Yintoni Ibharagayi YasePlea?

Isibongozo sisivumelwano esisemthethweni kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho phakathi kommangalelwa (ngokufuthi ngomtshutshisi) nomtshutshisi. Kweli lungiselelo, ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ngetyala ``esona sincinci' okanye esinye sezizathu ezininzi(ukutshintshisana ngemvume ethile ekhutshwe ngabatshutshisi. Ezi zivumelwano ziquka isigwebo esincitshisiweyo, ukugxothwa kwezinye izityholo, okanye ukuncomela ukubekwa ityala. Umthetho othelekisa ityala alilo ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko; sisixhobo esisebenzayo esiphuhlisiweyo sokulawula ubuninzi betyala lezaphuli-mthetho. Ivumela iinkundla ukuba ziphephe iinkundla zivavanywe ngokupheleleyo, ezibiza ixesha, nezingaqondangaqondakaliyo. [[FLD:]

Ngoxa ukucenga kusoloko kujongwa njengentengiselwano ecacileyo, ibandakanya iingqwalasela ezintsonkothileyo ezingokwasemthethweni nezingokobuqu. Kubamangalelwa, isigqibo sokwamkela isicelo sithetha ukunikezela ngamalungelo amaninzi omgaqo-siseko, kuquka ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngabachopheli-mthetho, ilungelo lokumelana namangqina, kunye nelungelo lokuzichasa ngokwawo. Iinkundla maziqinisekise ukuba isibongozo singenile [[FLT: 0], ngokuzithandela, kunye nobuchule bokwamkela isicelo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ummangalelwa umele aziqonde izityholo, izigwebo ezinokwenzeka, kunye namalungelo azo aso aso ayazi. Ngokuqhelekileyo iinkundla ziqhuba isibongozo ezibhaliweyo ukuqinisekisa ezi zinto zikhohliweyo ngaphambi kokuba zivume ukumangalelwa.

Iindidi Zeeplea Bargain

IPlea efonetiki asiyiyo isayizi enye. Zidla ngokuwela kwiindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo, nangona umahluko ukhona ngokuxhomekeke kulawulo kunye neenkcazo zetyala. Ukuqonda ezintlobo ziyimfuneko ekuhloleni iinketho ummangalelwa angajongana nazo.

Ukwandiswa kwebhari ejingayo

Le yindlela eqheleke kakhulu. Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ityala elincinane kunelokuqala. Umzekelo, umntu obekwe ityala lokuqhekeza okwesibini angatyhola ukurhoxisa. Ingtshutshiso iluncedo ngokukhusela ukuthembeka ngaphandle kwexesha kunye nendleko yokuvavanywa; ummangalelwa ungenelwa ngokuba nengxelo enzima kakhulu yezaphuli-mthetho kwaye ajongene nesigwebo esilula. Ukugweba kungabandakanya ukunciphisa ityala kumntu orhwebeshelweyo, okuneengcebiso elibalulekileyo lokusebenza, ikhefu, namalungelo oluntu njengovota okanye ukuchola okanye ukuphatha imipu.

Ukugweba

Apha, ummangalelwa ucela ityala kwityala lokuqala kodwa eqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba umtshutshisi uza kuncomela isigwebo esilula kuneso sisenokubekwa emva kwetyala. Ijaji ayibotshelelwanga yimpetho yomtshutshisi, kodwa iqhele ukulandela imigaqo evumelanayo. Ukugweba kunika ummangalelwa isiqinisekiso esithile ngeziphumo, ukunciphisa ubungozi besigwebo esiqatha kwinkundla yabachopheli.

Ukuntsonkotha Kwenyaniso

Inyaniso exhaphakileyo kodwa esasetyenziswa, isenzeka xa ummangalelwa evuma ukuchaza izibakala ezithile xa umtshutshisi engachazi ezinye izibakala ezonakeleyo. Oku kungabumba imigaqo yokugweba okanye ubungqongqo betyala. Umzekelo, kwityala lokurhwebelana ngeziyobisi, ingqwalaselo ingavuma ukuba ummangalelwa unenkitha ethile yeziyobisi, ngoxa umtshutshisi evuma ukungakhankanyi ezinye izinto eziza kubangela ukuba anikwe isigwebo esinyanzelekileyo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ingthsi into yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwenkundla kusenokugqwetha inyaniso.

Olunye uguquko luquka [ ukuthelekisa [ukuguqula ezinye izityholo ezitshintshiweyo] ukunikezela ngetyala lokucela utyala kwenye) kunye izivumelwano zokumangalelwa (apho ityala elisesikweni lixhonywe phantsi kweemeko ezithile). Ukubhexetha kwezi ndlela kuvumela abatshutshisi namagqwetha ukulungisa izisombululo kwimo ezikhethekileyo zemeko nganye.

Inkqubo Yokufumana Ibhatyi

Esi sibongozo asisosiganeko sinye kodwa siyinto elandelelanayo eyenzekayo xa ubanjwa ngesigwebo.

1. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuqala nolungelelwaniso

Emva kokuba bebanjiwe, abatshutshisi bafaka iifayile ezisemthethweni zokumangalela. Kumthetho osemthethweni, ummangalelwa uxelelwa ngezityholo aze acelwe ukungena kwisibongozo (ityala, hayi ityala, okanye ukhuphiswano). Uninzi lwabamangalelwa ekuqaleni lungammangaleli ukuba lungagcini lukhetho lwalo. Eli qonga likwanokuba xa intelekelelo yokuqala ikhupho ikhululekileyo kwincoko. Kwimimandla emininzi, amacandelo okuqala avumela esona sibongozo silungileyo kuba umtshutshisi akakhange anikezi izinto ezibalulekileyo.

Ukufunyaniswa nohlolo

Amacala omabini anikana ubungqina ngokufunyanwa. Igqwetha elithethelelayo lihlola iingxelo zamapolisa, iingxelo zamangqina, ubungqina bokuthethelela, kunye nayo nayiphi na ingxelo yangaphambili yolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kuphanda kubalulekileyo ekuhloleni amandla etyala lomtshutshisi. Ityala elibuthathaka lisenokunika igxalaba lokuzikhusela ukuze lifune ukusetyenziswa ngcono. Okwangoku, abatshutshisi bangasebenzisa ukufumanisa ukunyanzela ummangalelwa ukuba acele uncedo kwangoko, ingakumbi ukuba ubungqina bunamandla. Igqhinga legqwetha lokuzikhusela ekuhloleni ubungozi nengxoxo libalulekile apha.

3. Uxinezeleko

Intetho inokwenzeka ngokungacwangciswanga ngomnxeba, ii-imeyili, okanye iintlanganiso eziqhelekileyo. Igqwetha nomtshutshisi baxubusha izibakala, imvelaphi yommangalelwa, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka. Izinto eziphembelela ingxubusho ziquka ubukhali bolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa, amandla obungqina, igalelo lwexhoba, kunye nemeko yezobupolitika (umtshutshisi obaleka ukubuyisa imvume yokufumana inkxaso-mali). Amagqwetha anamava ayazi ukuba ingcebiso libubugcisa, ukulungele ukukhusela imfuneko yesigqibo ekhawulezayo yokukhusela izilangazelelo zomxhasi.

4. Isivumelwano neKholotha

Ukuba isivumelwano sifikelelwe, kubhalwa phantsi, ngokunjalo kubhalwe phantsi kwiphepha eliqhelekileyo , kwaye kutyikitywe ngummangalelwa, igqwetha elingummeli nomtshutshisi. Isivumelwano sichaza ityala lommangalelwa uza kucela, nayiphi na ingcebiso yesigwebo, kunye neminye imibandela (umz., irente, inkonzo yoluntu). Ummangalelwa ngoko uvela phambi komgwebi, oqhuba isibongozo, ofaka isicelo: umgwebi ubuza imibuzo ukuqinisekisa ukuba isibongozo siqhutywa ngokuzithandela, ummangalelwa uyawaqonda amalungelo arhoxisiwe, kwaye ufumana isizinzi esifanelekileyo sesicelo. Ukuba umgwebi ufumana ukunganyaniseki, basenokusamkela isicelo.

5. Ukugwetywa

Emva kokwamkela isicelo, ijaji ibeka isigwebo. Kwisigwebo sokuthelekisa, ijaji ingalandela ingcebiso kodwa akuyomfuneko ukuba igwebi liyalele. Ijaji ingayalela ingxelo yophando lwangaphambi kokuba ivume, ingakumbi kumatyala ayingozi, ukuqokelela ulwazi olungakumbi ngemvelaphi yommangalelwa. Ukuva isigwebo kunika amaxhoba ithuba lokuthetha (inkcazelo eziphembelelelayo) nokuzithethelela ukunikela ubungqina obungachananga. Iziphumo zingasuka ekuhlolweni nasekusebenzeni kwenkonzo yoluntu ukuya kwixesha lokuvalelwa entolongweni, kuxhomekeke kwisivumelwano nakwisigqibo somgwebi.

Iingenelo Zokufumana Imali

Abaxhasi bezicelo bakhankanya iingenelo eziliqela ezinyanzelisayo ezenza ukuba esi senzo sibe sibalulekileyo kugwebo lwanamhlanje lolwaphulo - mthetho.

Ukuphumelela Nokuncitshiswa Kwenkundla

Iinkundla zithwaxwa ngamatyala. Ityala eligwetywe ngokupheleleyo lingathatha iiveki, lifune abagwebi, abasebenzi benkundla, abagwebi, amagqwetha, namangqina. IPlea ithetha ngokucombulula amatyala ngokukhawuleza, ngokufuthi kwimbonakalo enye yenkundla. Oku kukhulula ubuncwane beetyala ezifuna ukuvavanywa ngenene `````'''''' amatyala anzima kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokucetyiswa, inkqubo ingamisa; abamangalelwa abaninzi banokulinda iinyanga okanye iminyaka ethile entolongweni, kwaye abaxhasi betyala abasayi kuphinda bamangalelwe.

Isiqinisekiso Sesiphumo

Izityholo aziqinisekanga ngokwemvelo. Umtshutshisi angaphulukana netyala elinamandla ngenxa yempazamo okanye inkundla enovelwano. Ummangalelwa ujongene nomngcipheko wokufumana ityala eliphezulu. Isibongozo sinikela iziphumo ezithe ngqo kumacala omabini. Kubamangalelwa, oku kuqinisekileyo kusenokuba yingenelo engqondweni; bayakwazi oko bamele bakulindele kwaye baqalise ukuqhuba isigwebo sabo okanye baqhubeke nobomi babo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwesigwebo nezona zinokusetyenziswa

I-Plea idla ngokuvumela abamangalelwa − ingakumbi izaphuli-mthetho ezikwiqondo lokuqala okanye eliphantsi eliphantsi − ukuphepha izigwebo eziqatha ezingowona mqathango. Umzekelo, umenzi wobubi weziyobisi ongenazo ugonyamelo angafumana uvavanyo kunye nonyango lweziyobisi endaweni yexesha elide lasentolongweni. Oku kunganciphisa ukusetyenziswa kobuhlanga ngokuthetha ngeengxaki ezifana nokukhotyokiswa. Ngaphezu koko, ukwenziwa kwesicelo kunganceda abamangalelwa baphephe iziphumo ezikhuselekileyo, ezinjengokuphulukana namalungelo okuvota, ubunzima bokufumana umsebenzi, okanye ukugxothwa kwabo bangengobantu abangoowe-fazi.

Ukusebenzisana Nobungqina

I-Plea ingenza abamangalelwa bangenele imigaqo yomthetho enyanzelisa ukuba banyanzeliswe kwizaphuli-mthetho ezinzulu. Ummangalelwa obekwe ityala lendima encinane kwingxolo yeziyobisi angatyhola ityala kwaye anikele ubungqina ngokuchasene ne-monapin xa enikwa isigwebo esincitshisiweyo. Oku “kubetha nge-"e-agrount" kusisixhobo esinamandla sokususa ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, abaphathi-ziyobisi, kunye neenkqubo zokuqhatha ngeziyobisi eziphekethelwe yi-pea.

Iingozi Zokufumana Imali

Nangona kusetyenziswa imigaqo eluncedo, ukucel ’ umngeni kuye kwabhenca ngokuqatha kubaphengululi abangokwasemthethweni, abameli bamalungelo abantu namaqela amaxhoba.

Ukukhuselwa Kwabantu Abangenatyala

Okona kugxekwa kukhathazayo kukuba abantu abamsulwa bamangalelwa ngetyala lokuphepha umngcipheko wesigwebo esiqatha ukuba baya kuvavanywa baze baphulukane. Oku kwaziwa “njengomahluko phakathi kwesigwebo somthetho”" umahluko phakathi kwesigwebo esinikelwayo kwisibongozo naso emva kokugwetywa. Umzekelo, ummangalelwa ojongene netyala eliphantsi elingu-10 leminyaka, anganikwa isibongozo esincinane ngeminyaka emithathu. Nokuba bakholelwa ukuba bamsulwa, ingcinezelo yokuthabatha uxanduva inokuba lukhulu. Uninzi lwetyala lokungaqiniseki (umz., kubungqina be-DNA) ubonise abantu abamsulwa abasebenzisa izibongozo, maxa wambi ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho abakhange bayenze. Iprojective ibhalwe iimeko ezininzi ezinjalo.

Ukungalingani Nokungalingani

Ukuthelekisa kunakho ukunyusa umahluko wobuhlanga kunye nomahluko wentlalo. Abamangalelwa abancinane basenokuba noxhaso oluncinci okanye bafumane intsebenziswano encinane ngenxa yekhethe elicacileyo okanye imiba elawulayo. Abamangalelwa abanobutyebi bayakwazi ukuhlawula amagqwetha azimeleyo athetha bhetele, ngoxa abaxhasi boluntu besoloko besebenza kakhulu kwaye bekhutshelwa phantsi kwemithombo yentlalo-ntle. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abamangalelwa-Black Bamnyama basenokuba banokufumana uncitshiswa kwetyala, kwaye maxa wambi abamangalelwayo bafumana izigwebo ezindezelelweyo ezingakumbi kwizicelo ezithelekisa abamhlophe ngenxa yezenzo ezifanayo.

Ukungabikho kokuBhalisa

I-Plea ithelekisa emva kweminyango evaliwe, ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa nguwonke-wonke. Izibakala zetyala zisenokungadluliselwa ngokupheleleyo enkundleni evulekileyo. Amaxhoba asenokuziva echaphazelekile, njengoko igalelo lawo lingasoloko liqwalaselwa ngqo. Uluntu lunomdla wokuqonda indlela okusesikweni okusetyenziswa ngayo, kodwa ukwenziwa kwezicelo kusenokufihla amaqhinga okanye ukugxelezela okungancedisi uluntu. Ukungafumaneki kwengxelo ebhaliweyo kukwakukwasikelwe imiqathango yokuzincina, kukwenza kube nzima ukuvavanya iinkolelo ezingekho bulungisa.

Ukuphosa Isidima Samalungelo Okuvavanywa

Xa amatyala angaphezu kwama-90% ephela ekucelweni ngetyala, ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala liba yinto ethethwa ngabo bamangalelwayo. Le nkqubo ibohlwaya abo basebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuvavanywa “ngesohlwayo setyala.". Ezinye iingcali ezingokwasemthethweni ziphikisa oku kuthethwa kuMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weSithandathu. Ngaphezu koko, isicelo sokucengceleza sinciphisa ukuchanabeka kukawonke-wonke kubungqina neempikiswano ezibumba umthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho, zinciphisa imisebenzi yokuthintela kunye nemfundo yezilingo.

Ukufumana Imali Kwimiqathango Engafaniyo

Ukucel ’ umngeni akufani ehlabathini lonke; kusekelwe kwizithethe ezingokwasemthethweni, kwimithetho engokwesithethe nakwisimo sengqondo esingokwesithethe ngokusesikweni.

I-United States

I-United States yinkokeli yehlabathi ekucebiseni. Njengoko kuphawuliwe, malunga nama-95% olwezo lukarhulumente norhulumente asuka kwizicelo ezinetyala. Inkqubo yorhulumente inemigaqo esesikweni yokugweba edala “imilinganiselo” yezolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho, apho abagwebi basebenza khona. Kodwa abatshutshisi bayakwazi ukunikela iintengiso ezinokutshintsha isigwebo ngendlela ephawulekayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ixhase ukukhutshelwa kwesicelo, ngokukodwa Brady v. United States[FLT:] (1970) kunye [FLT:] ne-[FLT] SANLLL. New York[FF:3], kodwa iqaphele ukugunyaza kwayo.

Ukuze ufumane ushwankathelo olubanzi loqheliselo lwesicelo semali karhulumente, bona iSebe leMithetho yeJaji yePrinciples yeFederal Prosection.

I-United Kingdom

INgilani neWales zisebenzisa inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo eyaziwa ngokuba “yi-plea kunye nolawulo lokuchola amatyala” (PCMH). Emva kokungxolisa kokuqala, ummangalelwa uyacelwa ukuba abonise isibongozo. Ukuba babonisa isibongozo esinetyala kwangoko, bangafumana isigwebo esingaphantsi (ukuya kwisithathu sonciphiso). Inkqubo icetyiswa kwaye ijolise ekulinganiseni ubuchule kunye nokulunga ngokusesikweni. I-Plea ithetha ngokubonakala ku-US/* ngetyala elibanzi. I-UK ineBhunga elinomthetho elinomyalelo omncinane onika imigaqo yokungalingani. UK umahluko ongundoqo ngowokuba uthintela isibongozo xa umSristoli egcina ingenatyala; isibongozo zokwenyaniso.

Amanye Amazwe

Amazwe amaninzi omthetho wamakhaya, anjengeJamani, iFransi ne-Itali, aye asungula iindlela zokufaka isicelo (ngokufuthi zibizwa ngokuba “iinkqubo zokudityaniswa kwemali” okanye“imiyalelo esetyenziswayo”). Ezi zinto zibandakanya izivumelwano zobude besigwebo kunokuba zibekwe ityala, kwaye ijaji inendima ephambili ekuqinisekiseni ukuba uxanduva lulungile. EJapan, isicelo sokufaka isicelo saziswa ngokusemthethweni kuphela ngo-201818, silinganiselwe kulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile lwezoqoqosho kunye netyala lokunganyaniseki, kwaye asivumeli ukubhexelelwa. Amanye amazwe, njengeIndiya, anezicelo ezilinganiselweyo, ukugweba, ezithintela ukuthwala isigwebo sokufa okanye ukuvalelwa kobomi. Ngokucacileyo, njengaseTshayina naseSaudia awabina, angenayo iprojelo yokwenziwa ngokucwangco oluqhelekileyo, nangona oko kunokwenzeka.

Ukuqwalaselwa Okusemthethweni

I-Plea ithelekisa iphakamisa imibuzo enzulu yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Amagqwetha okhuselo kufuneka ahambe kakuhle phakathi kokucebisa abaxhasi bawo ukuba bamkele ulwamkelo oluyingenelo kunye nokugcina ukuzilawula komthengiyo ukukhetha ityala. Imithetho yehambo yobuchule ifuna amagqwetha anxibelelane zonke iintelekelelo nokuchaza iintsingiselo zazo, kodwa hayi kubaxhasi bengcinezelo. I-American Bar Association inika izikhundla zomthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho [ ezifakelwe izicelo zengxoxo.

Abatshutshisi banembopheleleko yokufuna okusesikweni, hayi iinkolelo nje. Oku kuthetha ukuba abamele basebenzise izisongelo ezingqwabalala zokunyanzela izityholo, kwaye kufuneka batyhile ubungqina bokungxengxeza (izinto zobuGcisa) kwanaxa kucelwa isicelo. Xa abatshutshisi bengaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nezi zibopheko zemithetho esesikweni, isibongozo esiphumezekileyo singaphelelwa. Ingqiqo esemthethweni ‘ yokufumana isiluleko” ikwandiswa ukucenga: i-Lafler v. (20) kunye [[FLT:] nesouris. Fry.[FLT] [FLT] [12] [12], iNkuvom.[12], iNkuvoso] ephakamileyo, eyayinomqondiso wokufaneleka ekuthetheni, nokufumana ingxengxele ekuye.

Utshintsho Neenkcubeko Zexesha Elizayo

Ukugxekwa kwezibongozo ezicetyiweyo kuye kwakhuthaza izicelo zotshintsho. Amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa “iinkqubo ezivulekileyo” zokufumana izinto, apho abatshutshisi babelana ngobungqina belo xesha, ukucutha ibala lokudlala. Abanye baye banciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezivakalisi eziphantsi kwemiqathango, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kumatyala. Amaqela ambalwa aye azama“ ukucebisa iikhomishini” okanye ukujongana nenkundla ukunyusa ukubonakala nokulunga. Kukho inkxaso ekhulayo yokuvala ukuthethwa kwetyala okuthe ngqo kwiindidi ezithile (ezinje ngolwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo) ukuze kuthintelwe ukusetyenziswa kwe-chartical.

Iinkqubo zobulungisa ezibuyiselwayo zinika enye indlela egxininisa incoko yamaxhoba kunye nokulungisa uluntu, ngamanye amaxesha iphambukisa imiba ukusuka kwizicelo zesithethe zokuthelekisa ngokupheleleyo. Ubuxhakaxhaka bukwadlala indima: uhlolo lomngcipheko lungasetyenziswa ukwazisa isibongozo, kodwa zizisa inkxalabo yazo ngokukhetha nokungakhethi buso. I-American Civil Liberesties Union (ACLU) ibize i- i-unika inani le-ast project[ ngokulinganisela umlinganiselo wesicelo sokucenga nokuqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvavanywa linentsingiselo.

Imfundo esemthethweni iyatshintsha; izikolo ngoku zifundisa ubuchule bomthetho bokunxibelelana kunye nokucela ukucetyiswa, zilungiselela amagqwetha exesha elizayo ukuba ahambe kule ndawo intsonkothileyo ngemilinganiselo enzima. Njengoko abantu besiya beqonda, imfuneko yenkqubo esesikweni nebonisayo isenokuqhubeka ilawula indlela esetyenziswa ngayo izicelo zokuthelekisa.

Isiphelo

I-Plea ingunogada oneziphelo ezibini. Inceda inkqubo yobulungisa ukuba iqhubeke iimeko zetyala nyaka ngamnye ngempumelelo elinganiselweyo, inika iingenelo ezifana nezivakalisi ezicuthiweyo kunye nokuvalwa kwamaxhoba. Kodwa ikwadala uxinzelelo olukhulu kubamangalelwa, lungakhokelela ekukhohliseni, kwaye lusoloko luqinisekisa ukungalingani kwenkqubo ekhoyo. Ukuqonda izicelo akuyonto nje esemthethweni; kubalulekile nabani na ofuna ukuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho olucuphiweyo, njengommangalelwa, igqwetha, igosa, igosa, okanye ummeli. Uqheliso luza kuhlala lusemgangathweni wolwaphulo-mthetho kwixesha elizayo elibonakeleyo, kodwa uhlobo lwalo aluyi kuxhomekeke ekulungiseni ngokusesikweni. Ukufuna ubunzulu obuthe kokugqibela, [FL:]