Yintoni iVoiling eshinyeneyo?

Uvota olunechokocece eninzi (RCV), okwaziwa ngokuba yi-runoff traff, yindlela yokuvota apho abavoti becela ukuvota ngokulandelelana kokhetho endaweni yokukhetha enye. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala yephondo, umvoti onezivoti ezimbalwa zicinywa, kwaye olovoti lukhutshelwe abatshayo abahleli besekelwe kukhetho olulandelayo. Le nkqubo iphinda ide ibe ngumvoti-mki-ninzi. RCV isetyenziswa kukhetho olwahlukileyo emhlabeni wonke, ukusuka kwimijaho yengi yengingingqi ukuya kwimizwa yepalamente.

Imbali emfutshane yeRanked-Choice Voling

Ingcamango yabathathi-nxaxheba abaphezulu yaqala ngenkulungwane ye-1919. Le nkqubo yaphuhliswa ngokuzimeleyo nguThomas Hare eNgilani naseCarl Andræ eDenmark, zombini ezixhasa ukumelelwa kolwahlulo. EUnited States, i-RCV yaqala yamkelwa ukwenzela unyulo lwebhunga ledolophu kwiindawo ezifana ne-Ashtabula, eOhio, ngowe1915. Yafumana umdla ohlaziyiweyo ekuqaleni koo 2000 njengotshintsho lokuhamba kwelizwe kunye nokuphumelela kobuninzi. Namhlanje, i-RCV isetyenziswa kwimimandla engaphezu kwama-50 e-U.S., kuquka nonyulo lwephondo lwephondo eMaine ne-Alaska, kunye nokhetho lwe-operalms kwizixeko ezifana neSan Francisco, Minneapolis, kunye neNew York City.

Iingenelo zomsebenzi ojikelezayo

Abaxhasi bathi i-RCV ingenisa uludwe lweengenelo zedemokhrasi neziluncedo kunezobuko lokuqala eliphambili lomthetho (FPTP).

1.Inkxaso yeMajoni

KwiFPTP, abaphumeleleyo banganyulwa ngenani elingaphantsi kakhulu kwama-50% evoti xa abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi behlula i-vote. i-RCV iqinisekisa ukuba ophumelele ekugqibeleni unenkxaso ebanzi ngokufuna uninzi lokwenyaniso, ukunciphisa ubungozi “bomxhasi” abatshayeli kunye nokwenza abavoti baxhase ukhetho lwabo lokuqala lokwenene ngaphandle kokoyika ukudlala ibhola yabo.

2. Ikhuthaza iphulo elifanelekileyo

Abathathi nxaxheba kufuneka babhenele ngaphaya kwesiseko sabo esingundoqo ukufumana ivoti yesibini neyesithathu. Le njongo isoloko idimaza ukuhlasela okungalunganga kuba ukuphambukisa abanye abaxhasi bomnye umntu kungabiza ezovoti zesibini. Uhlolisiso lonyulo lwe-RCV, njengaleyo yaseSan Francisco, lufumanise ukuba isandi sephulo siba sisikhulu kwaye siqwalaselwe kwimbambano.

3. Ukuncitshiswa kwemiqathango esetyenziswayo

Ngaphantsi kwe-FPTP, abavoti badla ngokujongana “nokungabikho kobungendawo obubini” bejongene nengxaki ekhoyo kunye nokuvota kumntu ophilayo kunokuba bakhethe omnye. i-RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe ngokunyaniseka ngaphandle kokuxhalabisa ukuba ivoti yabo iya kulahlwa ukuba intanda yabo iyalahlekelwa, kuba ivoti yabo iza kutshintshelwa kukhetho lwabo olulandelayo.

4. Ukwandisa uqhagamshelwano nokuthabatha inxaxheba nomelo

Uphando olusuka kwi Iqela lophando lokukhetha olunyuliweyo lubonisa ukuba i-RCV inganyusa umvoti, ingakumbi phakathi kwabemi abancinane nabahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yokuba abavoti baziva bethwele ubunzima obuninzi kwaye bangaxhasa abatsha abaninzi, ukuganana kuthambeka. Ngaphezu koko, i-RCV inxulunyaniswe kwiinguqu ezininzi kwi-ofisi ezinyuliweyo: abafazi nabathathi-nxaxheba bemibala baye benza ngcono kwiinkqubo ze-RCV, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo ezingundoqo zinokuvelisa imibala emininzi.

5. Iphelisa Ukhetho Olubiza Indleko

Ulawulo oluninzi lugcina unyulo oluphambili noluqhelekileyo olubiza imali eninzi kubaqeshwa berhafu, lubone ukuhla kwemingxuma enyukayo ejikelezayo. I-RCV iphumele kwiziphumo ezifanayo kunyulo olunye, ukusika iindleko zolawulo kunye nokunciphisa ukudinwa ngabavoti. Ngokomzekelo, iDolophana laseNew York, lasindisa ii-2022 zezigidi eziqikelelwayo ezingama-201 ngokusebenzisa i-RC kwi-PRC kwi-Primmary yayo endaweni yokubamba ii-bamputha ezahlukeneyo.

Ucelomngeni nokugxekwa komsebenzi onzima

Nangona iluncedo, iRCV ikwanezinto ezifanelekileyo ezixhalabisayo ezifuna ukuqwalaselwa ngenyameko.

1. Isiphithiphithi kunye neMpazamo yeBalot

Abavoti abaqhelileyo ukuchonga omnye umvoteli bangafumana abavoti ababhidayo abaninzi. Kulunye uzalisekiso oluphezulu, isantya sempazamo kumavoti sasiphezulu, kunye nabavoti bephosa phezulu okanye benyusa. Noko ke, amava abonisa ukuba amaqondo empazamo ehla kakhulu emva komjikelo omnye okanye emibini, ingakumbi kwimfundo eqinileyo yomvoti. Fairvote yophando [ abonisa ukuba isantya sempazamo emadolobheni njenge Minneapolis singaphantsi ko 1% emva kokusetyenziswa kokuqala.

2. Iindleko zolawulo eziphezulu kunye nokuntsonkotha

Ukuphumeza i-RCV kufuneka iplani entsha yokuzoba, i-software yokuhambisa i-athom, kunye noqeqesho lwamagosa onyulo. Utshintsho lokuqala lungabiza imali eninzi .Njengenye irejista encinane yengxelo yexabiso le-R160 000 okanye ngaphezulu kwizixhobo ezintsha kunye nokungena ngaphandle kwabantu. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi ndleko zingathintelwa ngokususa unyulo olwahlukeneyo.

3. Iziphumo ezilibazisayo

Ngenxa yokuba ukubala kwevoti kubandakanya imijikelo emininzi yokukhupha ipesenti, iziphumo zokugqibela zingathatha ixesha elide ukuvakalisa, ingakumbi kumazwe amakhulu. Umzekelo, uomatiloshe wesiXeko saseNew York ophambili owesibini wathatha ixesha elingaphezu kweveki ukuvelisa umnqobi wokugqibela. Nangona ungengomqobo wokuzalisekisa, oku kulibaziseka kungaphembelela ukungathembani ukuba akuthethiwa ngokucacileyo kuluntu.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kusakho

Abanye abavoti bazama “umdlalo” ngendlela ephezulu kuqala ukuphembelela ulawulo oluncinane lomntu oza kubhatalwa. Ngelixesha i-RCV inciphisa ukuvota okucwangcisiweyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-FPTP, ayikuphelisi ngokupheleleyo. Amaphulo acuthekileyo angakhuthaza abaxhasi ukuba“ bavote” (umvote omnye kuphela umvoti) ukukhanyela inkxaso yesibini kwizixhobo ezichasanayo, nangona eli qhinga linqabile ukuphumelela kwimivoti emikhulu.

5. Ukudinwa okubangelwa kukudinwa nokuLayishwa

Kwimijaho enabaninzi abaza kufumana ngezantsi, maxa wambi ishumi elinesibini okanye ngaphezulu, ingaziva iphantsi kakhulu kuzo zonke. Imithetho emininzi ilinganisela inani lesikhundla elinokukhethwa ngumvoti ukuya kwisihlanu okanye esithandathu, esinciphisa uxinzelelo kodwa esisenokwahlukanisa abanye abavoti abaziva bengakulungelanga. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi i-RCV ibeka umthwalo ongafanelekanga kubavoti onexesha eliphantsi lokwenza uphando.

Indlela yokusebenza ye shift-injini: Inyathelo- Ngenyathelo Umzekelo

Ukwenza le nkqubo, qwalasela unyulo olucingelwayo kwabathathu abathathu abaza kubhaptizwa: uAdams, Brown, noChen. Kukho abavoti abali-100.

  1. Kuqala jikelele: uAdams ufumana ivoti zokuqala eziyi 45, Brown ufumana 35, Chen ufumana 20. Akukho mvotelwa unoninzi (51 iivoti). U-Chen uyasuswa.
  2. [[NTL:0] Ingqukuva: Iibhola ezingama-20 ezine-Chen kuqala zisasazwa kukhetho lwazo lwesibini. Masithi i12 kwezo blotte zino Brown njengokhetho lwesibini, kwaye 8 zino Adams. Ngoku Adams une 45+8=53 ivoti, Brown ine 35+12=ivoti. Adams uwina ngobuninzi.
  3. [[FLT: 0] Ikonclition: Qaphela ukuba Brown wayenezona zivoti zokuqala kwisangqa sesibini kodwa walahleka emva konikezelo, maxa wambi oko kumangalisa abavoti abangaqhelanga neRCV.

Esi sikali sikwanye sokuqiqa kwimilo yabantu abaza kufumana inkxaso-mali kunye neendawo ezininzi ezitshayelela ukutshatyalaliswa.

Ukuthelekisa i-RCV nezinye iinkqubo zokukhupha

Ukuqonda ukuthelekiswa komzimba kuyanceda ukuvavanya amandla nobuthathaka bawo.

RCV vs. Ukwenziwa kwento (Okuqala-Past-the- Post)

I-FPTP ilula kwaye iqhelekile, kodwa isoloko ivelisa “iziphumo ze-appler, amandla okuvota, kwaye ingenza abatshatiswe ngokusuka kwimimandla ephantsi kwevoti. I-RCV isombulula emininzi yale miba ngexabiso lobuntlola obungezelelekileyo. Kuhlolisiso lwama-2020 lwezixeko zase-U.S., i-Urban Institute [ ifumanise ukuba izixeko ze-RCV ziye zajika kakhulu kwaye zakhetha ukhuphiko ngaphezulu kunezixeko ze-FTPPP ezifanayo.

RCV vs. Phezulu- Kwisibini sePritalary

Kwinkqubo ezimbini eziphezulu, bonke abatshatelwayo babaleka kumgangatho omnye, kwaye abaphezulu babini baqhubela phambili kunyulo jikelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela. Oku kungakhokelela kubavumi ababini abavela kwiqela elinye abajongene nalo, abaxhasi abasuka kwamanye amaqela. i-RCV igcina abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kumjikelo wokugqibela kwaye ivumela abavoti ukuba bachaze izikhethelo ezipheleleyo, kodwa abanazo ezodwa ezingundoqo, okanye isenokusebenzisa iRCV enye jikelele ukugqiba ngokungqalileyo.

Ukuthunyelwa kwe RCV vs. Ukunconywa

Uvota bavumela abavoti bakhethe abaninzi njengoko bethanda. Kulula kunendawo ephezulu kwaye kusenjalo kuvumela inkxaso kubathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi. Noko ke, akuthathi nxaxheba kukhetho oluninzi − umvoti “oqinisekisa” ngababini abatshatiweyo ubaphatha ngokulinganayo, nokuba omnye uthandwa kakhulu. RCV unika ugcino-lwazi olungcono olukhethekayo, olunokuvelisa iziphumo ezichanekileyo.

Imisebenzi nezifundo ezifundwe okwenene

Imizekelo emininzi ephawulekayo ibonisa indlela iRCV esebenza ngayo.

Umbindi

Ngo-2018, uMaine waba ngurhulumente wokuqala wase-U.S. owasebenzisa unyulo lukarhulumente nolorhulumente jikelele. Emva kokukhuphisana ngo-2018 phakathi, i-RCV yasetyenziswa kunyulo lomongameli wephondo lesibini leMaine. AmaVoter alungelelaniswa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye amaqondo empazamo aye aphantsi. Le nkqubo ijongene neengxaki zomthetho, kodwa iinkundla ziye zayixhasa. Amava kaMaine abonisa ukuba iRCV eNtshona Koloni jikelele anokuyila ngokufanelekileyo kunye nemfundo elungileyo.

I-Alaska

I-Alaska eyamkelwayo i-RCV (ehlanganiswe nesiqalo esiphezulu-ne esivulekileyo) ngo-2020 ngokusetyenziswa kwenyathelo lokuqala lokufaka ibhola. Kugqatso lwendlu lwase-2022 e-U.S., inkqubo yavelisa umvuzo ngezantsi . uMary Peltola/owayengenguye owokuqala kuninzi kwisangqa sokuqala kodwa waphumelela emva konikezelo. Olu nyulo lwatsala ingqalelo yesizwe lwabonisa indlela i-RCV enokuthi ivumele ngayo ukunqamleza isibheno seqela, kunye neRepublican Republican Republication Pracrate ngokhetho lwabo lwesibini ukuvala umkhuphinikazi weRepublicracca ogqithisileyo.

Isixeko saseNew York

Isiseko somphathi-dolophu 2021 wesiXeko saseNew York yayilunyulo olukhulu lwe-RCV kwimbali yase-United States. Abasebenzi bebhola abangaphezu kwama-900,000 baphoswa. Iziphumo zathabatha iiveki eziliqela ngenxa yee-projekthi kunye neBhodi yempazamo yokhetho. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwabavoti lulibazisile, lwafumanisa ukuba abaninzi abavoti bayiqonda inkqubo kwaye bayifumana ilula ukuyisebenzisa. Isixeko siye samkela i-RCV ngenxa yonyulo lwaso lwendawo ngokusisigxina.

Ehlabathini Lonke: IOstreliya NeIreland

I-Australia isebenzise i-RCV (eyaziwa apho “njengokhetho oluphambili”) kwiNdlu yayo yabameli ukususela ngo-1918. Imfundo yevoter yakhiwe kwinkcubeko, kwaye amaqondo okungafezeki kwe-odoli asezantsi. I-Ireland isebenzisa i-RCV ukwenzela unyulo lwayo lwe-Dáil (umnqamlezo) apho i-oventitues zamalungu amaninzi zivumela iziphumo zokulungelelaniso. Omabini amazwe asebenzisa ixesha elide ibonisa ukuba i-RCV ingaba yindawo ezinzileyo neyamkelekileyo yelizwe elikhethiweyo.

Ukuthetha Iimbono Eziqhelekileyo Eziphosakeleyo

Ugxeko oluninzi lwe-RCV lubangelwa kukungaqondani. Nazi ezinye iinkalo:

  • [[FLT: 0] “RCV inzima kakhulu.” Ufundo lubonisa rhoqo ukuba emva kosebenziso olunye okanye ezimbini, abavoti abaninzi bafumana i RCV kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Uphando olusuka ku Ukungabikho manyano kweKhalifoniya lufunyaniswe ukuba ngaphezu kwe 80% yabavoti kwizixeko ze RCV aluxelanga ngxaki.
  • “RCV idida i-actenfrancis abavoti abangabekanga abangenileyo abaphezulu abaphezulu.” Iibhola ezinemigangatho engaphelelanga azizange “zisuswe” de bonke abatsha abatshayo basusiwe. I- Voters ikhululekile ukubala njengabaninzi okanye abambalwa njengabo abathandayo; ibhola yabo iqalwa ixesha elide njengenye yezigqibo zabo eziseleyo.
  • “RCV ikhokelela kumthetho ‘ wobuncinanana kuba umvoti angaphumelela ngaphandle kweyona ndawo yokuqala yamavoti.” Oku kuyinyaniso kodwa hayi ngokuchasene nedemokhrasi] ekugqibeleni ufumana uninzi lwevoti xa kuqwalaselwa izikhethelo zesibini. Kwindawo enxinwayo, umvoti onezona zivoti zininzi zisoloko zingena nkxaso, ngoko u-redis travecece wandisa ukuthanda konovotisi.

Utshintsho Neentlobo - ntlobo Ezinokuvela

RCV ngokwayo ineendidi ezininzi ezifanele ukuphawulwa:

  • Instant-runoff votion (IRV): isetyenziselwa imigqabano yemilo enye yewinner; inkqubo echazwe ngasentla.
  • ivoti enye edluliswayo (STV): inika i-RCV kwisithili ezinamalungu amaninzi, ivumela umelo lolungelelwaniso. Abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana udidi, kwaye umlinganiselo ucwangcisiwe; ivoti eninzi iyatshintshelwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] ivoti etshintshileyo: inguqulelo eyenziwe lula apho zonke ngaphandle kwaphezulu abatsha abatsha abatsha bacinywa kujikelezo olunye, kwaye uluhlu lwesibini kwezo blotte lusasazwa. Oku kunyusa isantya kubalo kodwa kulahleke umahluko.
  • I-esezantsi-isibini somsebezi: Endaweni yokususa esezantsi ingeniso yevoti yokuqala, abathathi-nxaxheba kunye neyona imbalwa ivoti iyathelekiswa, kwaye enye enezikhethelo zesibini zesibini ezincinci izakususwa. Oku kungafuneka kodwa kunqabile ukusetyenziswa.

Ikamva le Voiling eshinyeneyo

Ngonyaka wama-2025, amagunya angaphezulu kwama-60 e-U.S. asebenzisa i-RCV ngendlela ethile, kunye netyala lomthetho lokuyamkela livezwe kumaphondo amaninzi. Ukurhwakraza kwiZiko lophando lwePew kubonakalisa ukuba uphando lukawonke-wonke kunye nenkxaso iyakhula, ingakumbi phakathi kwabavoti abaselula. Noko ke, inkcaso yezopolitiko ihlala isomelele kwezinye iindawo, isoloko ikhuthazwa yinkxalabo yama-RCV malunga nendlela enokuba ichaphazela ngayo iziphumo zokhetho. Ingxoxo engaphezulu ye-RCV ekugqibeleni ingumcimbiswano malunga nohlobo lwedemokhrasi esifunayo.

Isiphelo

Uvota olunendawo ephambili lunika enye indlela enyanzelisayo kunyulo olukwisithethe sobuninzi. Ukukwazi kwalo ukuqinisekisa ukuba uninzi lwabaxhasi benkxaso, ukunciphisa iphulo elingalunganga, nokunciphisa ukuvota okulahlwayo kuye kwayivulela inani elandayo labafumani abaqeshwa kulo lonke elaseUnited States kunye nehlabathi lonke. Okwangoku iingxaki ezinxulumene nemfundo yovoti, ukuntsonkotha, nokubala kuyinto yokwenene kwaye kufuneka kubhekiswe kuthethwana nokubona gcawukaliso kunye nokuveliswa kwemali. Njengoko ulwazi oluninzi luqokelelwa lusuka kumazwe asungule i-RCV, abenzi bemithetho banomfanekiso ocacileyo ocacileyo worhwebo lwayo olungekhoyo. Kubantu abadinweneyo kunye nabaphangi abachana, i-RCV isenokuba linyathelo elibheke phambili kumboniso olungakumbi kunye noluvotiso lwendlela yonyuso.