Yintoni Inkululeko Yolwazi?

I-Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), etyikitywe kumthetho ngo- 1966, inika nawuphi na umntu ilungelo elisemthethweni lokucela ukufikelela kwiingxelo zomasebe. Yavela kwimfuno ekhulayo yasemva kwemfazwe yokuba kuvele umva wempuku yokuziphendulela. Ngaphambi kwe-FOIA, umthwalo wehlela kubemi ukuqinisekisa isizathu sokuba babefuna amaxwebhu akhethekileyo; isebe linokulahla ngaphandle kwengcaciso. I-FOA ikhutshelwe ukuba iziphumo: zikho ngaphandle kokuba umthetho ukhululekile ukungabikho. Isebe eliphetheyo, amasebe, amaqumrhu, kodwa hayi kwiBhunga, iinkundla zolawulo, okanye abamhlophe. Ngaphezu kweminyaka e-1979, i-FOA iqiniselwe nge-a i-ectivementation, i-FOAecends, i-OAecend ye-RGenence, i-RGenet 2016, kunye ne-A ye-A ye-A enziwe rhoqo ngemvume ye-od provisiontivement, kunye ne-ocrivemental.

IFOIA asiyontatheli okanye abaphandi nje kuphela. Nabani na e-U. , abemi abasisigxina, abemi belizwe lasemzini, imibutho, iiyunivesithi , ingacela. Akukho mfuneko yokuchaza isizathu sokuba ufuna ulwazi. Injongo engundoqo yomthetho kukugcina uluntu lunolwazi ngoko kwenziwa ngurhulumente, ulunika inxaxheba elwazini kwidemokhrasi nokusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukuziphatha okubi. [[FLT: 0] Iwebhsayithi ye-FOIA inikeza i-mastial FOIA] ephakathi yezicelo zonikezelo nokulandelela izikhundla.

Amalungiselelo Angundoqo EFOIA

Ukuqonda amalungiselelo angundoqo kaFOIA kubalulekile ukuze siyisebenzise kakuhle. Lo mthetho umisela imithetho ecacileyo ngendlela abameli abamele baziphathe ngayo izicelo namalungelo abo.

Ekunene ekufumanekeni nasekufumanekeni kokukhululeka

IFOIA iqinisekisa ilungelo likawonke-wonke lokufikelela kwiirekhodi; abameli bathwala umthwalo wokuthethelela nayiphi na into ekhatywayo. Iziphumo za 2016 zaqinisa le nkcazelo: ukuba umbutho uyakwazi ukudibanisa irekhodi ukuchaza amacandelo angacimiyo, kufuneka yenjenjalo. Iinkqubo kufuneka zikhutshelwe ukhupho “ulwazi olungenangqiqo” nokuba ezinye iinxenye azinakugcinwa.

Ixesha lolwamkelo kunye nezihlomelo

Izicelo kufuneka ziphendule kwientsuku ezingama-20 zoshishino zokwamkela isicelo, nangona eli xesha linganyuswa phantsi “kweemeko ezingezizo” ezifana nemfuneko yokukhangela ii-ofisi ezininzi zasemasimini okanye ukuhlola ubuninzi beengxelo. Ulwandiso lungadibanisa iintsuku ezilishumi zoshishino. Ukuba akukho mpendulo ifunyenweyo kwi-state yexesha, umceli unokuqwalasela unyango lolawulo oludalweyo kunye nefayile yokumangalelwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amaqumrhu amaninzi ajongene neengxelo ezibalulekileyo, ngoko ke umonde kunye nokulandela kusoloko kufuneka.

Fees noFee Waivers

IFOIA yahlula abafaki-zicelo ngokweendidi ezintathu: abasebenzisi bentengiselwano (abahlawula ukukhangela, ukuhlaziya, kunye nokukhuphela), imfundo okanye iprojekthi yenzululwazi kunye ne-media (ihlawula kuphela ukwenziwa kwezicelo emva kwamaphepha ali-100 okuqala), kunye “ezinye” izicelo (imali yokuphendla nokukopa, kodwa hayi uphengululo). Abaceli bangafuna imali yokuhlawula ukuba ulwazi luyingenelo kuwonke-wonke-wonke kwaye alukho kwinzala yentengiso yomfaki-mali. Izicelo zingahlawula imirhumo yezicelo okanye xa isicelo siso sikwinzala kawonke wonke.

Indlela Yokwenza Isicelo SeFOIA

Ukuthunga isicelo se FOIA esinempumelelo kubandakanya okungaphezulu kunokuthumela i email nje. Emva kwenkqubela-phambili yosungulo kwandisa amathuba okuphendula ngexesha elililo nokupheleleyo.

Yazi I-arhente Efanelekileyo

I-FOIA isebenza kumasebe karhulumente, hayi kurhulumente okanye koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Urhulumente ngamnye unomthetho wakhe werekhodi kawonke-wonke (osoloko ubizwa ngokuba “ngumthetho ogqwethekileyo”). Ukugqiba ukuba ngowuphi umbutho karhulumente obamba iirekhodi ozifunayo, jonga kwi- FOIA.gov isikhokelo[ okanye umbutho wokukhangela iFOIA]. Umzekelo, iirekhodi zokufuduka zigcinwe yiU.S.incowationshishity kunye ne I-Immigration Services, ngelixa i-RBIBI ifuna isicelo kwi-FBIFOIA. Ukuphelwa kwesicelo.

Yila Isicelo Esicacileyo Nesingqalileyo

Izicelo ze Vague ezifana “zonke ii-imeyili malunga notshintsho lwemozulu” zisenokulahlwa njenge hluleka ngokuchanekileyo ukuchaza iirekhodi. Ziyachaneka kangangoko kunokwenzeka: quka imigca yesihloko, uluhlu lomhla, amagama abantu, kunye neentlobo zoxwebhu. Ukuba unenani le FOIA lokulandelela izicelo zangaphambili, ibhekisa kuzo. Chaza indlela oyikhethayo (iphepha, i-elektroniki, i-email). Xa ungayifuni ukucacisa injongo yakho, ukwenza njalo kunganceda uququlukwano lukawonke-wonke-wonke kwisicelo sangaphambili okanye ulungiselelo olukhutshiweyo.

Zithobe Ngomjelo Ofanelekileyo

Umbutho ngamnye unendlela yawo yokuzibophelela. Ngokufuthi i- web carmal, email, okanye i-imeyili ephathekayo. Abameli abaninzi ngoku bamkela izicelo ngesixhobo sabo sokufaka i-FOIA kwi-intanethi. Rhoqo qinisekisa i-lisithi yakho. Gcina ikopi yesicelo sakho kwaye uqaphele umhla owuthumele ngayo. Ukuba umbutho udla ngokuthabatha iintsuku ezingaphaya kwama-20, qwalasela ukuthumela isicelo ngeposi eqinisekisiweyo yendlela yephepha.

Yiza Ngasezantsi Ulandele

Emva kokuzithoba, kufuneka ufumane ileta okanye i-imeyili eyabela inani lokulandelela iposi kunye nomhla wokugqiba oqikelelwayo. Ukuba awuvanga nto kwientsuku ezingama-20 zoshishino, landela umnxeba okanye i-imeyili. Ii-arhente zingacela ukucacisa okanye ukunxibelelana nomda omxinwa; ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kungasigcina isicelo sakho sishukuma. Ukuba umbutho wala ukwenza isicelo okanye ukumisela iindleko ezigqithisileyo, unelungelo lokubhenela.

Ukukhanyela Nokukhanyela Inxalenye

Ukuba umbutho uvingca iirekhodi, ungafaka isibheno solawulo ngeentsuku ezingama-90. Isibheno kufuneka sithunyelwe kwiofisi ye-FOIA yombutho kwaye sibekwe isizathu sokuba ukukhanyelwa kungafanelekanga. Ukuba umbutho uxhasa ukukhanyelwa okanye ungaphumeleli ukuphendula, ungakhomba kwinkundla yesithili yengingqi. Iimpikiswano ezininzi ziconjululwa ngokucaciswa okanye ngokuhlaliswa. ISebe leJaji le- FAIA

Ukuqonda Iziphene Ezisithoba

IFOIA iqulethe iirejista ezisithoba ezivumela amaqumrhu ukuba angayivumeli iindidi ezithile zolwazi. Ukungakhuseli ukukhulula kucetyiswa okufana nokhuseleko lwesizwe, ubumfihlo, kunye nemfihlo yeshishini. Nganye ichazwa kancinci; umbutho awunakulwamla uxwebhu luphela ukuba amacandelo anokukhululwa ngokusemthethweni.

Intlawulelo 1: Ukhuseleko lwesizwe

Iingxelo ezihlelwe kakuhle phantsi koLuyalelo olunoLawulo oluPhezulu 13526 ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe zingathintelwa. Oku kuquka imithombo yobulumko, iinjongo zomkhosi, kunye nothungelwano loluntu.

Isigwebo 2: Imithetho nezenzo zabasebenzi bangaphakathi

Oku kukhululwa kugqubuthela imicimbi yangaphakathi njengemithetho yokupaka, ucwangciso lwesidlo sasemini, okanye iinkqubo zolawulo eziqhelekileyo. Iinkundla ziye zaluthintela ububanzi bazo; ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenza kwimicimbi engeyonto yangaphakathi apho ukutyhilwa kuya kubeka ubomi esichengeni sokubhadula kwemimiselo yesebe.

Intlawulelo 3: Ulwazi Olucinywa Yezinye Imithetho

Ukuba omnye umthetho karhulumente othe ngqo awuvunywa, loo nkcazelo inokungakhutshwa phantsi koMthetho weFOIA. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka i-Astyle Act, i-Trade Secrets Act, kunye nemithetho ehlukeneyo yokufihla irhafu. Ummiselo mawungashiyi sigqibo sokuyiyeka okanye sokuchaza iindidi ezithile zeerekhodi.

Isiphelo 4: Ulwazi lweshishini elisisifungo

Iimfihlelo zorhwebo kunye nenkcazelo yemali efunyenwe kwiqumrhu elizimeleyo iyakhuselwa ukuba ukutyhilwa kunokubangela umonakalo wokhuphiswano. Oku kukhululwa kudla ngokubizwa kwizicelo zequmrhu, izicelo ezigunyazisiweyo, kunye ne-data yesivumelwano. Amashishini anika ulwazi kurhulumente angakuchaza njengemfihlelo.

Isiphelo 5: Ugqithiso okanye uthungelwano lobuqhetseba

Oku kukhulula kugquma izimvo zangaphakathi, iingcebiso, kunye neenkcazo eziza kutyhila inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo. Kuquka ilungelo lenkqubo elisisigxina, ilungelo elipheleleyo legqwetha, kunye nemfundiso yemveliso yomsebenzi. Xa isigqibo sisokokugqibela, ukuqiqa kusenokukhuselwa, kodwa izinto eziyinyaniso kufuneka zikhululwe ukuba zivumelekile.

Isiphelo 6: Ukuba Wedwa

Abasebenzi, ezonyango, kunye nezinye iifayile ezithi ziyenze ukuhlaselwa okucacileyo okungaqinisekiyo kobuqu ukuba zityhiliwe azivumelekanga. Isibonelelo kufuneka silungelelanise umdla wobumfiliba nxamnye nomdla woluntu ekutyhilweni. Ulwazi lwe-Routine olufana namagama needilesi lungakhululwa ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza oko kungabangela umonakalo.

Intlawulelo 7: Iingxelo zoMthetho ezinyanzelisayo

Iingxelo eziqulunqweyo ukwenzela iinjongo zomthetho zokugcinwa komthetho zinokungabanjwa ukuba ukutyhilwa kwazo kunokuphazamisana nokunyanzeliswa kwamagosa omthetho, kuthintele umntu ukuba abekwe ityala elifanelekileyo, kutyhilwe imvelaphi eyimfihlo, kutyhilwe ubuchule bophando, okanye kubekwe engozini ubomi okanye ukhuseleko. Oku kukwenye yeengxelo ezisoloko zikhankanywa. Ukungangeni kusetyenziswa kuphela kwiingxelo zamaziko asebenza ngokugcinwa komthetho okanye iingxelo ezenziweyo kwikhondo lokuphanda komthetho.

Ukhukuliso 8: Ulwazi lwezemali

Inkcazelo engomgaqo-siseko okanye ulawulo lwamaziko emali, njengengxelo yovavanyo lwasebhankini, isenokungakhuselwa ukukhusela uzinzo nokuthembeka kweemarike zemali. Oku kuthintelwa kusebenza ngokuyintloko kumaqumrhu afana neFederal Reserve kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange.

Isiphelo 9: Ulwazi lweNkcubeko

Le ngxelo icutheneyo iquka inzululwazi ngendalo kunye nenkcazelo yejiyografi emalunga ne-oyile kunye negesi. Inqabile ukubizwa namhlanje kuba uninzi lwenkcazelo ityhilwa ngezinye iinkqubo zomgaqo-nkqubo.

IFOIA ekuqheliseni: Uhlolo lwezigulana kunye nempembelelo

IFOIA ibiyi-injini ebangela uphando oluninzi kunye nenkcazelo eyabumba intetho yesidlangalala. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa ephawulekayo.

Isikwenkwe Samanzi

Izicelo zeFOIA zanceda iintatheli nababhali-mbali bombutho bafumana izinto ezirekhodiweyo, imisebenzi namaxwebhu angaphakathi atyhila ukubandakanyeka komphathi weNixon kwiWatergate àin nokugquma ijini. Ingxelo eyavelayo yakhokelela ekurhoxisweni koMongameli Nixon yaza yagxininisa amandla okufikelela kwiingxelo zikarhulumente.

IJaji yokusingqongileyo nempilo Kawonke - wonke

Iingcali zomthetho kunye nabaphandi baye basebenzisa iFOIA ukuvumbulula ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma okuyingozi, imvume yezibulala zinambuzane ezisekelwe kugcino-lwazi olunesiphene, kunye nokungasabeli karhulumente kade ukukhokelela ekungcoleni kwamanzi aselwayo. Ngokomzekelo, izicelo zeFOIA ze-Natural Resources Defense Council zakhupha amaxwebhu abonisa ukuba i-EPA yayazi ngemichiza ye-PFAS kangangamashumi eminyaka ingathathi nyathelo.

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNkqubo

Emva kohlaselo lwe-11 lukaSeptemba, iKhomishini eli-9/11 yathembela kakhulu kwiFOIA ukufumana iingxelo zobuntlola, imisebenzi yokudibana kweminye imisebenzi ne-imeyili eyabhala imiqondiso ephosakeleyo. Ingxelo yokugqibela yeKhomishini, eyayilwa ngala maxwebhu, yabangela utshintsho olukhulu ekusebenziseni ubuchule kunye nokhuseleko lwenqwelo-moya.

Ukunganyaniseki Kwamapolisa Nokuziphendulela

Imibutho yamalungelo abemi isoloko ifaka izicelo zokufikelela kwiinkqubo zesebe lamapolisa, ukusebenzisa iingxelo ezigunyazisayo, kunye neengxelo zehambo engafanelekanga ezivela kumasebe agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iingxelo ezikhutshweyo ziye zabhenca iipakethi zokophula imilinganiselo yohlanga kunye nomkhosi ogqithisileyo, imfuneko yokuphelisa iinguqu.

Iingxaki Eziqhelekileyo Kwinkqubo YeFOIA

Nangona inegunya elingokwasemthethweni, iFOIA ayisoloko ithe tye. Abacebisi basoloko befumana imiqobo enzima.

Izixhobo Zokubuya Umva Nexesha Lokulinda

I 2017 i-Pixel i-Pixel idla ngokufunyanwa ngexesha lempendulo yezicelo ezintsonkothileyo. Amanye amasebe aneenjongo zokolula iminyaka. ISebe lezobulungisa lolungiselelo, kunye nengxelo ye-[FLT: 0] yeFOIA ebonisa ukuba amaqumrhu amaninzi amakhulu, kuquka iFBI kunye neSebe le-Romati, anokugqithisa ixesha lomthetho. Abacebisi bangafaka ityala ngenxa yokulibazisa okungekho ngqiqweni, kodwa intlukwano yongeza ixesha nenkcitho.

Ukucinywa Okungaphaya Kwamazwe

Amaxwebhu aqikelelekileyo ngamanye amaxesha agqithisileyo, ukucima imihlathi yonke xa kukho imigca embalwa ekufuneka ingagcinwa. Abaceli bangavavanya uluvo olubomvu lwezibheno ngexesha lobheno, kodwa ukucutha ngeengxelo ezithe zaguqulwa kakhulu kuyadimaza kwaye kungafipha umongo obalulekileyo.

Ingxaki Egqithiseleyo

Izicelo zentengiselwano zingajongana neendleko eziphezulu zokuphengulula nokuhlola. Kwanabo bacela iikopi abangengomalungu e-prografini bangahlawulwa ukuze bakhuphele ngaphaya kwamaphepha ayikhulu okuqala. Umbutho usenokufuna imali efakwe ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe isicelo ngemirhumo eqikelelwe phezulu. Abaceli kufuneka basoloko becela umrhumo kwimali yokuthobela okokuqala ukuba ulwazi lunceda umdla woluntu.

Ukuntsonkotha Nokungabi Nakhokelo

Ukugada inkqubo yeFOIA kunganzima, ingakumbi kubacebisi bokuqala bexesha. Umbutho ngamnye unemimiselo yawo, kwaye imithetho yeprocedro (njengemfuneko yokubhena ngeentsuku ezingama 90) ingqongqo. U-Unin ubuncwane obufana [[FLT: 0]] i-Muck Rock [ inikeza ukhokelo kunye nesikhokelo sokwenza izicelo ezisebenzayo.

Amacebiso Okufumana Isicelo SeFOIA Esiphumelelayo

Yandisa amathuba akho okusabela ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunye nokupheleleyo kwezi ndlela zilungileyo.

  • chaza ngokucacileyo kwaye umxinwa. ichaza ngokucacileyo iirekhodi ozifunayo ngemihla, izihloko, kunye nabantu ngabanye. Izicelo ezijoliswe kwiqela elithile zilungiswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zisenokungakhanyelwa ngokugqithisileyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Submit edlula kwizibuko elithandwayo lombutho. Abameli abaninzi ngoku banika i-intanethi izixhobo ezinikezela ngekhompyutha ezivelisa inombolo yokulandelela ngoko nangoko. Oku kunciphisa ulibaziseko lweposi kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba isicelo sakho singena ngokuchanekileyo emgceni.
  • Cela umrhumo onyusiweyo. chaza indlela iirekhodi eziceliweyo eziya kuba negalelo ngayo ngokuphawulekayo ekuqondeni uwonke wonke imisebenzi karhulumente. Nokuba ukhanyelwe, ungafaka umrhumo kwisigqibo sentlawulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Landela ngokuzolileyo kodwa ngokuzingisayo. Ukuba awufumani uvumo kwiveki, umnxeba okanye i email. Gcina ilog yazo zonke uthungelwano kuquka imihla kunye namagama abasebenzi besebe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Sebenzisa amathala eencwadi eFOIA. Phambi kokugcwalisa isicelo esitsha, khangela igumbi lokufunda lombutho i FOIA yeerekhodi ezisele zikhutshiwe. Amaxwebhu amaninzi aceliwe akhona kwilayini ngaphandle kokufuna ukufaka isicelo esitsha.
  • Cwangcisa usebenzisa inkonzo yeFOIA. Iintlangano ezifana ne-Muckrock ne-Areports Committee for Freedom of the Press zinikela izixhobo kwizicelo zomzila, zisebenzisana nabanye abaceli, kunye nokukhanyela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhanyela ngokukhawuleza. Iwindow yemini 90 iqala xa ufumana impendulo yokugqibela yombutho. Isibheno esiwenzelwe kakuhle singakuguqula ukukhulula okungafanelekanga.

Isiphelo

I-Freedom of Information Act ihlala ingenye yezona zixhobo zinamandla abemi kufuneka bagcine urhulumente enecala. Iqinisekisa ukuba impendulo engagqibekanga kwisicelo seerekhodi “ewe” ngaphandle kokuba kufikelelwe ukukhulula okuthile okukhethekileyo. Ngoxa inkqubo inokuba yecothayo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha idimaza, ukuzingisa nokuqonda okucacileyo komthetho kungaveza amaxwebhu abonisa indlela ekwenziwa ngayo inkqubo, indlela imali yokuhlawula irhafu echithwa ngayo, nendlela ezinokusetyenziswa ngayo izindululo zempilo kawonke-wonke kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. UFOIA asiyo ibhanile, kodwa yindawo ebalulekileyo yokubonisa ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kwidemokhrasi. Ngokuwazi kakuhle inkqubo ekwaziyo umbutho odibana nayo, indlela yokubhala isicelo esicacileyo, indlela yokubhenela, nendlela yokubuyisela isibheno, nendlela yokubuyisela isindululo kurhulumente esibucala esibucala.