Ukuqonda indlela yokuzikhusela ekuzimelanga ngokusemthethweni, apho kukho ukungalingani, kunye namanyathelo afunekayo athetha umahluko phakathi kwengxelo ephumelelayo kunye nokumangalelwa okuthintelweyo. Eli nqaku linikela uhlalutyo olucacileyo olugunyazisiweyo lwezikhundla ezifanelekileyo ezingokwasemthethweni, ezigqugqisileyo, iimvelaphi zalo, iinkonzo zale mihla, iinkonzo ezingundoqo, kunye nokuqwalaselwa okusebenzayo kwe-Placterpoint.

Yintoni Umanyano Olungalawulekiyo?

ISekela-mthetho we-Ecurent wokhuselo lombuso ulandela imvelaphi yawo kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, apho ukumkani wayengenakumangalelwa kwiinkundla zakhe. Le mfundiso yayisekelwe kwingcamango yokuba umlawuli ````umthombo opheleleyo womthetho') akakwazi ukubekwa phantsi kwenkqubo esemthethweni ngaphandle kwemvume. Xa iUnited States isekwa, oorhulumente besizwe kunye norhulumente bawuzuza ngokutsha ngelifa lo mzimba wokhuseleko, nangona yayingenako ukupheliswa ngokupheleleyo. Namhlanje, ukukhusela kolawulo lwezomthetho kulawulwa ngamagunya, amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, kunye neenkcazelo ezigweba.

Isizathu sokukhusela ukhuseleko lolawulo oluphezulu siquka ukukhusela ubuncwane bukarhulumente, ukukhusela ukuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi karhulumente, nokuvumela urhulumente ukuba anike izinto ngaphandle kokuziphikisa okungapheliyo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi zingawashiya amaxhoba ngaphandle kokucela uncedo, ingakumbi xa urhulumente ngokwakhe ebangele umonakalo. Ngenxa yoko, iintsebenzi-mthetho zowiso-mthetho ziye zayila ngaphandle komthetho, kodwa ezi zinto zahluka-hluka ngokubanzi.

Umanyano/umanyano. Ulawulo oluphezulu lweRhulumente

Kumgangatho karhulumente, urhulumente wase-U.S. unandipha ukukhusela okubanzi ngaphandle kokuba uyavuma ukuba umangalelwe. Ummangali oyintloko nguMthetho weFederal Tort Inteatess (FTCA). Noko ke, ama-United States anemithetho yawo yokuzikhusela engokwasemthethweni, enokuthi ifakwe kwimithetho-siseko karhulumente, imimiselo, okanye umthetho oqhelekileyo. Amanye amazwe athe aphazamisa ngokupheleleyo ukhuseleko lomzimba ukuba luthethe, ngoxa amanye egcina imida engqongqo. Lo msebenzi udala ibala elintsonkothile elintsonkothileyo lokubulala abantu abafayo.

Ukudibana Kwenkosi Kumatyala Okufa Aphosakeleyo

Kukho amatyala okufa okungachananga xa umntu esifa ngenxa yokungakhathali, ukungakhathali, okanye isenzo somnye. Xa "enye" iyinto ekhoyo karhulumente okanye umqeshwa, ukhuseleko lomntu oluzimeleyo lungumqobo wokuqala. Iintsapho kufuneka zigqibe ukuba urhulumente uluyekele ukhuseleko lohlobo oluthile lwehambo olubangele ukufa. Umzekelo, ukuba ukuqhuba kwepolisa ngenkathalo kubulala umntu ohamba ngenqwelo-moya, intsapho yexhoba ingangena kusini na phantsi kwesenzo esithile, kodwa kuphela ukuba igosapho sisebenza kumsebenzi wempangelo.

Ingxaki yeyokuba izenzo ezininzi zikarhulumente zithathwa "zingathathi-nxaxheba"------application mentmentmentment zeenkcukacha(ndiswe zigosa.) Izenzo zolungiselelo (abo balandela inkqubo emiselweyo) zidla ngokubekwa phantsi kwemigaqo. Iinkundla zidla ngokuhlula lo mahluko, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiziphumo ezingaqondakaliyo. Kwezinye iimeko, iintsapho zishiywa ngaphandle konyango naxa ityala likarhulumente licacile.

Umsebenzi Wobulumko Okhethekileyo

Urhulumente norhulumente wenza izinto ezingekhoyo ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokusebenzisa ingqiqo yomqeshwa karhulumente, enoba iqhinga lasetyenziswa kakubi okanye akunjalo. Oku kukhetha kukhusela izigqibo ezibandakanya ukuqwalaselwa kwenkqubo, njengokuyila indlela, apho kubekwa khona imiqondiso yezithuthi, okanye iyiphi imithetho ekhuselekileyo emele isetyenziswe. Noko ke, ukuba umqeshwa uyisebenzisa ngokungakhathaleli inkqubo (umz., uyasilela ukugcina indlela ngokwenkqubo), ukuchasana nokungasebenzisi. Ukuqonda le migaqo kusenokungachaphazeli kwigqhinga lokufa.

UMthetho we-Federal Tort (FTCA) njengoMqathango oNqamlezileyo

IFTCA, eyamiselwa ngowe-1946, iphazamisa ukukhusela urhulumente okulawulayo ngenxa yokuhlasela abasebenzi bephondo abasebenza ngaphandle kwenkathalo okanye ngokuphosakeleyo. Phantsi kweFTCA, amatyala aphosakeleyo athenjiswa ngokungathi urhulumente ngumntu wabucala phantsi komthetho welizwe apho le ntlekele yenzeke khona. Noko ke, lo Mgaqo uquka imiqathango ebalulekileyo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukudinwa kolawulo: Abamangali kufuneka kuqala bafake ingxelo yolawulo olululo nolawulo olululo olukwisebe likarhulumente kwiminyaka emibini emva kokufa. Ukuba umbutho ukhanyela ityala okanye akathathi nyathelo kwinyanga ezintandathu, ummangaleli uyakwazi ukumangalela kwinkundla yesizwe.
  • Akukho matyala agwebayo: Amatyala eFTCA avavanywa kumgwebi, hayi kwijaji.
  • [[NTLA:0] Akukho lahleko yesohlwayo: Urhulumente akanako ukubekwa kwityala lomonakalo wesohlwayo, olinganisela imbuyekezo kwilahleko yezoqoqosho neyoqoqosho njengeendleko zezamayeza, iindleko zomngcwabo, ukulahlekelwa yingeniso, neentlungu nokubandezeleka.
  • I-torts ezibhadliweyo: Inkoliso yetorts zamaqhinga (assault, ibhetri, ukuvalelwa entolongweni kobuxoki) ziyasuswa ngaphandle kwalezo zenziwa ngabanyanzeli bomthetho. Ukufa okuphosakeleyo, ukuba ukufa kubangelwa sisenzo sengozi, iFTCA ingasebenza ukuba umqeshwa usebenza kwisikhundla somsebenzi.

IFTCA isisixhobo esinamandla, kodwa imiqobo yayo engundoqo ingqongqo. Ukusilela ukubeka izibhengezo zolawulo ezifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo zibophelelelo zamacala okumangalela ngonaphakade. Umzekelo, McNeil v. United States, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela ekubeni ukumangalelana ngaphambi kokugqiba inkqubo yolawulo kuphambi kwexesha kwaye isuti mayipheliswe. Amatyala kufuneka alandele ngenyameko iU.C.C.

Izenzo zoLawulo nezokudlala zeRhulumente

Amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela iinguqulelo zawo zeFTCA, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-State Tort Athiess Acts (STCAS), ezithi zikhuselwe zi-torts ezithile kuquka ukufa okuphosakeleyo. Noko ke, ubungakanani buyehluka kakhulu. Amanye amazwe, njengoKhalifoniya ne New York, anemida eninzi evumela ukufa okungalunganga kuvumela ityala elichasene norhulumente, ukuba kuqwalaselwe kwaye konakaliswe iintambo. Abanye, njengo Georgia noVirginia, bagcina ukhuseleko oluqinileyo kunye nomlinganiselo othe kratya kwimigaba encinane.

Ngokomzekelo, uMthendeleko kaRhulumente waseKhalifoniya ufuna isaziso esibhaliweyo sokuba urhulumente uzakugcinwa netyala kwiinyanga ezintandathu emva kokufa (okanye unyaka omnye kwimibutho ethile yasekuhlaleni). Ukungathobeli ukulahlekelwa lilungelo lokukhohliswa. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iTexas isohlwaye ukhuseleko lokonakaliswa kwempahla kodwa kungekhona ngenxa yomonakalo wobuqu okanye ukufa okuphosakeleyo kwiimeko ezininzi, ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uthenge i-inshorensi yetyala. I-Florida i-inshorensi yowiso-mthetho ethile, kodwa kuphela ukuba ithe yabekwa kwimida yexesha elithile.

Amatyala kufuneka ajonge imithetho ekhethekileyo yelizwe apho ukufa kwenzeka khona. Urhulumente uninzi ufuna isaziso sangaphambi kokuba kufikelelwe iqumrhu likarhulumente, ngokufuthi phakathi kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kuma-90, ezimfutshane kakhulu kunomthetho oqhelekileyo wemiqathango yeento zokuphatha zabucala. Igqwetha elinamava eliqhelene neenkqubo ezizingxengxezo zikarhulumente liyimfuneko.

Izityholo zomGaqo-siseko ezithi zibekwe phantsi kwecandelo 1983

Ukongeza kwingxelo yomthetho-siseko, iintsapho zingazisa isenzo samalungelo abantu sorhulumente phantsi 42 U.S.C. . . . 1983 ngokufa okuphosakeleyo okubangelwa kukwaphulwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko womqeshwa. Umzekelo, ukuba ipolisa lisebenzisa amandla agqithisileyo abangela ukufa, umhlaba ungayekelela ngokobuqu ngenxa yokwaphula uLawulo lweSine. Noko ke, iqumrhu lorhulumente ngokwalo linokuba nelungelo lokufa kuphela ukuba uphulwe ngumgaqo-mthetho, isiko, okanye ukungaphumeleli koqeqesho ([FLT.[FLT:]]]] mfundiso egqithisileyo). Ulawulo lwezolawulo aluyi kuba ne-Icandelo ngalinye loMdipolithi nxamnye nookanye nabaphathi-1998, kodwa lungakhuselwa ngaphandle kokuba lumiselwe kakuhle.

Izahlukano Kulawulo Olusebukhosini

Ngapha koko iFTCA nemeko karhulumente ithi yenza izinto ezithile, kukho ezinye ezinokuvumela ukufa okuphosakeleyo kuthethwe ngokuchasene norhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zingaqhelekanga kungundoqo ekukheni imeko.

1. Inkonzo eqhutywa ngabaqeshwa bakaRhulumente

Inkoliso ye-tort ikhusela ukungazikhathaleli okuqhelekileyo kwabasebenzi abakwindawo yomsebenzi. Imizekelo iquka umqhubi webhasi obangela ingozi ebulalayo, umongikazi wesibhedlele onika impazamo ebulalayo yamayeza, okanye iqela elilungisa indlela elisilela ukuvala umngxuma oyingozi. Ukufa kumele ukuba kubangelwa kukungakhathali, kwaye umqeshwa umele ukuba ube wenza ngendlela engeyongozi.

2. Ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, iCandelo 1983 livumela ukuchatshazelwa kokufa okubangelwa kukuphulwa komgaqo-siseko, njengokusetyenziswa kwegunya okugqithisileyo, ukukhanyelwa kwempilo ezintolongweni, okanye ucalucalulo.

3. Izicwangciso zeMithetho

Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ekhusela ukunqanda ukuthintelwa kwemisebenzi ethile karhulumente, enjengokusetyenziswa kwezibhedlele, kwizikhululo zenqwelo-moya, okanye kwizikhewu zikawonke-wonke. Ukuba ukufa kwenzeka kwisibhedlele esidutyulwa ngurhulumente ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kwezamayeza, urhulumente unyangwe njengaso nasiphi na isibhedlele ngenxa yetyala.

4. Imfundiso Yemibandela Kawonke - wonke

Amanye amaphondo asebenzisa imfundiso yenkonzo kawonke-wonke, ethi urhulumente ubophelele imbopheleleko kuwonke-wonke, kungekhona kubantu abathile abakhethekileyo. Kukufa okuphosakeleyo, oku kungasithela ngaphandle kokuba umchasi-mthetho angabonisa "ulwalamano olukhethekileyo" norhulumente, njengaxa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuthe kwathatha imbopheleleko yokukhusela umntu othile (umz., ingqina eliphantsi kokhuseleko). Le mfundiso idla ngokungqubana nomgangatho ophezulu, idala omnye umqobo.

5. Imisebenzi yorhulumente

Ngokwembali, amatyala ahlula imisebenzi yeproprietary (njengeshishini) kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente (njengeyobupolisa). I-mmmonity yalahlwa kuphela ngenxa yemisebenzi yokuzilolonga. Amaphondo amaninzi aye awuphelisa lo mahluko, kodwa amanye axhomekeke kuwo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba isixeko siqhuba ipaki nomqeshwa ongakhathaliyo ubangela ingozi ebulalayo, umsebenzi unokuba yiproprietary ukuba ipaki ikhohlawulwe, ngoxa ipaki yesisa isenokuba ngurhulumente.

Iziphumo ezicacileyo zamaPlaintiff

Ukucela ukubulawa kwabantu abafayo ngempumelelo kurhulumente kufuna ukubambelela ngenyameko kwimithetho ebhaliweyo. Kwanokuba ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo luyasebenza ngaphandle kokuba lusetyenziswe, ukungaphumeleli ukulandela inkqubo echanekileyo kunokubulala.

Phawula Iimfuno Zokuxela

Phantse wonke urhulumente onento yokuzithethelela ufuna isaziso esisemthethweni sokuvalwa nento ekhoyo karhulumente phambi kokuba ifanele ilungiswe. Esi saziso kufuneka siquke iinkcukacha zokufa, umhla nendawo, kunye nobungakanani bomonakalo ofunwayo. Umlinganiselo womonakalo ofileyo usoloko mfutshane: amanye amaphondo afuna isaziso kwientsuku ezingama-30, amanye kwientsuku ezingama-90 okanye iinyanga ezintandathu. Ukungalibali ixesha elimiselweyo eliqhelekileyo eliqhelekileyo, nokuba ukufa kuxolelekile.

Imilinganiselo Yokwahlula

I-FTCA ithi, ummiselo wemiqathango yiminyaka emibini ukusuka kumhla okuthethwa ngawo (ngokuqhelekileyo umhla wokufa) ukwenzela intengo yolawulo, kunye neenyanga ezintandathu emva kokukhanyelwa kombutho kwimpahla yefayile. Imimiselo karhulumente iyahluka, ukusuka kwiminyaka enye ukuya kwemitha emithathu ukusuka ekufeni, kodwa imfuneko yesaziso inganyanzela iwindow emfutsha. Kwamanye amazwe, ummiselo usukela ngomhla owenziwe ngawo unobangela wesenzo ufunyaniswe, kodwa ukufa okuphosakeleyo, ukufunyanwa kudla ngokukhawulezileyo.

Ukukhutshwa Konyango Lolawulo

Phantsi kweFTCA nezenzo ezininzi zikarhulumente, abalawuli kufuneka bakhuphe amayeza olawulo phambi kokuya enkundleni. Oku kuthetha ukuvala ityala nombutho, ulinde isigqibo (okanye iinyanga ezintandathu ngaphandle kwesigqibo), kwaye emva koko ufako lwesuti. Ukuqukuqela kuqala ngaphandle kokudinwa kukhokelela ekugxothweni kwenkonzo.

Ukusikelwa Umda

Umthetho omninzi ovumela umonakalo obuyiselweyo nxamnye norhulumente. Umzekelo, iFTCA ivumela uvuselelo lwelahleko yemali efunyenweyo (iindleko zonyango, ukuphulukana nengeniso, iindleko zomngcwabo) kunye nelahleko engeyoyoyoyo yezoqoqosho efana nokulahleka kwe-comium, kodwa ilahleko yemali ayivumelekanga. Amanye amazwe anika iziphumo ezingeyozezezezemali ezingokwasezimalini malunga nemali e-R450 000 okanye ii-R340 000 (R4 000) ngenxa yokuchasana norhulumente. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abamangalelwa banokungajongani nako kusenokungajongana nee-keyikeyibhithi. Oku kunokunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuchachachachana kwabo, nokokuba ityala licacile.

Ukubaluleka Kokucingisiswa Kweentsapho

Ukuba umhlobo wakho ufile ngenxa yokungakhathali kukarhulumente, iintsapho zifanele zithabathe amanyathelo akhawulezileyo.

  • Ubungqina obugciniweyo: Ukufumana iingxelo zamapolisa, iirekhodi zezamayeza, kunye neengxelo zamangqina. Urhulumente angabulawula ubungqina obuninzi, ngoko yenza ngokukhawuleza.
  • Ichaza iqumrhu elilo lingurhulumente: Ingaba ngurhulumente, imo, iphondo, okanye isixeko? Nganye ineenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Kufa korhulumente, i-FTCA iyasetyenziswa; kurhulumente, , zenzo zentengiso zikarhulumente.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imiqathango egqityiweyo yabahlohli: Imisela isaziso sexesha lokugqiba nokubekwa kwemiqathango. Ezininzi zifutshane njengeentsuku ezingama-30. Qhagamshelana negqwetha ngoko nangoko.
  • Umonakalo woxwebhu ngokubanzi: Kuba iziphumo zesiphumo semali zingekho kwaye iikepisi zingasetyenziswa, ziqokelela zonke iindleko zezoqoqosho (ingeniso elahlekileyo, iindleko zomngcwabo, iindleko zezamayeza) kunye neziphumo ezingezozezoqoqosho (iii-los zokhokelo, ubudlelane).
  • Cinga ngokomGaqo-siseko: Ukuba ukufa kubandakanya ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, iCandelo lowe - 1983 lingadala umonakalo ophezulu lize liphephe ezinye iintambo zokhuseleko ezizimeleyo.

Ukusebenza negqwetha elinobuchule kwityala likarhulumente kubalulekile. Amagqwetha amaninzi anikela uphando lwamahlalo kunye nokusebenza ngokuhambelana. Bangaqhuba iinkqubo zolawulo ezintsonkothileyo, baqinisekise ii-arhekhodi ezifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo, bakhe ityala elanelisa umsebenzi okhethekileyo okanye ezinye izikhuselo.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene kunye nophawu lwetyala

Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezisebenzisa ngayo ukhuseleko lobungangamsha kunceda ukulinganisa izithintelo. Feres v. United States [1950], iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathi iFTCA ayigqubutheleli iingozi kumalungu emikhosi exhobileyo ephuma kwimisebenzi yenkonzo.] Le nto ithetha ukuba ilungu lenkonzo alinakugwebela ukufa okuphosakeleyo ukuba isenzeka kumgca wemisebenzi, nokokuba inyanzekile. Le miphumo enzima igxekwe ngokuqatha kodwa ihlala isemthethweni.

Kwiinkundla zelizwe, amatyala afana City of Canton v. Harris (19989) esungulwe ityala likamasipala phantsi kwecandelo 1983 ngenxa yokusilela ukulolonga, okunokukhokelela kwiziphumo zokufa okuphosakeleyo ukuba amapolisa abangele ukungafezeki kokufa. Kutshanje, ukufa kukaBreonna Taylor wabangela utshintsho lwemithetho-mthetho kwamanye amazwe ukunciphisa ukukhusela nokunwenwaba kwemiqathango yobomi obuphosakeleyo obubangelwa ngumthetho.

Umzekelo ophawulekayo wento yempumelelo yokukhusela ukuma kolawulo lomthetho ophezulu yi- Johnson v. Umbuso weKhalifoniya, apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhalifoniya yathi urhulumente unokuba nelungelo lokubeka umntwana ongonwabi nomzali owaziwayo. Inkundla yawugatya umsebenzi wokuzikhusela kuba isigqibo sasisebenza, asisekelwe kwinkqubo. Le meko yavula ucango ukwenzela iisuti ezininzi ezingalunganga zokufa kumaziko entlalo-ntle yabantwana.

Isiphelo

Ukhuseleko lolawulo oluphezulu luhlala lungumqobo omkhulu kwiintsapho ezifuna okusesikweni emva kokufa okuphosakeleyo okubangelwa ngurhulumente. Kodwa imfundiso ayiphelelanga ngokupheleleyo. NgeFTCA, irethingi yephondo, imicimbi, iimfuno zomGaqo-siseko, kunye nomthetho ohlukeneyo, abachaphazelekayo, bangawubeka urhulumente engxengxeni. Impumelelo ixhomekeke ekuqondeni imithetho ethile eqingqiweyo, ukwenza ngokukhawuleza ukuhlangabezana nemisebenzi emiselwe ngumthetho, kwaye ukunyanzelela ukunyanzeleka ukukhusela umsebenzi osemthethweni kunye nezinye izigodlo.

Nangona ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo lukhusela uluntu, alufanele luzibonelele kuzo zonke iingcambu. Utyekelo lwamazwe amaninzi lukukukhuseleko olumxinwa lwemiqhaphu namachiza anwenwayo amaxhoba. Iintsapho akufuneka zingadimazeki ngenxa yokuntsonkotha komthetho; ngokhokelo olusemthethweni olunamava, ziyakwazi ukusebenzisa inkqubo zize zifumane imbuyekezo enika imbeko ukulahlekelwa kwazo zize zikhuthaze ukuphendula kukarhulumente.