundla zorhulumente norhulumente zombini zinegunya phezu kwetyala (umz., iimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo ezibandakanya umthetho wesizwe), igunya lihambelana. I-paltiff ingakhetha i-forum, enokuba inokususwa ngummangalelwa. Ukususwa kolawulo oluqukayo ````Imvume esemthethweni echasa okanye ukuhlawulwa'/'') kuphela kweenkundla zikarhulumente ezinokumisa umbalo-xanduva.

Ucelomngeni Kumbandela Wokulingwa

Ukugqiba enoba ityala “livele phantsi komthetho karhulumente” linokuba nzima. IiNkundla zisebenzisa umthetho “ophambili othe wabhenela phambili,” ojonge kwisikhalazo sommangaleli kuphela ukubona ukuba lingqina ityala likarhulumente kusini na. Ukuba ukhuseleko lwamagunya luphakanyisiwe, olungavelisi gunya lolawulo lorhulumente. Ngokufanayo, ukulawula ngokwahlukeneyo, amaqela kufuneka ahlukane ngokupheleleyo, akukho mmeli angabelana ngobumi kunye naye nabani na ummangalelwa. Le mithetho yobugcisa idla ngokukhokelela kwiimpikiswano.

3. Uphando lwelizwe (Indawo ebanzi)

Ulawulo lwelizwe, olukwabizwa ngokuba lulawulo lwemimandla, lubhekisa kwindawo ebonakalayo apho iziganeko ezibangela ukumangalelwa zenzeka khona. Ngexa kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nolawulo lomntu ngamnye, kwahlukile: inkundla isenokuba negunya lobuqu kummangalelwa kodwa isenokungabi nalo igunya lelizwe ukuba isiganeko sisenzeka ngaphandle kwemida yayo. Umzekelo, inkundla yetyala likarhulumente eNew York ngokuqhelekileyo ayinakuva ityala lengozi yenqwelo-mafutha eKhalifoniya, ngaphandle kokuba kusebenza imithetho ekhethekileyo yeminxele.

Oothunywashe abaphambili abachaphazela ulawulo lwelizwe baquka:

  • Indawo yentsebenziswano: Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkundla kwingingqi okanye kwisithili apho ungquzulwano okanye ungquzulwano lwenzekile khona inendawo (ingcamango enxulumeneyo kodwa eyahlukileyo). Imithetho ye Venue ```isuka kwigunya--elikhulu elilungileyo inkundla eluncedo ngaphakathi kwegunya.
  • Imisebenzi yeshishini: Umbutho oqhuba ishishini kurhulumente unokuba phantsi kwento efunekayo kulo rhulumente xa kuvela ishishini, nokuba ikomkhulu lawo likwenye indawo.
  • Imithetho ebanzi-umnqakathi:[ Le mithetho inika amandla ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkundla ukuqinisa ulawulo phezu kwabangengobalawuli abazenzayo izinto ezithile kurhulumente, njengokufaka itort, ukungena kwisivumelwano, okanye ukusebenzisa impahla yokwenene. Ziyayandisa ngokunempumelelo ukufikelela kwelizwe.
  • I-Doctrine yeForum Non Convenie: Naxa kukho ulawulo, inkundla ingalilahla ityala ukuba enye ifolom ifanelekile kakhulu, ingakumbi kwiimpikiswano zezizwe ngezizwe.

Izinto Eziphembelela Izigqibo Zokuzeyisa

Iinkundla aziwamkeli ngokuzenzekela onke amatyala abekwe kwiinkundla zazo.

  • Imeko:[ Njengoko kuphawuliwe, ulawulo lwento luxhomekeke ekubeni imeko ibandakanya umthetho wesizwe, ukwahluka-hluka, okanye umthetho wesizwe. Urhwebo oluntsonkothileyo ludla ngokuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga norhwebo lwamazwe aphakathi.
  • Indawo yeParities: Indawo yokuhlala, i-domicale, kunye nendawo eyintloko yeshishini lawo onke amaqela kufuneka iqwalaselwe. Ukulawula kolwahluka-hlukeneyo, ubumi beqela ngalinye bunqunyulwe njengomhla okugcinwa ngawo ityala.
  • Amalungiselelo afundisayo: Iingqungquthela kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zisoloko zisetyenziswa ngokwemithetho ye-antex present. Umzekelo, iCadesition Action Fairness Act ka-2005] Act yandisa ulawulo lwezizwe ngeendawo kumsebenzi omkhulu.
  • Imodeti Yommiselo: IsiHlanzi seMimiselo yesihlanu neyeshumi elinesine sikhusela abantu ekufunyanweni kwinkundla ekude ngaphandle konxibelelwano olwaneleyo kwinkupho. Iinkundla zisebenzisa uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo ukuvavanya okusesikweni, ziqwalasela umthwalo kummangalelwa, umdla karhulumente wokuchaza impikiswano, nomdla womntu oqhelekileyo ekufumaneni uncedo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ifakelwe kwimpikiswano: Imimiselo emininzi ifuna umqobo wemali omncinci (umz. $75,000 zolawulo olwahlukileyo). Ukuba ixabiso aliqinisekanga, inkundla inokuba nento ecacileyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] . . . Abameli kufuneka baphakamise iimpikiswano zolawulo kwasekuqaleni, ngokuqhelekileyo kuncedo oluphendulayo okanye intshukumo yangaphambi kwempendulo. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo kungaphazamisa ukhuseleko. Noko ke, ulawulo lwento lunganyuswa nangaliphi na ixesha, kwanakwisibheno.

Ukubaluleka Kokutyholwa Kwinkqubo Engokwasemthethweni

Umthetho ubalulekile.

  • Imithetho ye-Julistion inqanda abamangalelwa ukuba banyanzele abamangalelwa ukuba bahambe imigama emide ukuze bazikhusele. Baqinisekisa ukuba amatyala avalwa kwindawo enonxibelelwano olufanelekileyo kwimpikiswano.
  • ubuchule kunye noMphathiswa wezakhono: ulawulo olufanelekileyo luyakuphepha ukuphindwa kunye nemithetho engqubanayo. Xa ityala ligcinwa enkundleni engalunganga, liyagxothwa okanye lidluliselwe, kugcinwe ugcino-lwazi lwezomthetho. Noko ke, igunya lale mithetho lingakhokelela ekuthengeni e-into/kodwa oku kulawulwa ngokudluliswa kwe-ofisi kunye neemfundiso ezizinzileyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imithetho ejolisekileyo kunye nokungaguquguquki: izigqibo ze Julidical ngokwazo ziba yimizekelo. Iimeko ezifana International International Shoe, [[FLT]], [[FLT]] Dapler, kunye Briston- SSBSCCO. V. Inkundla enkulu) ijijenge imiba yolawulo yobuqu, iphembelela amawaka ezigqibo ezigqitywe zilandelayo.
  • Ukwahlula-hlula kwaMagunya:[ Isigqibo silinganisela amandla eenkundla ngokunxulumene neendlu zowiso-mthetho kunye namagunya aphezulu. Inkundla egqitha igunya layo lolawulo ngaphandle kwendima yayo engokomGaqo-siseko. Oku kuhlola umlinganiselo wamandla phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente.
  • UbuFaderali: E-U.S., ulawulo lumisa umda phakathi korhulumente negunya lorhulumente. Ihlonela ulawulo lwamazwe ngokuvumela ukuba zimisele imithetho yazo ngexesha iqinisekisa ubungangamsha bolawulo apho izilangazelelo zesizwe zisengozini.

Ucelomngeni Lokungaqiniseki

Nangona imigaqo emiselwe kakuhle, imibuzo yemithetho elawulayo idla ngokuphakama kwimiba entsonkothileyo.

Iindidi Ezininzi Nezenzo Zodidi

Izenzo zodidi eziqhele ukubandakanya amawaka eenkqubo eziqhelekileyo ezivela kumaphondo ahlukeneyo. Phantsi koMthetho weCadia Action Fairness, ulawulo lwezwe lusoloko ludibanisa ukuba kukho iinguqu ezincinane kwaye ixabiso lempikiswano lingaphaya kwama-5 ezigidi zezigidi ze-5. Noko ke, ukumisela ubumi bamalungu eklasi angachazwanga ngamalungu kusenokuba luxanduva, kwaye iimpikiswano malunga nokungalawuleki komelo ngamanye amaxesha zinokungaqondakali kolawulo.

Umgca Onqamlezeneyo Nemiqathango Yezizwe Ngezizwe

Ihlabathi lonke lorhwebo kunye ne-Internet ivelise ii-Pixel ze-Pixel ezintsha. Umzekelo, i-website efikelelekayo kuwo onke amazwe angama-50 ingathoba umnini wayo kulawulo lobuqu kulo naliphi na ilizwe, kuxhomekeka kwinqanaba lokusebenza nokujolisa. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Walden v. Fiore [iiiiindlela] (ichaza kakuhle ukuba uqhagamshelwano lommangalelwa kufuneka lube norhulumente ngokwawo, hayi nje kwi-parftiff ehlala apho. Kumongo yamazwe ngamazwe, izivumelwano ezifana neNgqungquthela yenkonzo yeHague-emo ilawula inkonzo kumazwe aphesheya, kunye nemfundiso yeempembelelo ze-comormagents, nokuba ngaba ngaba u-US.

I-intanethi kunye nemisebenzi yamanani

Iinkampani zekhompyutha ezisebenzisanayo zijongene nemithetho elawulayo. “oonobumba abancinane” bavavanya imisebenzi ye-intanethi: ii-website ezingekho mthethweni ezithi nje zithumele ulwazi olunqabileyo, kodwa iinxuwa ezisebenzisanayo ezivumela ukuthengwa, ukukhutshelwa, okanye ukubhalelwa rhoqo. INkundla ePhakamileyo isamele inikel idilesi ngokupheleleyo kwisizukulwana samanani, ishiya iinkundla ezisezantsi zisebenzise imizekelo yezolwazi olutsha.

Iinguqu Neendawo Ezingekhoyo

Kwanaxa kukho igunya, inkundla ingalikhupha ityala phantsi kwemfundiso yeforum engangeni mvume ukuba iprojekthi yangaphandle ifanelekile. Le mfundiso iqhelekile kwiimeko ze-tort yamazwe ngamazwe, njengeengozi zenqwelo-moya okanye ii-injini eziquka amaqumrhu angaphandle. Ngokuchasene noko, ngaphakathi e-U.S., inkundla ingalidlulisela elinye ityala kwisithili phantsi kwama-28 U.S.C. . 76 1404(a) ukwenzela ukunceda amaqela namangqina, ukuba inkundla yenkundla ifuduselwe kwenye indawo i-ofisi yelizwe iyakwazi ukulidlulisela imvume.

Imithetho yemo ejikelezayo yemo ende-umphunga

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe eziqhubeka zithumela imimiselo emide yezandla ukwandisa okanye ulawulo lwesivumelwano. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe ngoku alawula ulawulo phezu kwabangengowomphathi abazenza ngamabomu ii-torts, njengentlondi, ebangela umonakalo kurhulumente. Umthetho-siseko wolwandiso olunjalo usoloko ucelw ’ umngeni.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda igunya lomthetho kubalulekile nabani na ohamba ngemithetho yenkqubo esemthethweni. (nokuba ngumfundi, umfundisi, umfundisi, okanye ugqirha.) ISityholo siqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zisebenza kwisikhundla sazo esigunyazisiweyo, ukuba abamangalelwa abathwaliswayo ngokungeyomfuneko, kwaye amatyala aconjululwe ngendlela esesikweni nefanelekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yomthetho, imibandela ephantsi, kunye nolawulo lwelizwe lwelizwe kudala isiseko esilungelelanisa amalungelo abantu kunye negunya likarhulumente. Njengoko ubugcisa kunye norhwebo luqhubeka lunciphisa imigama, imithetho engundoqo iya kuphembelela ngokungenakuthintelwa, kodwa inkqubo engundoqo, ulawulo lolawulo, ulawulo, kunye nokulungaguquguquki---kanga-kanga-kuhlala njalo. Ngokuqonda okungundoqo, omnye ufumana uxabiso olunzulu kwiinkundla zokugqiba ukuba kutheni ukuva iinkundla zemeko kodwa nokuqonda kakuhle kwendlela ezilawula inkqubo yezomthetho-Melika.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i yeNtetho yoLwazi lwemithetho yeNtobelo yeQumrhu loLawulo, ingcaciso esemthethweni yemithetho yenkundla yequmrhu , kunye ne Inqaku loMthetho weJournal Julidiction [[[FLT]]