Isiqalo soMgaqo-siseko weUnited States simi njengenye yeengxelo ezibonakala kakuhle nezinamandla zenjongo yesizwe kwimbali. Uvulo lwaso lomfanekiso, [[FTLT:0]" Thina Bantu", sichaza umthombo wamandla ezobupolitika, siwubeka ngokugqibeleleyo ezandleni zommi kunokuba ube ngumlawuli okanye urhulumente. Nangona lumiselwe ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, injongo epheleleyo yenjongo epheleleyo, ukuseka uBume obugqibekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukufezeka kwekhaya, ukulungiselela ukukhusela okuqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza i-Wellvel, kwaye ukhusela iintsikelelo zeLiberty, zingqine ukuba zingqineke zinamandla nokwanda kwemithetho ekhoyo ye-Empire. Ngokunjalo, inguMmandla yokuzinziswa kwemeko ye-Preglyly inguqulo ye-evolue. Ngokuchaza iziphumo eziqinileyo zikarhulumente, ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa koburhulumente obuguquguqukayo, ukutshintsha ngokusetyenziswa kwemeko.

Ukutshabalalisa Ukufumana Kwangaphambili Komdla wokuphefumla

Ukufutshane kwengcaciso kuphikisa igunya layo elinzulu. Ayiqulathanga mthetho omnye, kodwa icacisa injongo yomthetho. Ukuqwalasela ngokusondeleyo iincam ezintandathu zikarhulumente kutyhila indlela nganye eye yasetyenziswa ngayo kumlo wamalungelo abantu.

  • Ifom egqibeleleyo kakhulu i-Union: Eli binzana licebisa iRiphabliki ngumsebenzi ongagqitywanga, osoloko unakho ukuphuculwa. Iye yasetyenziselwa ukuphikisa umanyano olukhulu lwesizwe nokuchitheka kwemithetho yokwahlula, ucalucalulo oludambisa ilaphu lentlalo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ubulungisa obungagqibekanga: Mhlawumbi olona sukelo lucetyiswa rhoqo, luthetha okungeyonkqubo yenkundla nje kuphela, kodwa ibutho elingenakhethe nengcinezelo. Lo mgaqo yayiyinjini yokuziphatha ephambili ekulweni nohlanga kunye nocinezelelo lomvoti.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Inssure esekhaya: Ngelixesha isetyenziswa njalo ngabasemagunyeni ukucinezela ukungavumelani, abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu bayitolike kwakhona le ngcamango. Ingxoxo ithi uxolo lokwenyaniso lunokubakho kwibutho elisesikweni, lunika amandla ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nomGaqo-siseko ekuqhankqalazeni okungenazo izenzo zobundlobongela.
  • Iprojekthi yokhuselo oluqhelekileyo: Le nto idibanisa ingcamango yokuba bonke abemi, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi, banomsebenzi nelungelo lokukhusela ilizwe labo. Le ntshukumo isekelwe ekukhutshelweni amajoni axhobileyo nokuhlonela inkonzo yamagqala amancinane.
  • [[NTLA] promote iNtlalo-ntle jikelele: Isiseko somgaqo-siseko senethi yokhuseleko lwamahlanje kunye neenkqubo ezichasene nobuhlwempu. Ilawula umsebenzi ofanelekileyo karhulumente wokunyamekela intlalo entle yabemi bakhe, ukusuka kwimpilo ukuya kumathuba ezoqoqosho.
  • Zigcineni iintsikelelo zeNkululeko: Le nkululeko njengelungelo lobuzibulo nelifa, isithembiso kwizizukulwana ezizayo ezimele zikhuselwe kwaye zandiswe ngexesha. Isetyenziselwa ukuphikisana yonke into ukususela kumalungelo okuvota ukuya kukuzilawula.

Olu lwimi lunqwenelekayo lwalungamandla nomthombo wenkcaso ekhawulezileyo. Amadoda awamkelayo umGaqo-siseko awazange aziqonde ngokupheleleyo ezi njongo, inkoliso yawo ngokuzimisela ngobukhoboka kunye nokungaqiniseki kwamabhinqa. Noko ke, ngokufaka ezi njongo ziphezulu kuxwebhu lwesiseko, adala isixhobo esinamandla kwabo babeza kukucel ’ umngeni iimpazamo zabo. UPreagegn waba yindawo ebanzi yokuyila, kwaye imigaqo yamalungelo abantu iye yaqhubeka iqhubela phambili ukuwangenisa. National Archives iphawula ukuba ulwimi olugqwedileyo lwalunenjongo yokuthetha luzalisa, umboniso oye wavumela ukuba luhlale luhambele kwiinkulungwane ezimbini.

Imfazwe Yomnqamlezo: Ukuvavanya iSivumelwano

Isono Sokuqala Nesithembiso Sokusesikweni

Uvavanyo lokuqala olukhulu lwezithembiso zoMbutho wokuphelisa. Ulalaniso lonyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anesibhozo luye lwadityaniswe kwilaphu le-Union, luphikisa ngqo isicelo soMgaqo-siseko sowiso-mthetho no "Lubheduyo". Amalungu eSikhundla abanjwa kolu hanahaniso. Inkokeli njengoFrederick Douglas zenza ukhetho olufanelekileyo nolufanelekileyo lokuchaza umGaqo-siseko ngelethu, ephikisa ukuba uxwebhu olunikezelwe kwinkululeko alunakukwazi ukuthethelela ubukhoboka obuhlala buhleli.

Umbono womgaqo-siseko kaDouglas

Kwintetho yakhe eyimfihlelo, "Lithini ikhoboka elingowesine? (1852), uDouglas walusebenzisa kakuhle olu xinezeleko. Ngoxa walufaka umgangatho wesizwe ngenxa yohanahaniso lwalo, akazange awushiye umGaqo-siseko. Endaweni yoko, wathi uluchaza njengoxwebhu oluchasene nobukhoboka. Waphikisa ukuba imigaqo emikhulu yenkululeko nokusesikweni kwiSindululo yayingumoya wokwenyaniso womthetho, kwaye ubukhoboka babululo olululo. Oku kumele ukuba kubaluleke: lwabangela ukulwa i-Revision kungaphulwanga kwisithethe saseMelika, kodwa njengokuzaliseka kwesithembiso sokuqala sohlanga. [FLD:] [Flasley] [0] uDou wislasss uthetha umfundisi wesizwe [FFoct:1] ekusebenziseni iinjongo zobugqaliselo lwalo lwe-crite.

IziHlayiso Zokwakha: Inkululeko Ehle Nesesikweni

Ithuba lasemva kwemfazwe yamakhaya lalilinyathelo elibalulekileyo kwimbali yomgaqo-siseko weSihlomelo. UHlaziyo lwe-13 lwaphelisa ubukhoboka, uMphengululo we-14 wobuzibulo waseka ubuhlanga kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kunye noMmiselo we-15 wokuHlaziywa kwakwalela ucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvotelweni. Ezi zindululo zaba liphulo elingqalileyo lokuzama ukuphinda ubhale umGaqo-siseko ukuze ulungelelene nezithembiso ezingundoqo. UMthetho we-Dawula we-Daaaam, ngokukodwa, nomyalelo wawo onamandla wokuthi akukho rhulumente "usayi kumntu oya kumgangatho olingana nonegunya elilinganayo lemithetho," waba sisithuthi esisemthethweni esiphambili sokusetyenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni.

Iphepha lamabhinqa: Ukubiza kwakhona "Thina bantu"

ISibhengezo seZiqinisekiso neMithetho

Unyakatho wamabhinqa oweshumi elinesithoba kunye nowasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 unika omnye umzekelo onamandla wokuqalisa ukusebenza. Intshukumo eyandululwa ngokusemthethweni kwiNgqungquthela yeeFalls yaseSeneca ngo1848, apho abaxhasi bakhupha khona iSibhengezo seSentiments. Olu xwebhu lwamiselwa ngqo kwiSibhengezo seNkqutyana yokuzimela kwaye lwakhupha ulwimi loMgaqo-siseko kunye nenkululeko. Yaqala ngokuthi, "Sibambe ezi nyaniso ukuba zicace: ukuba onke amadoda namabhinqa adalwe ngokulingana," ukuvavanya ngqo ukususwa kwamabhinqa kwi "Wedu Abantu"""

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, ababhalisi baphikisa ngelithi ukukhanyela amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota kwaphula umsebenzi karhulumente woku "Umthetho" kunye "wokumisela iNtlalo-ntle jikelele". Baphikisa ngelithi urhulumente owarhafisa amabhinqa ngaphandle kwemvume yawo wasilela ukukhusela "ISibonelelo seNkululeko" kwisiqingatha sabemi. Ithala leencwadi leCongregation liphethe isindululo santlandlolo somthetho [[ uxwebhu olumi njengesivumelwano semigaqo yesiseko equququzelelayo ukusetyenziswa. Ukwenziwa kwe-19736 yesiHlamrhu. [iLT] [iLT] [iLT] liyimpendulo engqalileyo kulo nyaka we-criquences, ukugqalwa komthetho oluthelweyo olu-"Fopletion" kumabhinqa akwi-Pregty.

Isiqalo SeeNkundla: Ukukhanya Okuxhomayo

Nangona isiqalo singawaniki mandla akhethekileyo, iye yasebenza njengesikhanyiso sezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kumalungelo abantu. Kwimeko ezibandakanya umlinganiselo wamandla karhulumente, iNkundla ibisoloko ikhangele kwiNkundla yoQoqo-siseko ukuba iqonde iinjongo jikelele zomGaqo-siseko. Kwityala eliphawulayo Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [[FLT: 1] [1954]], evakalisa ukuba i-buhlanga kwizifundo ezingaphucuthekiyo, inkundla engazange ikwazi ukuzalisekisa intelekelele intethe yomthetho elinganayo. Inkundla ijolise kakhulu kwingozi yentlalo neyoloji ebangelwa kukurhoxilonga. Ngokucacileyo, ukugqiba ukunikezelwa kwemithetho ecwangcisiweyo kukhunjunjuselwe "Luxelse" kunye nokukhutha icandelo elibanzi. Inkundla yamkela intembelo elinganayo ayizange naka izalise inyani phantsi komthetho phantsi komthetho womthetho olinganayo phantsi komthetho.

INtlanganiso Yamalungelo Abantu Ngenkulungwane Yama - 20: Ukuzalisekisa Inqaku Lengxelo

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s ne 1960 imela eyona inamandla nexhasweyo yokukhutshelwa kweenjongo zengcaciso kwimbali yaseMelika. UMartin Luther King Jr. kunye neenkokeli zenhlangano zawumisela ngokucacileyo umzabalazo wazo njengemfuneko karhulumente karhulumente wesizwe yokubeka izibophelelo zakhe zokusekwa. Umbutho obizwa ngokuba yi "Seace" kunye ne-"Liberty" ethenjiswe kwisiqalo sokusetyenziswa jikelele.

Iphupha NomGaqo-siseko

UGqr. uKingth "Ndinephupha" intetho, enikelwe kwiSikhumbuzo seLincoln ngo 1963, liklasi elinobuchule kwezomGaqo-siseko. Wathetha ngolwazi oludumileyo ngeSindululo senkululeko kunye nomGaqo-siseko "intengiso" apho wonke umntu waseMerika waye eyindlalifa. Wathi, "Ekuhloneleni le mbopheleleko engcwele, iMelika inike abantu i-Nobel i-checkinginginging, ichekethe ephinde yabekwa uphawulwe 'ngemali efunekayo." Oku kwakungeyo into yokuba izizwe ziphilele kwiSivumo sokholo saseMelika; yayiyinyanzelelwa ukuba ziphile kwiSivumo sokholo esibekwe kwiPregtion. [[FLD:]] i-Mobelhvers. [FLD [Foct1]

UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964, owenqabela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe, kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo wamaLungelo ka-1965, owalela ucalulo lohlanga ekuvoteni, wawuyimimiselo engqalileyo yemithetho elawulayo yetyala leSihloko. Izibonelelo zesizwe zichaza ukuba uMthetho wamaLungelo oMgaqo-mthetho [[[FLTLT] 1] njengomnye wezona mpumelelo zemithetho yowiso-mthetho engundoqo eMelika, umthetho owathi ekugqibeleni waqalisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba yinyaniso engokwasemthethweni yesizwe ngezithembiso zayo. Umbutho wachaza ngempumelelo ukuba ukukhulula nokususa i-transkinglestes zokuziphatha nje ezingalunganga, kodwa ukwaphulwa kwenjongo ephambili karhulumente.

IJaji Yezoqoqosho: INkxaso Eqhelekileyo Ekuqheliseni

Umlo wobulungisa bezoqoqosho udibene kakhulu nomyalelo wesandulela oya "kukhusela abasebenzi ekuxhatshazweni jikelele". Umbutho wokusebenza kwabasebenzi wasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 walwela ilungelo lokudibanisa, usuku lomsebenzi lwamahora asibhozo, kunye nesiphelo sokusebenza kwabantwana. Aba baxhasi basebenzisa iNqaku lokuphikisa ukuba urhulumente wayenomsebenzi ofanelekileyo wokukhusela abasebenzi ekuxhatshazweni. Umthetho omtsha we-1930, kuquka i-Social Security Act ye-social Security ne-Mobilety Act yeMility, wamiselwa ngokucacileyo nguMongameli uFlance Franklin D. Rooselt njengozaliselo lwe "General Wevelvelve" kwintsss yemfundo ekhoyo yonke indawo, uGenearce, uG. Kamva, uG. UPrey urhulumente ongazithandiyo urhulumente uyaqhubeka ngokuthembisa kwentengowawo wonke, urhulumente wakhe, uthembisa isithembiso soburhulumente sangongowema-1999.

Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni: Ilifa Eliqhubekayo

Ucwangciso olucacisayo olwamiselwa ngabaphelisi, amaBhanki, kunye neMbutho yamaLungelo yangaphakathi iyaqhubeka izama ukulwela ukulingana namhlanje. Isiqalo sinika amagama aqhelekileyo amaqela agwetyelweyo ukuchaza iimfuno zawo zokubandakanywa nokusesikweni. Umsebenzi wokwenza i-"Umanyano olugqibeleleyo kakhulu" ugqithiselwa kwisizukulwana ngasinye esitsha.

ILGBTQ+ IMbutho yaMalungelo kunye nokulingana komtshato

Umlo wokulingana komtshato ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21 waxhomekeke kakhulu kwimigaqo yenqanaba. Abameli baphikisa ngelithi ukukhanyela izibini ezingokwasemgaqweni omnye ilungelo lokutshata kwaphula izithembiso ezingundoqo zomGaqo-siseko "zobulungisa" kunye "Leberty". Kwimeko ephawulekayo "Obergefell v. Hodges [2015], iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yasingisa isigqibo kuMgaqo-siseko we-"liberly" othenjiweyo, edibanisa ngqo nombono wabaqululeki. Umthetho awuzange ubone umtshato njengesivumelwano esisemthethweni, kodwa njengesivumelwano esiyimfuneko ekugcineni "Izibonelo lwe-Liberty" kubantu bonke.

Ukungafezeki Kwamalungelo namaMerika AneMithetho Yesiphene

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo, owafumana ulwandiso olukhulu ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kwakhona utsalela kulwimi lwaseSihlohlaniso. AmaMelika anoMthetho (ADA) ka1990 yayingumthetho ophawulayo wamalungelo abantu owenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaneziphene banelungelo elifanayo kunye namathuba afanayo njengaye wonke umntu. Lo mthetho ukwandiswa okuthe ngqo komsebenzi karhulumente "ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele" kunye "uMthetho wobulungisa," ukususa imiqobo kunye nowentlalo othintela ukungenelela ngokupheleleyo kwibutho labantu.

Amalungelo Avela Kubantu Abavela Kumazwe Ahlukeneyo Nomthetho

Intshukumo zale mihla ezikhuthaza amalungelo abaphambukeli, njengeqela le-DREAM Act, zibiza "Ubulungisa" kunye ne-"general Welfare". Baphikisa ngelithi ukuseka indlela yokuba ngumphambukeli wabemi abangaxelwanga ziziswa kwilizwe njengabantwana ngumbandela wokusesikweni okusisiseko kwaye kunegalelo kwi "General Welfare" yesizwe. Le ngxoxo iqhubekayo ibonisa ukuba iSihloko sihlala sisesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo sokulawula imicimbi yezobupolitika nentlalo, ngokuqhubekayo sinyusa isangqa sika "Wethu Abantu"

Iprojekthi engagqitywanga ethi "Thina bantu"

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States asiyonto nje eyenzekayo embalini. Singumgangatho ophilayo, isalatha mbombo sokuziphatha esikhomba kwi-Union egqibeleleyo. Uqhagamshelwano phakathi kweNgcaso kunye nentsebenziswano yamalungelo abantu aluyiyo ngengozi; luyindalo. Abaseki, kuzo zonke iimpazamo zabo, bakha icebo lenkqubela ukuya kwisiseko sohlanga. Ngokumisela usukelo olubanzi, oluphakamileyo, olubalulekileyo, banika izizukulwana zexesha elizayo intlukwano kunye nezixhobo ezisemthethweni ezifunekayo ukufuna utshintsho.

Wonke umbutho wamalungelo abantu kwimbali yaseMelika, ngokwenyani, ubuze umbuzo ofanayo: Ngaba lo mthetho, inkqubo, okanye isiko lisenza sisondele ku "Justice," "Liberty" kunye "General Welfare" othenjiswe kwisiqalo? Umsebenzi wokuphendula lo mbuzo uyaqhubeka. Njengoko uvavanyo olutsha luvela kwaye umba oqhubekayo "Thina bantu" luguquka, ngokungathandabuzekiyo uzakuhlala usisigxina sombhalo kwibali eliqhubekayo laseMelika lokulwela uhlanga oluphila ngokweenjongo zalo eziphezulu.