Inkqubo yezibheno ligumbi lenkqubo yokugweba, inika inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokuhlola izigqibo ezenziwe ziinkundla ezisezantsi. Kude nokuba siso nje esilula, isibheno sikukuqhubekeka okusemthethweni ekulungiseni iimpazamo zomthetho okanye inkqubo esenokuba yachaphazela iziphumo zokuvavanywa. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kuyimfuneko kungekuphela nje kwiingcali ezingokwasemthethweni kodwa nakumntu onokuthi abe nenxaxheba ekuhlaziyweni, njengoko ikhusela amalungelo asisiseko kwaye ikhuthaza ukungaguquguquki ekusetyenzisweni komthetho.

Yintoni Ebangela Izibabalo?

Inkqubo yezibheno ivumela iqela elinganelisekanga sisigqibo senkundla, qho lifune uhlolo lwenkundla ephezulu. Oku kuhlola akulotyala elitsha; kunoko, kuhlola ingxelo yeziphumo zokuqala ukufumanisa ukuba iimpazamo zomthetho okanye ze-procedice zenzekile ezicalula ityala le nkundla. Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kusetyenziswa kwaye umthetho usetyenziswa ngokulinganayo. Inkundla ayibuphulanga ubungqina obutsha okanye ubungqina; ixhomekeke kwingxelo ebhaliweyo nakwimpikiswano ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo neyomthetho echazwe ngokufutshane. Umahluko ubalulekile: isibheno simalunga [[FLT:] umthetho [FLT:], ayiwuvanga umthetho [FFFF:]

Ubuchule bokusebenzisa amagama obungundoqo kwinkqubo yezibheno

Ukuqhuba inkqubo yezibongozo, ukuqhelana namagama akhethekileyo kuluncedo. Itafile engezantsi ichaza ezona zibalulekileyo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Appellant: Iqela elifakela isibheno, lifuna ukubhukuqa isigqibo senkundla esezantsi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] IAppelle (okanye iPhondo): Iqela elikhusela isigqibo senkundla esezantsi, elidla ngokuphumelela ekucinyweni.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ingxelo kwisibheno: Ingqokelela esemthethweni yawo onke amaxwebhu, imiboniso, iintshukumo, kunye nentetho-mfonomfono ezivela kwityala lenkundla echongiweyo. Uhlolo lwenkundla yezicelo lulinganiselwe kule ngxelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iimpikiswano zomthetho ezibhaliweyo zingeniswe ngamaqela omabini. Impelesi ichaza kafutshane isizathu sokuba inkundla egwebayo iphambuke; izityholo ezifutshane ze-appelle ukuba isigqibo silungile.
  • [[NTL: 0] Impikiswano e-Oral: Intetho yomlomo phambi kweqela labagwebi abajongene neziphumo zentetho apho amagqwetha aphendula imibuzo kwaye acacise iingongoma kwimifutshane yabo. Impikiswano yezomlomo ayisoloko inikwa.
  • IsiSeko seHlelo: Umgangatho wokuzibamba inkundla enika iziphumo zenkundla esezantsi. Imigangatho eqhelekileyo iquka devo no o (uhlolo olutsha) kwimibuzo esemthethweni kunye [[FLT:]] nempazamo enkulu [[FLT:]] ukufumanisa iziphumo eziyinyaniso.
  • Ibhanki engundoqo: Ukuchotshelwa apho bonke abagwebi abasebenzayo benkundla ye-appellate bathatha inxaxheba (ngokuchasene neqela lenjongo elingunobumba elithathu labagwebi).

Inyathelo Ngenyathelo Lezibheno

Ngeli xesha iinkqubo zohluka-hlukeneyo ngokolawulo (amatyala angaphezulu) kunye nohlobo lwemeko (ityala l. cvil vs, isibheno esininzi silandela ulandelelwano olufanayo. Ukungahambi kwalo naliphi ixesha lokuphuma emsebenzini kungaphumela ekugxothweni, ngoko ukubambelela ngokungqongqo kwimithetho yesithethe kunyanzelekile.

1. Ukubhaqa isaziso sesibheno

Le nkqubo iqala xa iifayile ezidlulisayo zifumana isaziso sesibheno ngenkundla egwetywayo. Oluxwebhu kufuneka lugcinwe kumda ongqongqo wexesha ````ientsuku ezingama-30' emva kokungena komgwebo wokugqibela kwinkundla yetyala yesizwe, nangona imithetho karhulumente yahluka. Isaziso sichaza umgwebo obheno kwaye amaqela abandakanyekileyo. Ukungaphumeleli ukuyila ngexesha kudla ngokulahlekelwa lilungelo lokubhena.

Ukulungiselela Nokuyila

Xa isaziso sifakiwe, umgcini-sango kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba inkundla echongiweyo ilungisa irekhodi esemthethweni ngokubhena. Oku kuquka iirekhodi zazo zonke iindlebe kunye neengxelo zokuvavanywa, kwakunye nemibhalo yoxwebhu lonke olungeniswe kubungqina. Ummeli usenokufuna ukuchaza iinxalenye ezithile zengxelo ukuze zifakelwe. I-appellee ingadibanisa izinto. Ingxelo mayiqinisekiswe ize idluliselwe kwinkundla ye-appellate.

3. Ukungenisa Iimfihlelo

Izijungqe zesambuku sesibheno. Iqela ngalinye libhala uxwebhu oluchaza iimpikiswano zomthetho ezixhaswa ngucatshulwa kwirekhodi kunye nomthetho wetyala okanye imimiselo. Umba omfutshane womntu uchaza imiba, ushwankathela izibakala, kwaye uphikisane ngesizathu sokuba isigqibo senkundla esezantsi siphosakele. IAppellee aphendule ngencam nganye. Umxhasi anga bhala impendulo emfutshane ukuphendula ukuphendula ingxubusho entsha ephakanyisiweyo yi-allecellee. Imifutshane iphantsi kwemida engqongqo yamaphepha kunye nemithetho yokuguqula.

4. Impikiswano yomlomo (ukuba ivunyiwe)

Asizizo zonke izibongozo eziquka impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo. Xa zivunyiwe, icala ngalinye lidla ngokuba nemizuzu elishumi ukuya kwengama-30 yokunikela iingongoma ezingundoqo nokuphendula imibuzo yabagwebi. Ingxoxo engoonobumba ivumela iqela elichaphazelekayo ukuba liphande iintsilelo kwiingxoxo, licacise iingongoma ezingacacanga, livavanye nentsingiselo yesigqibo. Lithuba elibalulekileyo lokuphembelela.

5. Isigqibo

Emva kokuhlola ingxelo, iingxelo ezifutshane kunye nengxoxo ethethwayo, inkundla ebhaliweyo inikela uluvo olubhaliweyo. Inkundla isenokuthatha iiveki okanye iinyanga ukugqiba. Iziphumo ezinokubakho ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Isiqinisekiso: Isigqibo senkundla esezantsi siyaxhaswa.
  • Umva: Isigqibo senkundla esezantsi siyarhoxiswa.
  • Isigqibo senkundla esezantsi sibekelwe bucala, ngokufuthi ukwenzela imicimbi ebhekele phaya.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ityala lithunyelwa emva kwinkundla evavanyiweyo ukwenzela isenzo esongezelelweyo esihambelana noluvo lwenkcazelo (umz., ukuvavanywa okutsha okanye ukucaphuka).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Inguqu: umyalelo wenkundla esezantsi uyatshintshwa ngokwenxenye, njengonciphiso kwimbasa yomonakalo.

Uluvo luyinxalenye yengxelo yoluntu yaye lunokuba ngumzekelo ongqongqo kumatyala exesha elizayo.

Iintlobo zezibheno kwinkqubo yeNkundla

Asizizo zonke izibheno ezifanayo. Uhlobo lokubhenela luxhomekeke kwindlela ebekwe ngayo imithetho nokuma kwemeko.

Isibheno esithe ngqo . Isibheno sobulumko

isibheno esithe ngqo sisisibheno esifana nesasekunene/isibheno senkundla yetyala kufuneka sisive. Kwinkqubo yengingqi, izibheno ezithe ngqo zezigqibo zenkundla yesithili zisiya kwiinkundla zesiphakamiso sesiphakamiso. isibheno esiphengululayo [, ngokuchaseneyo, yinkundla enye edityanisweyo isenokukhetha ukwamkela okanye ukulandula. Owona mzekelo udumileyo usisibongozo sesiphatho sesicelo se-celo se-ultaririari kwiU.S. Ephakamileyo, enikwe kuphela malunga no-1% yeemeko.

Isibheno soMngenisi

Ngokwesiqhelo, izibheno zingathathwa kuphela kugwebo oluphakathi ] `iimpams eziphelisa ukubekwa kwetyala kwintlawulo kwaye zingashiyeli tyala nto yokwenza kodwa kuphumele umgwebo. Noko ke, isibheno sivumela uhlomelo lomthetho owenziwe phambi komgwebo wokugqibela, njengomyalelo wokunika okanye ukukhanyela umyalelo. Umthetho weFreveral uvumela ukubhenela phantsi ko 28 U.S.C.

Isibheno sokuKhusela ngeNkqutyana yeNdawo

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, emva kokuba ukunyanzeliswa nokubhena kuphelile, abamangalelwa bangafaka isibheno sombhalo-wokufaka (ngokufuthi kubizwa ngokuba sisicelo se-state habeas corpus okanye intshukumo phantsi kwama-28 U.S.C. . . . . . . . . . . . izicelo zithi ukunyanzelisa okanye isigwebo sichasene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko, umzekelo, ngenxa yokungaphumeleli koncedo lwesiluleko, ingxengxenga engalunganga, okanye ubungqina obusandul'ukufunyanwa. Ezi zintsonkothile kwaye zibekwe kwiintsika ezingqongqo ze-prodeclial.

Izibheno Zolawulo

Izigqibo zamaziko amaninzi karhulumente (umz., abagwebi abathathi-nxaxheba, i-Social Security Administration, okanye i-Board of Veterans’s Applers) zifanele zihlolwe ziinkundla zesithili okanye ziinkundla ezingoothile. Ezi asizozibongozo ezingokwesithethe kodwa zilawulwa nguMthetho we-Administrative Procedure kunye nemimiselo efanayo.

Izinto Eziqhelekileyo Zokutshisa Isibheno

Isibheno asilothuba lokulungisa eli tyala kuba ningavumelani nesigqibo sejaji. Ukuze aphumelele, ummangaleli kufuneka abonise ukuba inkundla echophelayo yenze impazamo ecacileyo, ebonisa ikhethe. Ezona zizathu ziqhelekileyo ziquka:

Iimpazamo Ezisemthethweni

Ijaji yetyala isetyenziswa kakubi okanye itolikwa kakubi umthetho. Umzekelo, ijaji isenokuba inike umyalelo ongalunganga, ivumile ukuba iphule imithetho, okanye irhoxise ityala elisemthethweni elisekelwe kufundo oluphosakeleyo lomthetho. Ngenxa yokuba imibuzo engokwasemthethweni ibuye ilungiswe [FLT][FLT]% devo , , inkundla ye-applete ayinikezeli ukurhoxiswa kwizigqibo zom setyala.

Iimpazamo Ezingokwenkqubo

Ukuhamba okubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yenkundla efanelekileyo ethoba isidima sobulungisa betyala. Imizekelo iquka ukusilela ukuvumela iqela linikele ubungqina, ukukhutshwa okungafanelekanga kwejaji, okanye ukukhanyelwa kokuqhubekeka ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Umqwali-mthetho makabonise ukuba impazamo ayibanga nabungozi.

Ukuphumelela Kobungqina

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa usenokuphikisa ngelithi ubungqina obunikelwa etyalani babunganele ngokusemthethweni ukuxhasa ukumamela okungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Lo mgangatho uphezulu kakhulu; inkundla echaphazelekayo ijonge ubungqina ekukhanyeni obulungileyo kwityala kwaye iya kujika kuphela ukuba akukho mngxengxezo wento eqikelelwayo ubunokufumana iziqalelo ezifunekayo ziqinisekisiwe. Umlinganiselo ofanayo usebenza kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni ukwenzela umgwebo njengombandela womthetho.

Ubungqina Obutsha Obufunyenweyo

Ubungqina obungazange bufumaneke ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwaye obungenakufunyanwa ngenkuthalo elungileyo bungakha isiseko sesibheno okanye intshukumo yasemva kokutyhalela. Ubungqina kufuneka bube yinto kwaye butshintshe iziphumo. Eli tyala alifane liphumelele kuba iinkundla zamatyala zinenkululeko ebanzi yokugqiba enoba ziya kunikela ukuvavanywa okutsha kusini na okusekelwe kubungqina obutsha.

Uncedo Olungenamsebenzi Lwesiluleko

Kwizibheno zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa angathi inyathelo labo lomthetho lokumangalelwa lalilingene kangangokuba lawahlutha ilungelo lokuvavanya ngokusesikweni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yamisela umgangatho kwi- . [19984] [ummangalelwa]: ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise (1) ukuba icebiso lalingenangqiqo phantsi kwemigaqo yobuchule exhaphakileyo, (2) nokuba ukungasebenzi kakuhle kubeke ingqwalaselo (isizathu esisengqiqweni sinokuba iziphumo zahlukile kodwa zisenokuba zikho ngempazamo.

Indima Nomsebenzi Weenkundla Eziza Kuphandwa

Iinkundla ezifumana izicelo zisebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo engaphaya kokulungisa iimpazamo zomntu ngamnye.

Ukuhlola Imigangatho Esemthethweni Nokulungisa Iimpazamo

Indima yokuqala yenkundla egwebayo kukuqinisekisa ukuba inkundla egwebayo isebenzise imigaqo elungileyo yomthetho. Oku kuhlola kubalulekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo abagwebi nokuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni akuthintelwanga yimpazamo yomgwebi. Ngaphandle kokuphinda kulungiswe, iimpazamo azinakulungiswa, kwaye umthetho uya kuthotywa phantsi.

Uqwalaselo

Izigqibo eziphakanyiswayo, ingakumbi ezo zeNkundla eziKhululo zase-U.S. kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente, zidala imizekelo enyanzelisayo (isalathisi) yokuba zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi ezikulawulo kufuneka zilandele. Oku kukhuthaza ukuhambelana nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kumthetho. Xa inkundla echaza umthetho okanye ilungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko, loo nkcazelo iba ngumthetho wamatyala exesha elizayo de iwiswe yinkundla ephakamileyo okanye yindlu yowiso-mthetho.

Ukuqinisekisa iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo namalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Izibheno zisebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente, ingakumbi kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa bafumana ityala elifanelekileyo, ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokusemthethweni, kwaye izigwebo zikwimida esemthethweni. Inkqubo ye-appellate iyinxalenye engundoqo yenkqubo efunekayo.

Ukunikela Okusesikweni Ngokwengqiqo

Iinkundla eziphandayo zisingatha amatyala amakhulu kwaye kufuneka zimisele imicimbi ephakamisa imiba ebalulekileyo yomthetho. Amatyala amaninzi agqitywe ngaphandle kwempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, kwaye amanye aconjululwe ngokushwankathelwa ukuba isibheno sicacile ngaphandle kwesizathu. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kuvumela inkqubo ukuba igxininise izibonelelo kumatyala abandakanya imibuzo yokwenene engokwasemthethweni.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo Ngenkqubo Yezibheno

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukubhenela?

Kwinkundla zikarhulumente, ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokufaka isaziso sesibheno kwisigqibo limalunga neenyanga ezi-8 ukuya kwezili-12, kodwa amatyala anzima anokuthatha ixesha elide. Imilinganiselo yexesha yaseburhulumenteni iyahluka-hluka kakhulu. Ucwangciso olufutshane lodwa lunganwenwa iinyanga eziliqela, kwaye impikiswano yomlomo isenokudibanisa iinyanga ezongezelelekileyo.

Ngaba ubungqina obutsha bunokunikelwa ngokutsalwa?

Hayi. Inkundla ethatha inyathelo ihlola kuphela ingxelo evela kwinkundla yamatyala. Ubungqina obutsha abuqwalaselwanga ngaphandle kokuba isibheno sinxulumene nentshukumo yasemva kwetyala elisekelwe kubungqina obufunyenweyo, kwanangoko, inkundla egwebayo kufuneka iqale ilawule kuyo.

Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba isibheno asiphumelelanga?

Ukuba umlawuli ulahlekelwa, umgwebo wenkundla esezantsi umi. Umgwebi uyakwazi ukufuna uhlomelo olubhekele phaya kwinkundla ephakamileyo (umz., inkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.), kodwa oko kungumthetho ocacileyo kwaye akufane kuvunyelwe. Kwezinye iimeko, umgwebi unokufuneka ukuhlawula iindleko ze-appellee okanye athumele iqhina lokuhlala eqeshiweyo yomgwebo ngexesha lesibheno.

Ngaba isibheno sivele sikumise ukuphunyezwa komgwebo?

Akuzenzekelanga. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, ummangali kufuneka afake iqhina elikwindawo yenye ukugcina umthetho wemali usebenza. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, kusenokufuneka ukuba ummangalelwa ogwetyiweyo ahlale entolongweni ngoxa isibheno sihleli, nangona ibheyile elindele ukubhexeshwa ikhona maxa wambi.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yezibheno ingundoqo kwinkqubo yokulawula, ivumela iinkundla eziphezulu zilungise iimpazamo, zicacise imilinganiselo yomthetho, kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba wonke umcebisi ufumana ityala elifanelekileyo. Ngoxa linokuba luxanduva, ixesha lokufaka, kwaye lixabisa, ihlala ilicebo elibalulekileyo lokuphakamisa umthetho. Nokuba ungugqirha osemthethweni okanye ilungu likawonke-wonke, ulwazi olusebenzayo lwendlela ugunyazisa ngayo ukusebenza kwakho ukuze uqonde amalungelo akho nendlela yakho yokufumana okusesikweni. Ukuqhubeka ufunda, ujonge izinto ezifana nomthetho [[FLT:] FELT] Firedal Paractures of Applective [[FLC:]], [FOLD], [FOct2], ulwazi olusebenzayo lwendawo yonxulumano lomthetho. [FLD].U.Nkuqulu lwenkundla yetyala]