Ukwazisa: Isiseko Esisemthethweni Sonyango Olulinganayo

Ukulingana kumi njengenye yezibophelelo ezichazayo zolawulo-demokhrasi lwale mihla. Asiyonto nje engqinelanayo kodwa ngumgaqo osisiseko womthetho onyanzela ukuba baphathe bonke abantu ngenkxalabo nentlonelo efanayo. Esona sizathu sawo, ingqiqo esemthethweni yokulingana ifuna ukuba umthetho unike amalungelo afanayo, umisele imisebenzi efanayo, kwaye unike wonke umntu ukhuseleko olufanayo ngaphandle kokwahlulwa ngokweemeko. Lo mgaqo uqulunqene kwimithetho yesizwe, kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nemithetho yasekhaya, ukwenza idembhu yeembopheleleko ezifuna ukuphelisa ucalucalulo kunye nokukhuthaza ukulunga okungacalucalucalucalucalulo.

Uhambo oluya kulingana ngokusemthethweni lude lwaphikiswa. Ukusuka ekuphelisweni kobukhoboka ukuya kulwandiso lobukhoboka, ukusuka kumthetho wamalungelo abantu ukuya kugqalwa njengokwandiswa komtshato, uloyiso ngalunye luye lwandisa isangqa sabo banokuthi bayawujonga umthetho ngendlela efanayo. Kodwa umsebenzi awukagqitywa. Ukungalingani kwengeniso, impilo, imfundo, kunye nemithetho yezolwaphulo-mthetho ityhila ukuba ukulingana okusemthethweni akuzivelisi ngokuzenzekelayo iziphumo ezilinganayo. Ngoko ke ukuqonda iziseko ezisemthethweni zokuphathwa ngokusesikweni kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ozinikele ekukheni ibutho labantu elinobulungisa ngokwenyaniso.

Imbali Ebonisa Ukulingana

Ingcamango yokuba bonke abantu bazalwa belingana yaye benesidima esingokwemvelo ayizange ivele ngokupheleleyo.

Iziganeko Zamandulo Nezamandulo

KwiGrisi yamandulo, izithandi zobulumko ezifana noAristotle zalwa neengcamango zobulungisa, ngokwahlula phakathi "ukulingana kwemithetho" (ukulingana kwabo bonke) kunye "ukulingana kwentloko-siseko" (iiproganiwa esekelwe kwinzuzo). Inkqubo yezomthetho yamaRoma yasungula ingcamango ye- i-iintentium[[FLT]]] ``iqumrhu lemithetho esetyenziswa kubo bonke abemi kunye nabemi basemzini'.] I-Magna Carta ye-ota yehlabathi elinomthetho osemthethweni. Nangona uxwebhu olukhusela amalungelo e-baron, lwafaka imbewu yomthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ukumkani wayephantsi komthetho. UClauslaus 39 wavakalisa ukuba akukho kukhululeka komntu okanye "i-'i-'i-'i-'i-edevoaant wids'

Ukukhanyiselwa Nezindululo Zendaleko

Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo yaphawula inkcubeko ekhanyisiweyo. Iingcinga zokukhanyiselwa njengoJohn Locke zathi bonke abantu banamalungelo emvelo, ubomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla, ukuba oorhulumente kufuneka bakhusele. UJean-Jacques Rousseau [[FLT: 0]] uSocial Contract [ waphuhlisa ingcamango yoburhulumente obuqhelekileyo kunye nothe jikelele, ugxininiso lokuba imithetho isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu. Ezi ngcamango zaphefumlela ngqo iSindululo senkululeko saseMelika (7766), esivakalisa ukuba "wonke abantu badalwa" kwaye banikwe amalungelo anganqamlezi. Isifulentshi sobu bucala beLungu elingu-Frentshi (789) ngokufanayo yavakalisa ukuba abantu bazelwe kwaye bayahlala belingana kumalungelo alingana.

Ukugxothwa, Ukukhutshwa, Namalungelo

Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba neyeshumi elinesithoba neyamashumi amabini yavavanywa le migaqo engqineke kwiimfazwe zokwenene. Umbutho wokupheliswa kwendalo eBritani naseUnited States wakuphikisa ukuhambelana kobukhoboka nokulingana, nto leyo eyakhokelela kuMthetho wobukhoboka wonyaka wama-1833 kunye noMgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesithathu wokuLandlwa koMgaqo-siseko we-O. Ulwando lwamabhinqa lwalwela ukukhuselwa kobuhlanga, ukufikelela ilungelo lokuvota kumazwe amaninzi ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Umbindi wekhulu lenkulungwane iPrentietieththth amalungelo abantu kwiUnited States, uMzantsi Afrika, kunye neIndiya-29 ikhuthaza iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ukumelana nocalulo-lucalulo lobuhlanga. Le migaqo yavelisa umthetho olawula ukulingana kwentsingiselo yokulingana kwintanda-ntanda-bulumko kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini amashumi amabini kwigunya-mthetho.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo engundoqo engokwasemthethweni ekhuthaza ubulingana-hlukene

Umthetho wale mihla olinganayo uxhomekeke kwisixhobo esixineneyo sezizwe ngezizwe, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe, nemithetho engokwasemthethweni. Umaleko ngamnye uqinisa kwaye udlulisele ukhuseleko olukhoyo kubantu ngabanye.

Izixhobo zamalungelo abantu ehlabathi

Kumgangatho wehlabathi lonke, iSindululo esiManyeneyo soMgaqo-nkqubo wamaLungelo oLuntu , esamkelwa yiNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngo-1949, sixwebhu esisisiseko. Inqaku 1 liqala ngokuthi, "Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile kwaye belingana ngamalungelo namalungelo.. ISihlomelo sesi-2 nesesi-7 siyaluthintela ucalucalulo kwaye siyalucalulo olulinganayo phambi komthetho. UUDHR walandelwa yizivumelwano ezizibo ezizibophanayo: iSivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe samaLungu kunye nezopolitiki (ICCCR) kunye noMvumelo wezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe zonke (ICCECCCR) unikela iSibonelo seSibonelo seNtomiso soMgunyazwe lonke) kunye nesombululo seMiqathango yeNxongo yeN

Iziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko weSizwe

Amazwe amaninzi aquka ukulingana njengelungelo elisisiseko lomgaqo-siseko. UMthetho-siseko we-14th Wenzelo [iSiphendulo se-U.S.] uthi akukho rhulumente oya "kukhusela okulinganayo komntu nabani na ongaphakathi kwegunya lakhe, ukukhusela imithetho. Eli binzana liye laba sisiseko seesigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ezibalaseleyo ezifana ne [ Brown v. [IBrack]. [IBrade] [1954] [1954], ethi i-offrandstyrality [umgarty] kwizikolo ezizimeleyo zonke izikolo, [iiiii-ognomes], ne-'iphalthis, i-mgano ye-ces, i-ces, i-canayivis, i-cawayi-cation, i-cation, i-mond, i-mond, i-systitual, i-mos, i-lic, i-Est, i-E

Izenzo Ezingundoqo

Ngaphezu komgaqo-siseko, imimiselo ebanzi echasene ne-anti à à discimination iye yamiselwa kwiingingqi ezininzi. UMthetho weSikhundla samalungelo esizwe wangowe-1942 eUnited States uluphawu olubalulekileyo. Isihloko II siyaluthintela ucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke; iSihlomelo VI sithintela ucalulo kwiinkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente; iSihloko se VII sithintela ukucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Ukupheliswa kwemitshato ekhuselwe iinqobo, ukukhuselwa kolwa nokwanda kwemitshato, ukukhuselwa, ukukhuselwa, ukukhuselwa komkelwa, ukukhuselwa komkelwa kwemiza, ukukhuselwa kwemiliselwa kwesizwe, ukukhuselwa kwe-R. [U.F.F.G.G.G.eastition, i-odment, i-E.

Ezi zicwangciso zineempawu ezifanayo: zichaza ucalucalulo olungqalileyo nolungangqalanga, ukuhlaselwa nokuhlaselwa; ziyila iinkqubo zokunyanzeliswa kweenkundla okanye ngamaqumrhu alinganayo; yaye zisoloko zivumela ukusingatha imbali engalunganga. Ukuqonda amalungiselelo azo akhethekileyo kubalulekile kumagqwetha, abaququzeleli bemithetho, nabameli abasebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukulingana Kwendlela Ozenza Ngayo: Iindlela Zocalucalulo Nempembelelo Yazo

Nakuba kukho imigaqo engqongqo, ucalucalulo lusaqhubeka ngeendlela ezininzi.

Ucalucalulo Oluthe Ngqo Nolungangqalanga

[[FLT: 0] ucalucalulo luvela xa umntu ephathwa kancinci ngenxa yeempawu ezikhuselekileyo, umzekelo, ukungavumi ukuqesha umhlohli ofanelekileyo ngenxa yohlanga lwakhe. Lungachananga nocalucalulo olungangqalanga[ luvela xa umthetho obonakala ungathathi cala okanye uqheliselo olungekho ngqiqweni lungakhuselekanga qela. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo uyimfuneko ekwandiswa amabhinqa amaninzi kunamadoda ngaphandle kokuba ifaneleke njengemfuneko yokwenene yomsebenzi. Umthetho omninzi kwimithetho ebeka umthwalo onzima kwimpendulo ethethelela ukungangqalaniseki, ifuna ukuboniswa kwenjongo esemthethweni kunye nomlinganiselo.

Ukuhlaselwa Nokuhlaselwa

Ukukhathazwa luhlobo oluthile localucalulo olubangela uloyiko, ubutshaba, ukuthob'la, okanye ukucaphuka kwendawo engqongileyo. Kungaquka ihambo engafunwayo yesimo sesondo, ukuthuka kobuhlanga, okanye amazwi okugxeka ngesiphene somntu. ukhuthazo lukhusela abantu ekuziphindezeleni xa bekhalazela okanye bexhasa isikhalazo somnye umntu. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunamandla lobugqwebedubeduba, ukunyanzeleka kwamalungelo okulinganayo kuya kuphoxelwa.

Ukungalingani kwenkqubo kunye nokwakhiwa

Owona mqobo uqinileyo ekulinganani ungumqobo. Umahluko weentlanga kwinkqubo yobulungisa bezaphuli-mthetho. "ofana nomgangatho ophezulu wesohlwayo soMnyama kunye nowokuhlala kwabantu base-United States naseKhanada" ukwahlula indlela imithetho, imigaqo kunye nemisebenzi enokuthi ivelise ngayo iziphumo ezingalinganiyo naxa umlinganiselo osemthethweni osemthethweni wokulingana. Ukulingana kwemeko esemthethweni. Oku kuhlala ngokweentlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo, ukubonakala komkhethe, ukuchatshazelwa komsebenzi, ukunyuselwa komsebenzi, ukusasazwa okugqithisileyo, kunye nokusasazwana kobugorha, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqobo, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha, kunye nemiqobo elungiselelwe yi-ogroudioties.

Indima Yemfundo Ekulinganiseni

Imfundo isebenza njengendawo apho ucalucalulo lunokwenzeka khona kwaye njengesixhobo esinamandla sokunyusa ukulingana.

Iimbopheleleko Ezisemthethweni Kwimfundo

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe ufuna ukuba amaphondo aseUnited States aqinisekise ukuba imfundo ifikeleleke kubo bonke ngaphandle kocalucalulo. IConvention on the Rights of the Child (Article 28) iqinisekisa ilungelo lemfundo ngesizinzi samathuba alinganayo. Ngokwezezekhaya, imithetho enjenge-Antessons ezineScrebral Education Act (IDEA) eUnited States iqinisekisa ukuba imfundo kawonke wonke iya kubantwana abaneziphene, ngoxa uMthendeleko we-Elifety 2010 ubeka imisebenzi kwizikolo eUK yokuphelisa ucalucalucalucaluca nokukhuthaza ukulingana kwamathuba. Kwimithetho emininzi, imigaqo yemfundo, iinkqubo zolawulo, kunye neziqululo zimele ukuqwa phantsi komthetho wokulingana.

Imfundo kunye neNkcubeko

Izikolo neeyunivesithi zingakhuthaza ukulingana ngokudibanisa izifundo kumalungelo abantu, imbali yocalulo, nokubaluleka kokwahluka-hlukeneyo kwizifundo. Ukufundisa ngeKhampani yaMalungelo kaNoval, ukuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo, okanye umzabalazo wokulwela amabhinqa kunceda abafundi baqonde indlela ulingana okuye kwafunyanwa ngayo kwaye kutheni kufuneka kukhuselwe. Ukuquka imveliso ebonakalisa izithethe, iilwimi, kunye neembono ezibonisa ukuba bonke abafundi bazibona bemela. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ukuncitshiswa kwekhethe kunye neziphumo zemfundo ezikhoyo kumaqela acutheneyo.

Imozulu kunye nokulumkiswa kwemeko-bume yeziko

Ngaphandle kwemiba yemozulu ecwangcisiweyo, imicimbi yezenkcubeko. Izikolo ezinemigaqo eqinileyo elwa nocalucalulo kunye neenkqubo ezicacileyo zokuxela ucalulo zidala imekobume ekhuselekileyo. Abaqeqeshi bekhethe elingekho zingqondweni kunye nokhuphiswano lwenkcubeko banganciphisa ingqeqesho engalinganiyo esoloko ijongwa ngabafundi bemibala kunye nabafundi abaneziphene. Ngokunjalo iinkqubo zokugunyazisa amandla ngokuthabatha amanyathelo okufundisa abafundi bokuqala basekholeji okanye amaqela afumana aphantsi kwemfundo e-adipol.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Lokufikelela Umgangatho Wokwenene

Nakuba sele kukho inkqubela engokwasemthethweni, kusafuneka imiqobo ephawulekayo.

Ukuxhathisa kwenkqubo kunye nokuzinzisa

Ukungalingani okuninzi akubangelwa sisenzo esinye socalulo kodwa kudityaniswe kwibala lamaziko. Iimarike zezindlu ezilungelelaniswe phantsi kwexabiso lempahla kummandla ophakathi, uqheliselo lokuqesha oluxhomekeke kwii-intanethi apho amaqela acuphiweyo akhutshwa khona, kunye neenkqubo zemali ezikhanyelayo ukuba zinconywa zimizekelo yemiqobo yesakhiwo. Ezi nkqubo zisoloko zikhuselwa ngabo bangenelwayo kuzo, bedala ukuxhathisa ngamandla ekutshintsheni.

Ulwalamano olumanyeneyo Nezinto Eziqhwatyelwe Ngokugqithisileyo

Abantu abangekhe bakhetheke ngamacala ahlukeneyo. Ingcamango ye yecandelo isenokujongwa njengenokhethelo lobuhlanga nolwesini, udityaniso olwahlukileyo kwelo candelo lobuhlanga. Iinkqubo zomthetho eziphatha uhlanga, isini, kunye nezinye iinkalo ezahlukileyo zingasilela ukuthatha la mava angenayo. Ingcamango ye- yecandelo , evezwe ngumphengululi womthetho Kimberlé Crenshaw, ebalase imfuno yohlaluzo kunye nezixhobo ezidityanisweyo. Ezinye iinkundla kunye nemithetho yocalulo iqalile ukuva iingxelo ezikhoyo, kodwa umthetho usayakhe yahamba.

Imida Yokunyanzelisa Nokufikelela Kokusesikweni

Kwanalapho kukho imithetho eyomeleleyo, ukunyanzelisa kudla ngokuba nzima. Abantu basenokuswela ubuncwane bokuzisa izikhalazo; uncedo lwasemthethweni lungafumaneka; kwaye iinkundla zisenokucotha okanye zingabi naluvelwano. Kwimimandla emininzi, ukulingana kweziqu kuswele amandla okuqalisa uphando okanye ukubeka imiyalelo enentsingiselo. Uxanduva lokuqinisekisa kusenokuba nzima kwabo bathi bayalingwa, ingakumbi kwiimeko zokucalula ngokungangqalanga apho ubungqina obuntsonkothileyo benkqubo yobalo bungafuneka khona. Ukuqinisa ukulungelelanisa amanani okulula, ukudlula kwinkundla ezikhethekileyo, amandla okuphengulula asebenzayo, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzayo zokulungisa iingxelo ezisebenzayo.

Ukungqubana Nokutshintsha Kwezobupolitika

Ukuhambela phambili kokulingana kudla ngokubangela ukungqubana. Iphulo elichasene nokulingana komtshato, ukuthatha amalungelo, kunye nokuvuma lityhila ukwahlukana okunzulu kwezithethe. Kwamanye amazwe, oorhulumente baye babuyisela ukhuseleko okanye bathoba iqumrhu lolawulo. Ukungavumelani kwezobupolitika kwenza kube nzima ukufikelela ulwamkelo kumthetho omtsha. Ukulwa nokungqubana kwemibutho kufuna imfundo eyomeleleyo, ukwakhiwa kwengingqi ngamaqela, kwaye kuqinisekisa ukulingana njengengenelo kwibutho lonke (ht =blom) njengomdlalo.

Izabelo Zokukhuthaza Ukulingana: Ukusuka Kumthetho Ukuya Kusebenza

Ukukhuthaza ukulingana kufuna ubuchule obungaphelelanga kwimithetho emiselweyo.

Ukungagunyaziswa kweMicimbi kunye noHlaziyo loMgaqo-siseko

Abameli kufuneka baqhubeke benyanzela ukukhusela okunamandla ngokomthetho. Oku kuquka ukuhlaziya imithetho ekhoyo ukugquma iintlobo ezivelayo zocalulo (ezifana nocalulo olunemithetho-siseko), ukuvala izikhalazo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba amayeza anele ukunqanda ukwaphulwa kwemithetho kwixesha elizayo. Uwiso-mthetho wokuhlawula i-pastical, umzekelo, lukhokelele kwimithetho efuna abaqeshi ukuba banike ingxelo yokuhlawula izikhepheketho zobufana nesini nokuthatha amanyathelo okulungisa. Kumgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe, ukusetyenziswa nokuphunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu kuhlala kuyinto ephambili.

Isenzo Esizinzileyo Nemilinganiselo Efanelekileyo

Ukulinganisa okusesikweni .ukusebenzisa wonke umntu ngokufanayo, ngokuqhelekileyo akuphumeleli ukulungisa ukungalungi kwembali. [[FLT: 0] Isenzo esisisiqinisekiso (esaziwa njengesenzo esifanelekileyo okanye i-equity]) ibandakanya amanyathelo okuxhobisa amathuba angaphantsi kwamaqela. EUnited States, ukhuphiswano olungenalwazi luphangaleleyo lwemithetho esemthethweni ekwiyunivesithi luye lwaba phantsi kocelomngeni olunzulu, kodwa iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo iyazivumela ukuba ithathe inyathelo elilungileyo lokunika ingxhulumaniso, ukuba ixakene nolwano. Imilinganiselo esebenzayo yenzelwe ukufikelela iinjongo ezithile, njengolwandoqo lwemfundo, kwaye ihlolwa rhoqo ukuphepha iziphumo ezikhoyo.

Uqokelelo logcino-lwazi, uHlomelo, kunye nokuHlolwa

Ugcino-lwazi lubalulekile ekuchazeni ukwahluka kunye nokulinganisa inkqubela. Oorhulumente, amashishini, kunye namaziko kufuneka baqokelele ugcino-lwazi olususiweyo kuhlanga, ubufanasini, ukukhubazeka, nezinye iimpawu, ngexa kubhekiselele kwi-mganyana. umgangatho wesiphumo sobunani ungasetyenziswa ukuvavanya iinkqubo ezicetyiweyo ngaphambi kokuba ziqaliswe, zincede ekuphepheni ucalucalulo olungacwangciswanga. Imisebenzi yokwalingana kwecandelo likawonke-wonke, njengaleyo ise-UK nase Canada, ifuna abasemagunyeni abonisa indlela abalungela ngayo umgangatho olinganayo.

Ukubandakanyeka koLuntu nokuDawula

Utshintsho olungokwasemthethweni ludla ngokuqala ngentshukumo ehambayo. IMontgomery Bus Boycott, iMidlalo yeWare, kunye namalungelo esiphene ahlala ebonakalisa amandla esenzo somanyano. Imibutho yoluntu exhasa inkxaso, ukukhulisa incoko phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo, kwaye amazwi acuthekileyo abalulekile ekumiseni ulungiso lwezopolitiko oluyimfuneko kwiinguqulelo. AbaLawyyy kunye nabaxhasi banokusebenzisana nezi ntshukumo ukuguqulela iimfuno kulwimi olusemthethweni nokugcina oorhulumente benoxanduva ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho kunye nokuzinzisa.

Imfundo eqhubekayo nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinamandla

Ukulingana akuphunyelelwa ngomthetho okanye inkqubo enye; kufuna imfundo eqhubekayo. Ukuqeqesha abagwebi, amapolisa, abasebenzi bezentlalo, nabaqeshi kwiimbopheleleko zabo phantsi komthetho olinganayo kungaphucula ukunyanzeliswa komthetho. Amaphulo okulumkisa abantu anokuvavanya ukujongwa kolwazi oluqhelekileyo kwaye anciphise ikhethe. Ezikolweni, ukudibanisa amalungelo abantu kwimfundo yokufundisa kunceda ukuvelisa inkxalabo yokuhloniphana. Ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuba isizukulwana ngasinye siyakuqonda ukubaluleka kokulingana kunye nezixhobo ezikhoyo zokuyikhusela.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Ongagqitywanga Wokulingana

Iziseko ezisemthethweni zokuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo zomelele, kodwa azizicimi. Ukulingana kufuna ukuhlala uphaphile, unyanzeliso olusebenzayo, nenkalipho yokuvavanya amandla nelungelo. Ukusuka kwiingxoxo zamandulo zezithandi-bulumko zamaGrike ukuya kwimimiselo yale mihla elinganayo ekhusela iimpawu ezininzi, umthetho uye waguquka ukuze uqonde isidima esizalelweyo somntu ngamnye. Kodwa umsantsa phakathi komgaqo kunye noqheliselo uhlala ungowongamela imimandla emininzi yobomi, i-iescleaea, indawo yokuhlala, ukuphatha, ukuphatha, ukukhusela impilo, ukugweba kolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuvala loo sithuba kufuna indlela ebanzi: utshintsho olunamandla lwemithetho, ulungiso lobugosa, uhlalutyo lokudibana kwemida, inkqubo yedata 76driven, namandla entshukumo yengca. Kufuna ukuqonda ukuba ukulingana akuyiyo imvume kodwa kunelungelo, kwaye ukuphathwa kakuhle kungummiselo webutho labantu apho wonke umntu anokuchuma khona. Njengoko siqhubeka nalo msebenzi, siyayincoma imilo yabo beza ngaphambi kokuba bafike baze bazibeke kwishishini elingagqitywanga lakha ihlabathi elilinganayo ngokwenene.

Uqhubekeko lokufunda, jonga Isibhengezo esingahambelaniyo samalungelo abantu, umgangatho woMthetho 2010 (UK), Umthetho wamaLungelo wowe-1964] [UMTHET] [UMTHET], noMTHETHO we-CRENT] wokwaphula inqaku elisemhlabathinibaleni [[FLT:].[FLT]