Unyulo oluphakathi phakathi kwexesha lonyulo lwenzeka phakathi kwegama lomongameli elineminyaka emine kwaye luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yezobupolitika zaseMerika. Ziphembelela ulungelelwano lwamandla kwiKhonkxale kwaye zingaphembelela amandla kamongameli ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo. KumaMelika amaninzi, amaphakathi amela ithuba elibalulekileyo lokubumba indlela yelizwe phakathi konyulo lomongameli. Le sikhokelo sinika ucalulo olusuka kwintloko ukuze kuqoshelwe iziqalelo ezingundoqo zonyulo phakathi kwemiphakathi, kuquka imbali, oomatshini, oomatshini, kunye nokubaluleka.

Yintoni Imilinganiselo Yokhetho?

Unyulo lwemidter lungolonobumbano, urhulumente, kunye nolokuvota lwasekuhlaleni oluqhutywa e-United States rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, ngokukodwa kwiminyaka enokuba ngamanani ewela phakathi konyulo lomongameli. Ngenxa yokuba zenzeka malunga nombindi wexesha eliphakathi komongameli leminyaka emine, zibizwa ngokuba lunyulo lwe- “midterm".. Olona hlanga lubalulekileyo ebudeni bezi nkonzo zeU.S. House of Adventiers (zonke 435) kunye nendlu yesithathu sezihlalo ze-U.S. (umnyaka wama-33 okanye 34). Ukongeza, amazwe amaninzi abamba unyulo-gernerratial, imigqalwano yemimiselo yesizwe, kunye neenyathelo lokulawula i-compulation, kunye nee-boloots phakathi kweminyaka yeminyaka ye-19terter.

Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo lomongameli, oluyalela ukubonakala okuphezulu kunye nomvoti, unyulo oluphakathi kwexesha ludla ngokufumana ingqalelo encinane kumaziko eendaba nakuluntu. Noko ke, iziphumo zazo zingayiguqula ngokuphawulekayo imeko yezobupolitika. Ukutshintsha kolawulo lweBhunga kunokukunceda okanye kuthintele imimiselo yomthetho kamongameli, ukuphembelela imigaqo-mthetho, nokuguqula indlela yeendawo ezingundoqo ezifana nezonyango, irhafu, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Kukangaphi Unyulo Lwexesha Eliphakathi Lubakho?

Unyulo lweMicters luye lwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini ukususela ekusungulweni kweRiphabliki. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela ekuqaleni amagama eminyaka emibini kumalungu endlu (Artle I, Icandelo 2) kunye nemiyalelo yeminyaka emithandathu yama-Senator (I, Icandelo 3). Imithetho yeCanternet erhashazayo iqinisekisa ukuba kuphela icandelo leNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanga ilungelelanisa nakweyiphi na iNtlanganiso ephakathi. Le ndlela yayicetyiselwe ukunikezela ngozinzo kwigumbi eliphezulu ngelixa ugcina indlu idityaniswe kufutshane noluvo lukawonke wonke umntu.

Unyulo lokuqala phakathi kwexesha lwaqhutywa ngowe-1790, unyaka nje omnye emva kokuba umGaqo-siseko uqalile, yaye luye lwagcinwa kumjikelo ongaguqukiyo weminyaka emibini ukususela ngoko. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkqubo iye yaguquka, ngokuphawulekayo ngokumkelwa koMphetho-mda we-17 ngowe1913, owasusa unyulo lweNtlanganiso kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukukhokela amavoti athandwayo.

Yintoni Ebanjweni Kukhetho Oluphakathi Kwexesha Elide?

Izithintelo zonyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo zinkulu. Kumgangatho wesigqeba, owona mvuzo ukhawulezileyo kukulawulwa kweBhunga lase-U. Iqela elinamalungu amaninzi kwiNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala limisela izakhelo zowiso-mthetho, izihlalo zeekomiti, namandla okudlula okanye okuvala izicelo zikamongameli. Urhulumente owahluleleneyo./ukuthi apho iqela elinye lilawula iNdlukhwebendwane okanye elinye lilawule omabini amagumbi eBhunga.

Zonke iiSeats zendlu ezingama - 435

Ilungu ngalinye leNdlu yabameli lisebenzisa igama leminyaka emibini, elithetha ukuba lonke igumbi lilungele unyulo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini. Ngenxa yoku, umsebenzi wonyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo njenge-arhente yelizwe lonke kwimisebenzi kamongameli. Kwimbali yembali, iqela lomongameli lidla ngokulahlekelwa ngumndilili wezihlalo zezindlu ezingama-26 ebudeni bonyulo lwaphakathi, nangona inani ngokwalo lihluka kakhulu kuxhomekeka kwiimeko zezoqoqosho, amanyala, kunye neziganeko ezikhulu.

Isithathu esinye sendlu yoomatiloshe

Abaququzeleli basebenzisa imiqathango yeminyaka emithandathu, kwaye umGaqo-siseko wahlula iBhunga libe ziiklasi ezintathu, ngalinye linyulwa kunyaka weminyaka emibini eyahlukileyo. Kuwo nawuphi na unyaka phakathi, udidi lweNtlanganiso okokugqibela onyuliweyo kunyaka wonyulo lwangaphambili (kwiminyaka emithandathu ngaphambili) luza kuphinda lunyulwe. Ngenxa yale nkqubo intengiso ikhuselwe kakhulu ekutshintsheni ngequbuliso kuluvo lukawonke-wonke wonke. Noko ke, unyulo lwamaza lungacima izihlalo eziliqela zeNtsinjana, ingakumbi ukuba iqela likamongameli liphethe inani elingenasiphelo sezihlalo kwiklasi enikiweyo.

Imeko kunye nee-ofisi zasekuhlaleni

Unyulo lwexeshana lukwaquka ukhuphiswano lwerhuluneli, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, amagqwetha, oonobhala-mthetho, kunye nezikhundla ezininzi zasekuhlaleni ezifana noosodolophu, iibhodi zesikolo, kunye neekomkhulu lephondo. Ezi ntlanga zisoloko zigqunywa ngamaphulo karhulumente, kodwa zinempembelelo engqalileyo kubomi babemi bemihla ngemihla. IiRhuluneli zinolawulo lwemali, imiyalelo yegunya, kunye ne-(ukulawula imigca) emininzi.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, unyulo phakathi kwexesha lokuphuma kwenqanawa lukwayindawo yokulwa imfazwe kwimiba eshushu enjengamalungelo okuqhomfa, ukwenziwa komjuko ngokomthetho, ukunyuka kwemivuzo encinane, nokuvota. Umzekelo, ngowama-2022, abavoti kumazwe amaninzi bacinga ukuba amanyathelo okukhupha isisu anxulumene emva kweNkundla ePhakamileyo arhoxa Roe v. Wade

Lusebenza Njani Ukhetho Oluphakathi Kwexesha?

Amakhankasi onyulo oluphakathi kwexesha lokuma alandela iinkqubo ezifanayo ezisisiseko njengalo naluphi na olunye unyulo lwase-United States. Amazwe amisela imithetho yawo yonyulo malunga nokubhaliswa, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, kunye nee-imeyile, kodwa ulawulo lwequmrhu lorhulumente olugqithisileyo luhlala lungaguquguquki. Nalu uqhawuko lwenyathelo ngenyathelo lomgaqo-nkqubo.

I-Ofisi kunye noKhetho-

Uninzi lwamazwe luba nonyulo oluphambili entwasahlobo okanye ehlotyeni lonyaka wexeshana. Kwiqela ngalinye, abavoti abakwindawo yokuqala bakhetha umtyunjwa weqela labo kwiofisi nganye. Abavoti bangavuleka (nabani na obhalisiweyo angathabatha inxaxheba), bavale (kuphela amalungu eqela), okanye azivalelwe kancinane. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa ii-kaucusus endaweni ye-primrivary, nangona ezi zinto ziqheleke kakhulu namhlanje. Abaphumeleleyo kwizindlu zabefundisi ngoko banokubandakanyeka kunyulo jikelele, olubanjwe ngoLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba.

Kunyulo jikelele, abavoti balahla iibhola zomvotelwa omnye kwiofisi nganye. Kumatyala amaninzi, umvoti onenkoliso yevoti uphumelele/inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba zizininzi okanye eyokuqala- umva. Noko ke, amanye amazwe afuna uninzi (ngaphezulu kwama-50%) kwaye abamba unyulo olubalekayo ukuba akukho mvotelwa ufikayo. Louisiana neGeorgia yimizekelo ephawulekayo yeeofisi ezithile.

Iipateni Zomjikelo

Unyulo lwexesha eliphakathi luye lwaguquka ngokwembali lusuka kunyulo olusezantsi kakhulu oluthelekiswa nonyulo lomongameli. Kunyulo lomongameli wama-202020, kunyulwe unyulo olumalunga nama-66% wabavoti abafanelekileyo, ophezulu kakhulu kwinkulungwane. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, unyulo lwama-201818 phakathi kwexesha lwajika malunga nama-50%, olo lwaluphezulu ngokungaqhelekanga kwixesha eliphakathi kodwa lwalusengaphantsi kakhulu komgangatho womongameli.

Iziphumo zojikelezo olusezantsi zingaba yi-skew. Abadala, abamhlophe, kunye nabaninzi abafundileyo badla ngokuvota kwinani eliphezulu phakathi, lo gama abavoti nabambalwa bengenanxaxheba rhoqo. Lo msantsa unika uncedo kwiqela elisiseko salo sibandakanyeke kakhulu kwiminyaka engeyoyoyonto. Ngokufuthi idibene nengingqi yezopolitiko ngaphandle kweNdlu emhlophe. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika ziphawule ukuba abavoti bemiphakathi kwemiphakathi batyekele ekutyekeleni kakhulu kuneeprojekthi jikelele, ezinokunyusa ukhuthulo oluphakathi kwingqungquthela.

Ukubhaka-bhaka Nokusebenzisa

Amaphulo aphakathi anzima, axabisa kakhulu, kwaye aphenjelelwa kakhulu zintsingiselo zezobupolitika zesizwe. AmaCandida, amaqela, namaqela angaphandle achitha amawaka ezigidi zeerandi kwizibhengezo, iiposi ezithe ngqo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwamanani. Kumjikelezo wama-2022, inkcitho kwimida yesizwe yadlula [ ngamawaka ezigidi [7, iyenza ibe yeyona nxalenye yexesha elibiza imali eninzi kwimbali.

Iinkqubo zijolise kwimiba yasekuhlaleni nemixholo yesizwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo oomongameli abakwizikhundla zombane basebenza njengentonga yombane: ukuba umongameli akathandwa, abo baza kungena kwiqela lomongameli basenokusuka kwiindawo ezikude, ngoxa abaceli bebambisa iintshaba zabo kumongameli. Ngokuchasene noko, umongameli odumileyo unokubakhuthaza abo baza kuba kwiqela labo aze abancede ukuba babambe okanye bafumane izihlalo.

Obona Bandla Babalulekileyo Abaphembelela Ukhetho Oluphakathi Kwexesha

Ukuqonda oku kunokunceda abavoti nabahlalutyi baxele imiphumo baze bachaze imeko yezobupolitika ebanzi.

Ukulinganiselwa kokunconywa nguMongameli

Enye yezinto ezinamandla ezibonisa ukuba umongameli akakho phakathi kwesigaba sexesha lokusebenza yi-45%. Xa umongameli engathandwa, abavoti badla ngokusebenzisa ixesha eliphakathi njengendlela yokubonakalisa ukunganeliseki, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulahlekelweni kweqela lomongameli. Umzekelo, ngo-2010, uMongameli Barack Obama, imvume kaMongameli uhamba phantse kuma-45%, kunye noDemocrates walahlekelwa zizihlalo ezingama-6 / ilahleko enkulu ephakathini lendlu ukususela ngo-1938. Ngokuphikisana noko, umongameli onemvume ephezulu unceda iqela labo, nangona kwanaba bamongameli abadumileyo belahlekelwa zezihlalo ezithile.

Imeko Yezoqoqosho

Iimeko zezoqoqosho zidlala indima enkulu. Ukungasebenzi okuphezulu, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, okanye ukudodobala koqoqosho jikelele kweqela eliseburhulumenteni. Abasebenzi badla ngokutyhola umongameli kunye neqela labo ngeengxaki zezoqoqosho, nokuba iziphumo zinzima okanye zivela kwiimeko zomhlaba wonke. Unyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha lama-2022, luye lwabunjwe kakhulu kukunyuka kwamaxabiso okusebenza, nto leyo eyafak ’ isandla ekuncipheni kwelahleko yedemokhrasi e-democratic nangona ilindelekile kwezinye iintlanga.

Iziganeko ezinkulu zesizwe

Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo . ezifana neemfazwe, uhlaselo lwabagrogrisi, iintlekele zemvelo, okanye izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo.. Unyulo lwangowangowama-2006 phakathi kwexesha lemfazwe ye-Iraq, lwabona uDemocrats lufumana izihlalo eziziindawo ezima-31 zendlu kwaye lwalawula iKhongolo. Kutshanje, ama-20222 phakathi aphenjelelwa sisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization ye-Adom[FLT], eyathimba ukukhusela ukuqhomfa komfa komtya. Isigqibo eso solawulo lomthetho siphembele iDemocratic Republication.

Iingenelo eziziimfuno kunye nokuHlakulelwa

Abasebenzi bephondo kwiNdlu jikelele baluncedo olunamandla ngenxa yokuqatshelwa, ukuqokelelwa kwemali, kunye neenkonzo ezisunguliweyo. Noko ke, ukuphinda kutsalwe kwemigca yesithili emva kobalo ngalunye.-accan iguqula ngokuphawulekayo imimandla ekhethiweyo. Kwiminyaka yophakathi elandela ukubalwa kwabantu (umz., 2022 emva kokubala), isithili ezininzi ziyakhutshwa, maxa wambi ukuze zikhusele izithuba okanye zivelise izihlalo zokhuphiswano. Gerrymandering, ukuphatha imida yesithili ngenzuzo ye-Rhoba, kusenokunciphisa inani lezihlalo zokhuphiswano nokukhuselwa kwimi ye-RGBBSD.

Utyekelo Lwembali Nokhetho Oluphawulekayo

Ukufundisisa ngonyulo oludluleyo kutyhila indlela eguquguqukayo nebalaselisayo xa umgaqo wokophulwa.

I-Ich- Yonyaka-Nyaka-Ncedo"

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika ziye zaphawula ukuba iqela lomongameli lisoloko lilahlekelwa zizihlalo phakathi kwexesha lesibini. Le nto, ebizwa ngokuba yi- “i-ich yeminyaka emithandathu,” yenzeka ngo-1956 (i-Nixon/Ford), 1986 (iReagan), 1998 (engaphandle apho uDemocrates wafumana izihlalo ngexesha loqoqosho olunamandla kunye nomkhosi) 2006 (i-Georgee W. Bush), kunye no-201818 (Trump). Phakathi konyaka wama1998 yayingumzekelo onqabile apho iqela lomongameli lafumana izihlalo, ngenxa yokungquzulana nomkhosi kawonke emva kweRiphabliki-Riphabliki.

Unyuso Lweliza luphikisana nemo Quo

Ezinye izihlalo eziphakathi zivelisa unyulo olukhulu “lwezinyulo” apho elinye iqela lifumana izihlalo ezininzi. Imizekelo iquka u1994 (IiRepublics zafumana izihlalo eziziindlu ezingama-44 zaze zathatha izininzi okokuqala kwiminyaka engama-40), 2010 (ingeniso emalunga nesithandathu esitsha yeRiphabliki), kunye no-201818 (iDemarat zafumana izihlalo ezingama-41 zokuthatha kwakhona iNdlukhwe). Ezinye izihlalo eziphakathi ziphumela kwimijikelezo elinganiselweyo, njengo-2014 (Republicans wafumana izihlalo ezisisi-9 kuphela kodwa izihlalo ezili-13 kuphela) okanye 2022 (i-Republications zafumana iHoom enkulu enezihlalo ezinomnamnane 9).

Indima Yemiba Engqubanayo Yomongameli (Okanye Ukungabikho Kwayo)

Abalawuli basoloko beno “iinto ezimfutshane” kunyulo lwabo lokuqala, benceda abatshayeli abatshayelwayo. Kodwa ngexesha lophakathi, ezo zixhobo zijikeleza jikelele ziphela. Iqela lomongameli lisoloko liphelelwa ngumnatha wokuhlala ngenxa yokuba abavoti ababhalisa umongameli kunyulo lwangaphambili abashukunyiselwanga ukuba bavote kwiminyaka emibini kamva. Oku ngamanye amaxesha kubizwa ngokuba “sisohlwayo sexesha eliphakathi.”

Isizathu Sokuba Ukukhetha Phakathi Kwexesha Kubaluleke Kubemi

Kubo batsha kwezobupolitika, unyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha lunokubonakala lungabalulekanga kakhulu kunokhuphiswano lomongameli. Enyanisweni, zisoloko zilapho kwenziwa khona izigqibo eziphambili. IBhunga libhala imithetho, liqinisekisa iijaji, lize lilawule uqingqo-mali lwamazwe. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zigqiba ngenkxaso-mali yemfundo, ulwandiso-mali, ukwanda kwempilo, kunye nemithetho yokuvota. Ii-ofisi zengingqi zichaphazela ikontini, i-ofisi yomkhosi, kunye nezikolo.

Ngenxa yokuba abavoti basembindini bethoba, banempembelelo engathethekiyo kubani abamele. Umvoti ozinikeleyo phakathi nonyaka unokuba nempembelelo enkulu kunangexesha lonyulo lomongameli xa izigidi ezingakumbi zibonakala. Oku kungenxa yokokuba amaqela obungangamsha, amaqela ezobupolitika, kunye namajelo eendaba agxininisa ngokungakumbi ukubaluleka kokuvota kunyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo.

Indlela Yokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kukhetho Oluphakathi Kwexesha

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo oluphakathi kwexesha kucacile kodwa kufuna ukucwangcisa. Nawa amanyathelo angundoqo:

  • Umbhalisi wokuvota. Khangela ixesha elipheleleyo lobhaliso lorhulumente wakho. Iimeko ezininzi zivumela ubhaliso lwemini enye, kodwa ezinye zifuna iiveki zokubhalisa kusengaphambili. Vate.gov inikeza ulwazi lwemeko-mgaqo.
  • [[FLT: 0] abafuna uphando kunye namanqaku. Jonga ngaphaya kweelebhile zeqela. Funda iindawo zabahlolo, funda iiholo zedolophu, kwaye jonga imithombo engeyoya apartis njenge Ballotepia[ malunga nolwazi kwibhola yakho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Yazi ukhetho lwakho lovota. Amazwe amaninzi anika uvota kwangoko, ivoti yeposi, okanye uvoto olungekhoyo. Khetha ukuba yeyiphi indlela esebenzayo kakuhle kuwe kwaye ulandele imiyalelo ngononophelo.
  • Yenza ucwangciso lokuvota. Seka isikhumbuzi soSuku loNnyulo. Ungqubano luvuleke kusuka ekuseni ukuya kutsho ngokuhlwa, kodwa imigca ingabande, ingakumbi ngokuhlwa. Cinga ngokuvota kwangoko ukunqanda ukulinda.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo malunga nokhetho lwexesha eliphakathi

Iingcamango eziliqela ezimalunga nonyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo zingadida abavoti bokuqala. Ukuzichaza kunceda ukwakha ukuqonda okuchane ngakumbi.

Myth: unyulo lwe Midter kuphela lubandakanyeka kwiNgqungquthela. Ngelixesha intlanga zesizwe zilawula imixholo ephambili, urhulumente kunye nezizwe zasekuhlaleni zinempembelelo enkulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Umzekelo, iirhuluneli zilawula uqingqo-mali noxanduva longxamiseko, ngelixa izigwebi zikarhulumente zigqiba amalungelo okuqhomfa, imithetho yemipu, kunye nemigangatho yemfundo. Unyulo lwezikolo lwendawo zimisela iinkqubo kunye neemali eziphambili.

Myth: ukuvota kwakho akunanto ngenxa yokuzibamba. Ukuvota kungenza ezinye isithili zingadibani, kodwa ugqatso lwezindlu lusakhuphisana ngokusondeleyo. Ngaphezu koko, iinntlalo zelizwe elibanzi kwiCandelo, irhuluneli, kunye neenyathelo zokhuphiswano azikho phantsi kolawulo. Kumazwe okhuphiswano, ivoti enye ingahlisa umlinganiselo kugqatso olusondeleyo.

Myth: iziphumo zonyulo lwe Midterm azichaphazeli gunya lomongameli. Oku kububuxoki. Ukuqanjwa kweKhomishini kuchaphazela ngqo oko umongameli anokukufeza. IKhomishini elawulwa liqela lenkcaso ingasibekela umqathango, iqalise uphando, ingavumi ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mtyunjwa. Umongameli oneeKhomishini ezinobuhlobo angagqithisa iindleko ezinkulu, njengoko kubonwa kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala yolawulo lweBinden xa iDemocrates elawula omabini amagumbi.

Ikamva Lonyulo Oluphakathi Kwexesha

Unyulo lwexeshana luyaqhubeka luguquka. Ukutshintsha kobugcisa, inkxaso-mali, kunye nemithetho yokuvota kuza kubumba imijikelo ezayo. Unyuko lwezibonelelo zentlalo lwenze kwaba lula ngabatsha baphakamise iminikelo emincinci ye-dilor kunye nabavoti ngqo, kodwa luye lwanyusa ukunwenwa kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Inani lezihlalo zomphicothi-zinokuncipha njenge gerrydering juning kwaye abavoti bazifake kwingi enxulumene ne-grobhothi. Kwangaxesha linye, imigudu yokwandisa ukuvota ngokuvota (ukuvota okuzenzekelayo, akukho mvume yeposi, kwaye ukuvota kwasekuqaleni) kusenokutshintsha kwaye kwenza ukhuthulo olungaphezulu lommeli wovoti.

Ukuqonda unyulo phakathi kwexesha elithile kubalulekile nabani na ummi othenjiweyo. Asisosiganeko sesibini nje phakathi kwemilo yomongameli; ziyindlela ebalulekileyo yokubeka amagunya anyuliweyo etyala nokubumba indlela yelizwe. Ngokuthabatha inxaxheba, abavoti bangaphembelela imigaqo-nkqubo echaphazela ubomi babo kangangeminyaka ezayo.