Table of Contents

Amasebe karhulumente asebenza njengesiseko solawulo lolawulo eUnited States, emisela kwaye eqinisekisa ukuba imithetho echaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje. Ukusuka ekutyeni sisiya emoyeni, ukusuka kwimilinganiselo yokhuseleko emsebenzini ukuya kwimigaqo yokhuseleko lwemali, imimiselo karhulumente ibumba imeko yempilo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, nentlalo-ntle. Ukuqonda indlela aba basemaqumrhu abavelisa ngayo imithetho ebalulekileyo kubemi, kumashishini, nakwimibutho efuna ukuqhuba inkqubo entsonkothile yomthetho wezolawulo lwezolawulo lwezwe nokuthatha inxaxheba ngendlela enenjongo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Isiseko Sokwenza Ulawulo Lomanyano

UMthetho woLawulo lweProcedure (APA) ulawula inkqubo apho amasebe asekuhlaleni aphuhlisa kwaye akhupha ngayo imimiselo. Ngo- 1946, lo mthetho wesibonelelo wamisela isakhiwo esilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe, ukuphendula, nokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu kwinkqubo yolawulo. Umthetho yinkqubo "elungileyo yokuyila, yokulungisa, okanye yokuphinda amisele umthetho," kwaye umela enye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswa ngamaziko agunya lawo agunyazisayo.

Ngokunika abasemagunyeni abalawulayo igunya lokubhala nokunyanzelisa imimiselo enempembelelo yomthetho, iBhunga linika abameli besizwe amandla amakhulu. Le ntlanganiso ibangela ukuba le ntlanganiso iqonde ukuba ayinakukwazi ukuchaza zonke iinkcukacha zobugcisa ezifunekayo ukuze kuphunyezwe iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke ezintsonkothileyo. Endaweni yoko, iBhunga lidlulisela imimiselo emisela iinjongo zemigaqo ebanzi ize igunyazise amaziko angobuchule bokuzalisa iinkcukacha ngomthetho.

Isizathu Sokuba Iingqungquthela Ziwabele Amandla Okulawula

Ukuthunywa kwegunya lokumisela amaqumrhu olawulo kufeza iinjongo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo. Oku kusenokuba luncedo kwiBhunga, elinoxanduva lokumisela inkqubo kwimimandla emininzi edityanisiweyo kwaye alisoloko linobunzulu obufanayo bobuchule abasenokuba nabo abameli. Imisebenzi isebenzisa izazinzulu, onjineli, iingcali zezoqoqosho, kunye nezinye iingcali ezinolwazi lobugcisa olufunekayo ekuveliseni imimiselo enkqonkqo kwimimandla yazo.

Ukunika amagunya amaqumrhu igunya kunokwenza ukuba iNgqungquthela ijolise kwimiba "yomfanekiso omkhulu" kunokuchitha ixesha layo kunye nezibonelelo ziphikisana zonke iinkcukacha zobugcisa ezifunekayo ukuzalisekisa ngokupheleleyo inkqubo kawonke-wonke entsonkothileyo. Eli candelo lokusebenza livumela ukulawulwa ngokunempumelelo, ngomgaqo wemithetho yeBhunga kunye namaqumrhu asingatha iziphumo ezichaziweyo.

Noko ke, aba bathunywa bakwaza ngovavanyo olubalulekileyo nolungelelwano. Kwanasemva kokwabela abameli igunya, iBhunga ligcina amandla alo owiso-mthetho jikelele, nto leyo eyinika amandla okukhokela, okuguqula okanye okumisela, kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo aphantsi kwegunya lomthetho. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu ahlala enoxanduva kubameli abanyuliweyo, kwaye, ngokongezwa, kubantu baseMerika.

Ukuqonda isaziso- kunye- Comment ukwenziwa komthetho

Imimiselo emininzi yenziwa ngendlela yokwenza imithetho echazwe kwi-76553 ye-APA ebizwa ngokuba yi-"informal gatel" okanye "ukwenziwa komthetho womthetho nowokugqabaza" jikelele, le nkqubo iquka amanyathelo amathathu asisiseko. Le nkqubo iye yaba yindlela esesikweni yoorhulumente borhulumente ukwenza imithetho emitsha kwaye balungise ekhoyo, ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yokwenza isigqibo ngongenelelo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukwenziwa komthetho ngokwethutyana yeyona nkqubo iqhelekileyo apho abameli bolawulo benza imithetho. Kukwabhekiswa kuyo njengesaziso kunye nomthetho wokwenza imithetho. Igama elithi "informal" lahlula le nkqubo kukwenziwa komthetho osesikweni, ofuna ukuviwa okufana nokuviwa kwaye akufane kusetyenziswe namhlanje.

Inyathelo lokuqala: Phawula Ukwenziwa Kolawulo Okucetyiswayo

Inkqubo yokumisela imithetho iqala xa umbutho uchaza imfuneko yomthetho. Oku kungavela kugunyaziso lwequmrhu, isicelo esivela kuwonke-wonke, ubungqina benzululwazi obuvelayo, okanye uluvo lombutho lwemiba ephantsi kolawulo lwawo. Xa umbutho ugqiba ukusukela ukwenziwa kolawulo, kufuneka unike isaziso sikawonke-wonke kwiinjongo zawo.

Icandelo 553 leAPA lifuna ukuba umbutho unikezele kuqala isaziso sokuba uceba ukukhupha umthetho. Umbutho wenza oku ngokupapasha isaziso sokwenza umthetho ocetyiswayo kwi-Federal Register. UManyano-mvume ubhaliso yimpapasho yemihla ngemihla yeMithetho, iMimiselo ePhakathisiweyo, kunye neZibhengezo zikaRhulumente. Le mpapasho isebenza njengolindixesha osemthethweni karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, iqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo ecetyisiweyo yamkelelwa ngokubanziswa.

Isaziso kufuneka sinikezele (1) ixesha, indawo, nendlela ebekwe ngayo imithetho; (2) ukubhekisa kwigunya elisemthethweni phantsi kwalo umthetho ocetyiswayo; kunye (3) nemithetho okanye umxholo womthetho ocetyisiweyo. Ezi mfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuba amaqela anomdla anenkcazelo eyaneleyo yokuqonda oko kuthethwa lisebe nokulungiselela amagqabaza anentsingiselo.

Oku kudla ngokuquka "intshayelelo" echaza injongo yomthetho kunye noko umbutho unethemba lokukufeza ngokufutshaniswa kwawo. Isiqalo sinikela umongo obalulekileyo, ichaza ingxaki efunwa ngumbutho, indlela yomthetho ekhethwe, neengenelo ezilindelekileyo kunye namaxabiso omthetho ocetyiswayo.

Inyathelo Lesibini: Ixesha lokugqabaza

Emva kokupapasha isaziso sokwenziwa komthetho ocetyiswayo, abameli kufuneka bavumele ixesha lolwazi olusemgangathweni. Umbutho kufuneka ngoko uvumele "ukunceda abantu abanomdla" ukuba bagqabaze ngomthetho ocetyisiweyo. Eli xesha lokugqabaza limela ithuba elibalulekileyo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kwinkqubo yolawulo-moya.

Umthetho womanyano ufuna ukuba abameli bakarhulumente bavumele ubuncinane iintsuku ezingama-30 emva kokupapashwa kwempapasho ukuba banikezele "idata ebhaliweyo, iimbono, okanye iimpikiswano" malunga nomthetho ocetyiswayo. Noko ke, amasebe amaninzi anika amaxesha amade okuphendula, ingakumbi emigaqo entsonkothileyo okanye ephikisayo. Amanqaku amaninzi aphela phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-30 nengama-60, kwaye amanye aphinde avuleke ukuba umbutho ukholelwa ukuba kwakukho ixesha elaneleyo lokuba uwonke wonke aphendule okanye ukuba umbutho ungafumani mpendulo eninzi ngendlela ebeya kwenza ngayo.

Amasebe amaninzi anikela amagqabaza amaninzi, kuquka iiposi, iiposi zangasese, i-imeyili, kunye namagqabaza asemthethweni karhulumente ombane: imithetho.gov. Le ntlanganiso ye-elektroniki iye yaguqula inxaxheba kawonke-wonke, yenza kube lula kunanini na ngaphambili ukuba abemi babendakanyeke kwinkqubo yokumisela imithetho. Nabani na anganikela amagqabaza kubemi ngabanye kwiinkampani ezinkulu, ukusuka kwimibutho yezentengiso ukuya kurhulumente nakwizikomkhulu.

Amagqabaza anikelwe kweli xesha angohluka kakhulu kubungakanani kunye neendlela ezintsonkothileyo. La magqabaza anokuba lula okanye aqulathe iimpikiswano ezineenkcukacha. Abanye abagqabazi banganikezela iingxelo ezifutshane zenkxaso okanye inkcaso, ngelixa abanye benikela uhlalutyo lobugcisa, ugcino-lwazi lwezoqoqosho, okanye iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni. Zonke izigqabaza ziba yinxalenye yengxelo yolawulo lwasemthethweni kwaye kufuneka ziqwalaselwe yiqulunqe.

Inyathelo Lesithathu: Ukusasazwa koMthetho Wokugqibela

Emva kokuvalwa kwexesha lokugqabaza, amaqumrhu ajongene nomsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuzihlola nokusabela kwigalelo alifumeneyo. Iinkqubo kufuneka ziqwalasele yonke "umbandela obalulekileyo onikezelweyo" ngexesha lokugqabaza, kwaye kufuneka aphendule ngandlela ithile kuzo zonke iintetho ezifunyenweyo. Ngoko ke, akafuneki ukuba athathe nasiphi na isenzo esingqalileyo ngokuphathelele umthetho ngokwawo.

Isibonelelo asifuneki ukuba siquke kumthetho wokugqibela impendulo kuyo yonke intetho efunyenweyo. Endaweni yoko, umbutho unyanzelekile kuphela ukuphendula koko iinkundla zikuphawule "njengomsayiti" amagqabaza. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba abameli baluthatha nzulu ungeniso loluntu ngeli lixa beqonda ukuba abanakukwazi ukuphendula ngamnye ngokuchanekileyo.

Emva kokufumana amagqabaza, isebe kufuneka lipapashe isaziso somthetho wokokugcina kwi-Federal Register. Esi saziso kufuneka siphinde sichaze izizathu zokuba umbutho udala okanye udlulisele umthetho kwaye siphendule kwiimpendulo ezifunyenwe ngexesha lamagqabaza kawonke-wonke. Impapasho yokugqibela yomthetho iquka zombini umbhalo womthetho oza kudityaniswa kwiKhodi ye-Federal Regional

IAPA ifuna imithetho emininzi yokuba nosuku olulibazisiweyo olusebenzayo. Oku kunika amatheko ixesha elilungeleleneyo lokulungiselela ukuthobela iimfuno ezintsha. Kodwa ke, abameli bangamisa imithetho ngoko nangoko kwiimeko ezithile, njengaxa benika uncedo okanye xa belibazisa baya kuphikisana nomdla woluntu.

I-Pase ephambili

Ngelixesha inkqubo yesaziso nenkqubo esesikweni imele umzi ongundoqo wokwenza imithetho, umsebenzi obalulekileyo uyenzeka phambi kokuba umbutho ukhuphe umthetho ocetyisiweyo. Ukuqonda eli qondo lokwenziwa komthetho wangaphambili kunika ukuqonda indlela iingcamango zokulawula ezikhula nokukhula ngayo.

Ukwazi Imfuneko Yokulungisa Ulwalamano

Imigaqo-nkqubo echaza imibandela enokwenzeka yokumisela imithetho ngemijelo eyahlukeneyo. Imimiselo yeBhunga isoloko igunyazisa ukuba abameli bavelise imimiselo ngokwemiqathango ekhethekileyo. Izigqibo zenkundla zisenokufuna ukuba abameli bathethe ngeengxaki zolawulo okanye bahlaziye imithetho ekhoyo. Izibongozo ezisuka kumalungu oluntu zisenokuxhokonxa imicimbi yokumiselwa komthetho.

Ukuba umbutho ufumana "Isivumelwano sokwenza uMthetho" kwilungu loluntu, kungagqiba ukubhengeza isicelo kwiFederal Register ukucela igalelo elongezelelekileyo. Le nkqubo ivumela abemi nemibutho ukuba bacele ngokusesikweni ukuba abameli baqwalasele imimiselo emitsha okanye balungise ekhoyo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo iqhuba uphando lwayo kunye nokuhlola ukubonakala kwemiba ephumayo. Inkcazelo ngeenkqubo ezingacwangciswanga nangencoko engacwangciswanga nabantu kunye nemibutho enomdla kule mibandela. Le nkcazelo ithe yahlanganiswa inceda amasebe aqonde iimbono ezichaphazelekayo kunye neendlela zokuzibandakanya ngaphambi kokubopha izicelo ezisemthethweni.

Ukuphawula Kuphambili Ukwenza Umthetho Okucetyiswayo

Kwimiba entsonkothileyo okanye engoomanci, abameli maxa wambi bapapasha iScreentive Leadering (ANPRM) yeProposed Rulegal (ANPRM) phambi kokuvelisa izicelo ezisemthethweni. Umbutho ungapapasha isaziso sokuqala, apho uchaza injongo yawo kunye nezinto ezifunyenwe kuqala, ukuze ufumane igalelo kumaqela anomdla ngaphambi kokuba enze umthetho ocetyisiweyo.

Eli nyathelo liyongezelelekileyo livumela abameli ukuba bavavanye iingcamango, baqokelele ugcino-lwazi, baze baqonde inkxalabo yabaxhasi bemiqathango ngaphambi kokuba bafakelele ubuncwane obubalulekileyo ekwenzeni umthetho ocacisiweyo.

Ucwangciso lolawulo no-Agenda

Kufunwa izindululo ukupapasha i "ICwangciso soLawulo" kanye ngonyaka ekwindla kunye ne "Agenda Yezenzo Zolawulo Nezolawulo" kwintwasahlobo nasekwindla. La maxwebhu anikela ingqiqo malunga nezinto eziphambili zolawulo kunye nezenzo ezizayo, ezivumela amaqela anomdla ukuba alindele kwaye alungiselele ukwenziwa kolawulo.

I-Agenda eManyeneyo, njengokuba yaziwa, idwelisa imimiselo ephantsi kwenkqubela-phambili, kuquka leyo iseqongeni lomthetho ocetyiswayo, nezo zikwisigaba somthetho wokugqibela. Esi saziso saphambili sinceda amashishini alungiselele ukuthobela, sivumela amaqela obuchule ukulungiselela amagqabaza, kwaye sinceda iBhunga ukuba liqhube imisebenzi yemibutho.

Iinkqubo Zokulawula Ezingelinye Icala

Ngelixesha ukwenziwa kwesaziso kunye nomthetho kumele indlela esezantsi, ngamanye amaxesha abameli basebenzisa ezinye iinkqubo ezixhomekeke kwimfuno zomthetho okanye uhlobo lomthetho.

Ukwenza umgaqo-mthetho

Ukwenziwa komthetho, okufuna ukuchotshelwa kwengxelo ebhaliweyo ngokunikelwa kobungqina, obufana nenkundla eqhubekayo; kunye nokubekwa komthetho okungacwangciswanga, okufuna isaziso kuwonke-wonke kunye nethuba lokugqabaza ngomthetho ocetyisiweyo. Umthetho wobuqhinga udla ngokubakho xa ufunwa ngokukhethekileyo ngumthetho ogunyazisa umthetho.

Ukubekwa komthetho kufanelekile kwiimeko ezimbini: (1) apho ummiselo unika imithetho ekufuneka yenziwe ngokomthetho emva kwethuba lokuva uququzelela uquko lweziko"; kwaye (2) ekumiseleni imithetho ebandakanya izibakala ezingqukuva, okanye izibakala ezichaneyo kumalungelo omntu ngamnye. Le nkqubo ingaphezulu kakhulu kwexesha lokuqokelela nokuxabisa kakhulu kunokwenziwa komthetho ongacwangciswanga, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iBhunga linqabe kwaye liphephe xa kunokwenzeka.

Ukwenza Ulawulo Oluchuliweyo

Ekunikezeni igunya lokumisela imithetho kumbutho, iBhunga lingalathisa umbutho ukuba ulandele iimfuno ezithile zomgaqo-siseko ukongeza ezifunekayo kwiinkqubo zomthetho ongacwangciswanga ze-APA. Ezi nkqubo zidibeneyo zidla ngokuwa phakathi kokwenziwa komthetho ongacwangciswanga nomthetho osemthethweni, zongeza iimfuno ezifana nokuva umlomo okanye amathuba okuhlola alinganiselweyo xa unqumama kufutshane kohlobo olupheleleyo lokuvavanya.

Ukwenza ulawulo lwangaPhakathi

Kwimithetho engeyoyoyonto elindelekileyo yokwamkela inkxaso ebanzi, abameli ngamanye amaxesha basebenzisa inkqubo engqalileyo yokwenza umthetho wokugqibela. Kule nkqubo, umbutho ukhupha umthetho njengowokugqibela kodwa uchaza ukuba uza kuwususa umthetho ukuba ufumana amagqabaza angalunganga. Ukuba intetho engachananga inikezelwe, isebe liyafuneka ukukhupha umthetho wokugqibela phambi komhla osebenzayo. Isebe lingaphinda liqalise inkqubo ngokupapasha umthetho ocetyiweyo okanye ligqibe ukuphelisa inkqubo yokwenza umthetho ngokupheleleyo.

Ukwenza Ulawulo Lomzimba Onemizimba Engafaniyo

UMthendeleko woLawulo oluNxulu-ntathu wowe-1990 uchaza isiseko somgaqo-nkqubo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha iKhomishini igunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwawo xa kumiswa umthetho. Noko ke, ngenxa yobunzima bokubandakanya iimbono zamaqela ahlukeneyo abagcini-matyala, abameli abasoloko befuna ukwenziwa kolawulo oluxoxwe-gosayo. Le ndlela izisa kunye abameli abachaphazelekayo bemibango yokuxubusha imigaqo ecetyisiweyo ngaphambi kokuba ipapashwe ngokusemthethweni, ikwazi ukucutha ingxabano nokuphucula umgangatho wemithetho.

Iimfuno ze Phendla

IAPA iyaqonda ukuba asizizo zonke izenzo zombutho ezifuna inkqubela-phambili yokuqaphela ngokupheleleyo kunye nokudibanisa. Iindidi eziliqela zivumela abameli ukuba bagqithe ezi nkqubo kwiimeko ezithile.

Ezikhethekileyo ezisisiGqaba

IAPA ichaza iindidi eziliqela kwisaziso kunye neemfuno zokugqabaza: Imithetho enxulumene "nomkhosi okanye umsebenzi wemicimbi yamanye amazwe"; Imithetho enxulumene "nolawulo lolawulo okanye abasebenzi"; imithetho enxulumene "nomhlaba woluntu, iimali-mboleko, iinzuzo, okanye izivumelwano"; imithetho yokutolika, ithetha imithetho echaza umthetho okhoyo okanye umthetho; ezi zinxaxhi ziyaqonda ukuba iintlobo ezithile zemithetho azichaphazeli ngokuphawulekayo uwonke-wonke okanye zibandakanya imicimbi apho amagqabaza kawonke-wonke anokuba aluncedo okanye angafanelekanga.

Imithetho yokutolika kunye neengxelo zemithetho ifanele ukukhankanywa ngokukhethekileyo. La maxwebhu achaza indlela umbutho oqonda ngayo umthetho okhoyo okanye indlela ozimisele ngayo ukusebenzisa ubulumko bawo, kodwa awadali iimfanelo ezintsha ezingokwasemthethweni. Ngenxa yokuba engenawo amandla abophekayo emithetho yowiso-mthetho, akhutshwa kwiimfuno zesaziso kunye neemfuno zolawulo.

Unobangela Olungileyo

Xa iqumrhu lifumana isizathu esihle sokuba inkqubo yesaziso neyokugqabaza ingasebenzi, ayiyomfuneko, okanye ichasene nomdla kawonke-wonke. Oku kuvumela abameli ukuba benze ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko zongxamiseko okanye apho ukulibaziseka kunokubangela umonakalo. Noko ke, iinkundla zihlolisisa ngenyameko ukukhutshelwa koku kuphambuka ukuze zithintele ukuxhatshazwa.

Ulibaziseko lweziko alinakuzisa isizathu esihle sokuba inkqubo yokuqaphela kunye namagqabaza ingasebenzi, ayiyomfuneko, okanye ayichananga nomdla kawonke-wonke. Oku kuthintela abameli ukuba babangele ungxamiseko olungeyonto ngokucwangcisa okungelulo kwaye ngoko basebenzise olongxamiseko ukudlula kwiimfuno zokuthatha inxaxheba kuwonke-wonke.

Indima Yokuba Nenxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kukawonke wonke kumi njengenye yeziseko zenkqubo yolawulo lwamaMelika. Inkqubo yesaziso kunye neyolawulo inika abemi, amashishini, amaqela olawulo, nabanye abaxhasi bokuphembelela iziphumo zomthetho.

Oyena Unokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Inkqubo yokumisela imithetho ivulekile kwaye ilawulwa ngedemokhrasi. Nabani na anganikela amagqabaza ngokumiswa komthetho ocetyiweyo. Oku kuquka abantu, amashishini alingana nobukhulu, amashishini, amaqumrhu okusebenza, amaqumrhu afuna izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke, amaqela oluntu, oorhulumente bamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuba unomdla kumthetho ocetyisiweyo, unelungelo lokugqabaza.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Amagqabaza Anempumelelo

Ngeli xesha nabani na enokugqabaza, ubunjani kunye nobuchule bamagqabaza. Iimeko kufuneka ziphendule "umqondiso" amagqabaza, athetha ngokuqhelekileyo amagqabantshintshi aphakamisa imibandela ebalulekileyo, anika ugcino-lwazi olufanelekileyo okanye uhlalutyo, okanye achonge iingxaki ezinokubakho ngendlela ecetyisiweyo. Izimvo ezisebenzayo zisoloko ziquka:

  • Isalathisi somthetho ocetywayo
  • Iingcaciso ezicacileyo zendlela lo mthetho owawuya kumchaphazela ngayo umgqabi
  • Ugcino-lwazi, uphando, okanye obunye ubungqina obuxhasa indawo yomgqabazi
  • amacebiso okuphucula lo mthetho
  • Ubungqina beziphumo ezingacwangciswanga okanye ukuphumeza imingeni

Amagqabaza abonisa inkxaso okanye inkcaso eqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokunikela iingcamango okanye ubungqina akafane aphembelele umthetho wokugqibela, nangona amaziko ekufuneka ewagqale njengenxalenye yengxelo.

IDocket Yomthetho

Umthetho wokwenza idokisi yifayile ye-elektroniki apho iKomishini ibeka onke amaxwebhu okwenza umthetho ayikhuphayo (umz. i-NPRM, naluphi na ulwandiso lwamaxesha okuphendula, kunye nemithetho yokugqibela), ixhasa amaxwebhu ethi ilungiselele, kunye namagqabaza kawonke-wonke, iimpendulo, kunye neentetho zendawana ezinxulumene nokwenziwa komthetho. Le bhokisi inika ukubonakala ngokucacileyo, ivumela nabani na ukubona ukuba luluphi ulwazi oluqwalaselweyo kunye neempikiswano ezenziwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo.

Ubuntu babantu basezibukweni bufeza iinjongo ezininzi. Ivumela abagqabazi babone oko abanye bakuthethileyo kwaye basenokusabela kwezo mpikiswano. Inika ingxelo yokuhlola ukuchonga ukuba umthetho wokugqibela ucelw ’ umngeni enkundleni. Ikhuthaza ukuphendula ngokwenza inkqubo yokwenza kwesigqibo sombutho ibonakale kuwonke-wonke nakwiNgqungquthela.

Uhlalutyo noHlaziyo loLawulo

Phambi kokuba bagqibe imigaqo emikhulu, abameli kufuneka baqhube uhlalutyo oluhlukeneyo ukuqwalasela iziphumo nokuthethelela izigqibo zabo. Ezi mfuneko zomgaqo-nkqubo zongeza ubunzima kwinkqubo yomthetho kunye noncedo lokuqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo iqwalaselwe kakuhle kwaye iphumeza ixabiso.

Uhlalutyo lwexabiso- lokulungisa

Imiyalelo ekhutshwe ngoomongameli babo bobabini amaqela ifuna ukuba abameli baqhube uhlalutyo lwexabiso lomgaqo obalulekileyo wezoqoqosho. Ukongeza, umbutho ungafuneka uhlalutya impembelelo ecetyiweyo yomthetho: amashishini amancinane; urhulumente, urhulumente wongingqi kunye norhulumente wesizwe; iintsapho; uburhulumente. Kusenokufuneka ukuba kucaciswe imibandela yentlawulo yobulungisa nemiyalelo engamiselwanga.

Olu hlolisiso lufuna ukuba abameli balinganisele, kangangoko kunokwenzeka, iindleko neengenelo zemigaqo ecetyiweyo. Iindleko zingaquka ukuthobela iindleko zamashishini, iindleko zolawulo zikarhulumente, kunye neziphumo zezoqoqosho ezinjengokuhla kwemisebenzi okanye amaxabiso aphezulu. Iingenelo zingaquka ukusindiswa kobomi, ukuthintelwa kwezifo, ukuphucuka kwemekobume, okanye ukufunyanwa kwezoqoqosho.

I-ofisi yolwazi nohlolo lwemicimbi yolawulo

Ngemimiselo ebalulekileyo, abameli kufuneka bafake imithetho yabo ecetyiweyo neyokugqibela kwi-Ofisi yeMicimbi yoLwazi neNkqutyana (OIRA) kwi-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo loHlahlo. Le nkqubo yoHlahlo-hlolo iphakathi iqinisekisa ukuhambelana okungaphaya kwesebe eliphetheyo kwaye inika uvavanyo olongezelelekileyo kumgangatho wolawulo.

Emva kokuba umthetho ubhalisiwe, ilandela inkqubo yohlolo oluphakathi oluchazwe kwicandelo III. Xa le nkqubo igqityiwe, umthetho upapashwa kwiFederal Register njengesaziso sokwenziwa komthetho (NPRM) ocetyiweyo. Uhlolo lwe-OIRA lungaphumela kwiinguqu kwimithetho ecetyisiweyo, nangona umlinganiselo kunye nohlobo lwezi nguqulelo zingasoloko zibonakala kuwonke-wonke.

Uhlalutyo olunempembelelo kushishino oluncinane

UMthetho wokuLawulwa koLawulo ufuna ukuba abameli baqwalasele impembelelo yemithetho kumashishini amancinane, kwaye, xa kunokwenzeka, basebenzise iindlela zolawulo ezinciphisa imithwalo kwimibutho emincinane. Oku kusenokubandakanya ukukhulula amashishini amancinane kwiimfuno ezithile, ukulungiselela imiqathango emide yokuthobela, okanye ukwamkela imilinganiselo yokwenza izinto kunokuba kulandele iimfuno ezimiselwe kwangaphambili.

Ukuzalisekisa nokunyanzelwa kwemithetho yokugqibela

Xa umthetho ugqitywe kwaye upapashiwe, uba yinxalenye yemithetho yoManyano yoManyano kwaye unamandla nesiphumo somthetho. Noko ke, umsebenzi wombutho awupheli ngokupapashwa kwempapasho(_ukuphunyezwa nokugcinwa komthetho kubaluleke ekufikeleleni iinjongo zolawulo.

Umanyano kwimithetho yoManyano

Imithetho esebenzayo ngoko nangoko idityaniswe kwi "Ikhowudi yemithetho yomanyano" (e-CFR) ugcino-lwazi (ecfr.gpoaccess.gov). Imithetho enemihla elibazisiweyo ibekwe kwiifayile zentengiselwano kwaye idityaniswe ukusuka kwisiseko se-E-CFR. I-CFR yi-eofficical, kodwa ingqokelela yomhleli esemthethweni epapashwa yi-ofisi yeRegister kunye ne-GPO.

Imithetho yoManyano yoManyano ilungelelaniswe ngemibandela ibe ziziqu ezingama-50, nganye igqume ummandla obanzi womthetho. Kwisihloko ngasinye, imimiselo iphinda yahlulwe yaba zizahluko, iinxenye, namacandelo. Le ntlangano yenze kube lula ngamaqela alungelelanisiweyo ukufumana iimfuno ezifanelekileyo nokuqonda iimfanelo zawo.

Ukusetyenziswa komatshini

Imigaqo-nkqubo isebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo. Ezi zisenokuquka:

  • Imihloli kunye nophicotho-zincwadi: Abameli abaninzi benza uhlolo rhoqo lwezibonelelo ezilawulwayo okanye uhlolo lweerekhodi ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela
  • Imfuno yeNgxelo yeNgxelo: yemithetho idla ngokufuna izinto ezikhoyo ukungenisa iingxelo zexesha nexesha ezibonisa ukuthobela
  • Iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa: Ezinye iinkqubo zolawulo zifuna ukuqinisekiswa okanye ukugcinwa phambi kokuba amaqumrhu angene kwimisebenzi elawulwayo
  • Iziphumo ze- I-Civil Resolution:[ Ii-APP zinokunyanzela iimali ezihlawulwayo ukwenzela ukwaphulwa, ngobuninzi obusoloko busebenza ngomlinganiselo wokwaphulwa
  • Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu, amasebe asenokubhekisa amatyala kwiSebe leJaji ukwenzela ukutshutshiswa
  • [[Uluhlu: 0] Isiphumlisi esiphakathi:[[FT:1] Iziququ ze-atmons zingafuna imiyalelo yenkundla efuna abaphula umthetho ukuba baphelise ihambo engekho mthethweni okanye benze isenzo sokulungisa

Ukunyanzelisa okusebenzayo kufuna oovimba abaneleyo, imilinganiselo ecacileyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa okungaguquguqukiyo. Iimeko kufuneka zilungelelanise imfuneko yokuthintela ukwaphulwa komthetho ngokuqaphela ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile lusenokuba aluchananga okanye lungachananga.

Amaxwebhu okhokelo kunye noncedo lwentsebenziswano

Ukuze ancede amaqela alawulwayo aqonde aze athobele imithetho, amaziko adla ngokukhupha amaxwebhu okhokelo, asoloko ebuza imibuzo, kunye nezinye izinto zokuxhasa. la maxwebhu awanawo amandla omthetho kodwa anikela iingcaciso eziluncedo ngendlela abameli abayichaza ngayo kwaye bayisebenzise ngayo imithetho.

Amaziko amaninzi asebenzisa iinkqubo zoncedo, anikela uqeqesho, ancedise ngobugcisa, aqhagamshelane namanye amashishini alawulayo ukuze aphumeze iimbopheleleko zawo.

Imithetho ye-arhente yokuHlola iMithetho ye-Arhente

Inkqubo yokumisela imithetho ayipheli ncam xa umbutho upapasha umthetho wokugqibela. Iintlanganiso ezichaphazelekayo zinokuwacel ’ umngeni kwinkundla karhulumente, zinika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo.

Izizathu Zohlolo Logwebo

Inkundla ingawulahla umthetho wombutho ukuba umbutho uthatha inyathelo (1) ngokuzikhethela okanye ngokuphandle, (2) ngokugqithisileyo kwegunya lomthetho, (3) ngokuchasene nelungelo lomGaqo-siseko, okanye (4) ngokuchasene nemigaqo efunekayo ngomthetho. Le migaqo iqinisekisa ukuba abameli basebenze phantsi kwegunya labo elisemthethweni baze balandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngoxa bebamisela ulibaziseko olufanelekileyo kwimicimbi ephantsi kobuchule babo.

"Umgangatho othe ngqo nowehlayo" sisona siseko siqhelekileyo semithetho ecelw ’ umngeni. Ngaphantsi kwalo mgangatho, iinkundla zihlola ukuba ngaba umbutho ujonge izinto ezinxulumene nemeko, zichaze indlela eziqiqa ngayo, ze zenze unxibelelwano olusengqiqweni phakathi kwezibakala ezifunyenweyo kunye nezigqibo ezenziwe. Iinkundla aziyi kuthabathela indawo umgwebo wazo kwiziko, kodwa ziya kuqinisekisa ukuba umbutho obandakanyekileyo ekwenzeni izigqibo.

Ukubaluleka Kokumisela Imithetho

Xa zihlola imithetho yeziko, iinkundla zizilinganisela ngokwazo kwingxelo yolawulo `amaxwebhu, amagqabaza, kunye nohlalutyo olwaluphambi kwesebe xa lenza isigqibo salo. Oku kwenza ukuba ukubhalwa kwengxelo yomthetho kube balulekileyo. Iinkampani kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba irekhodi iqulethe inkxaso eyaneleyo kwizigqibo zazo kwaye ziye zasabela kumagqabaza abalulekileyo nenkxalabo ephakanyiswa ngexesha lokugqabaza kwabantu bonke.

Ukuzilungisa Ngemithetho Engekho Ngceni

Ukuba inkundla ifumanise ukuba umbutho waphula umthetho we-APA okanye ezinye iimfuno zomthetho, ungawulahla ngokupheleleyo umthetho, ushiye amalungiselelo akhethekileyo, okanye uphinde umisele umthetho kumbutho ukuze uqwalaselwe ngokuqhubekayo. Phantsi kwe-APA, inkundla inganyanzela naliphi na inyathelo lombutho elilibazise ngokungenangqiqo okanye elithintelwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Eli lungiselelo livumela amaqela ukuba angenele kumaqumrhu angakwaziyo ukuqulunqa umgaqo ofunekayo ngokwee-messagees.

Ulawulo lwengqungquthela noMthetho weNkqutyana

IBhunga ligcina iindlela eziliqela zokwalathisa ulawulo lwamaziko yaye, xa kuyimfuneko, kubuyiselwa izigqibo zolawulo.

UMthetho wePhondo

ICongressional Review Act (CRA) ivumela iKhomishini ukuba ibhukuqe imithetho yombutho ngesigqibo sokungamvumeli. Ngaphantsi kwalo mthetho, abameli kufuneka banikele imithetho yokugqibela kwiKhomishini ngaphambi kokuba isebenze. Ngoko iBhunga linexesha elilinganiselweyo lokukhupha isigqibo sokuphelisa umthetho. Ukuba eso sigqibo sidlula zombini izindlu kwaye sisayinwe nguMongameli (okanye ukuba iKhomishini igquma idele i-ve yomongameli), umthetho uyatshintshwa kwaye isibonelelo siyalelwe ukuba siphumeze umthetho ofanayo ngaphandle kogunyaziso olutsha.

ICRA inika inkqubo ehambayo ngemithetho ekhethekileyo eyenza kube lula ukuzisa izigqibo zokungamkeleki kwivoti. Noko ke, isetyenziswa ngokunqabileyo, njengoko ifuna isivumelwano phakathi kwezindlu zombini zeBhunga kunye noMongameli (okanye iivoti ezaneleyo ukukhupha iveto).

Eminye Imishini Elawulayo

Ngapha koko iCRA, iKhomishini iqhelisa ukuvelela ngeendlebe, uphando, kunye nolawulo loqingqo-mali. Iikomiti zeBhunga zisoloko zithetha ngeenkqubo zolawulo, zibuza amagosa emibutho ngezigqibo zawo kunye nobungqina obuzixhasayo. IBhunga likwanokusebenzisa abakhweli be-apprice ekuthinteleni abasebenzi abasebenzisa imali ekuphumezeni imimiselo ethile okanye ekunyanzeleni imigaqo ethile.

Ekugqibeleni, iKhomishini ingayiguqula imithetho esisiseko egunyazisa imithetho ethile, mhlawumbi ukubhukuqa imithetho ethile okanye ukutshintsha indlela esebenza ngayo abameli. Eli gunya lowiso-mthetho linika olona vavanyo lubalulekileyo ekumiselweni kwemibutho.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Yolawulo

Ngelixesha inkqubo yesaziso kunye ne-commeters isebenza njengesiseko solawulo lwamaqumrhu kangangeminyaka engama-75, ijongene nocelomngeni nogxeko oluninzi.

Inkxalabo Ngokubanjwa Kolawulo

Abanye abahlalutyi baxhalatyiswa kukuba amaqela oshishino aneziphene ezifanelekileyo anempembelelo engathethekiyo kwiiziphumo zokubekwa komthetho. La maqela angakwazi ukunikela amagqabaza aphezulu, abacebisi abaziingcali, nokugcina ulwalamano oluqhubekayo namagosa amasebe. Oku kungawanika uncedo ngaphezu kwamaqela alungelelanisiweyo amaqela abantu abanomdla okanye abemi ngabanye.

Noko ke, ukubonakala kwenkqubo yokwenza imithetho kusikhusela ekubanjisweni. Zonke iintetho ziba yinxalenye yengxelo kawonke-wonke, kwaye amaqumrhu kufuneka achaze izigqibo zawo ngeendlela ezisabela ngazo kwigalelo elipheleleyo elifunyenweyo. IiNkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zombutho zokuhlola azingomdla okanye azisekelwe kwizinto ezingafanelekanga.

Ukulibazisa Nokwenza

Inkqubo yokubeka imithetho ingaba kukuqokelela ixesha, maxa wambi kuthathe iminyaka ukusuka kwisicelo ukuya kumthetho wokugqibela. Intsalela ezininzi zohlalutyo, uhlolo, kunye namagqabaza kawonke-wonke, ngelixesha ziluncedo ekuqinisekiseni ubulunga kunye nomthetho, zingacotha iimpendulo zomaziko xa kuvela iingxaki. Abanye abaphengululi baxhalabisa "ukwenza ulwakhiwo" lwenkqubo yokuyila imithetho. .

Inkxalabo yokuphendula

Ngokungafaniyo namalungu eBhunga, abasebenzi bamaziko kunye namagosa abhala imimiselo abangenatyala ngqo kubanyuli. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokusemthethweni kwedemokhrasi. Noko ke, amasebe anokuphendula ngemijelo emininzi: ukumiswa koomongameli nokususwa kweentloko zeziko, ulawulo lwequmrhu, ukwenziwa kwemibutho, kunye nokuhlolisiswa kwezenzo zowiso-mthetho.

Ikamva Lokwenza Ulawulo

Njengoko ubugcisa buguquka yaye ibutho labantu lijamelana neengxaki ezintsha, inkqubo yokumisela imithetho iyaqhubeka iqhelana.

Ukuthatha Inxaxheba Kwamanani

Ukunyuka kwamagqabaza e-elektroniki ngeMithetho.gov ithe yandisa ngokuphawulekayo inxaxheba kuwonke-wonke ekuzameni ulawulo. Amawaka okanye kwanezigidi zamagqabaza zingafakwa kwimithetho ephikisanayo, nangona oku kuphakamisa imibuzo ngendlela abameli abanokuyihlola ngokunentsingiselo nenokuyiphendula ngayo le mithombo mikhulu yegalelo. Amanye amaqumrhu azama ukuzama inkcazelo edibeneyo kunye nezixhobo zobuchule zokwenziwa ukunceda inkqubo yokwenziwa nokudibanisa amagqabaza.

Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo

Imisebenzi yengxamiseko ihlola iindlela ezintsha zolawulo ezinokuthambeka kakhulu kwaye zilungelelanise ngakumbi kunemithetho esetyenziswa ngaphambi kokubhalwa. Imigangatho esekelwe kumsebenzi, iibhokisi zolawulo lwesanti, kunye nolawulo olulungelelanisayo luvumela ukuvavanya nokufunda ngoxa kusenjalo kukhusela izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke.

Ukubonakala Okucacileyo Nokuvuleka Korhulumente

Ukusetyenziswa kokwandisa ukubonakala kwamapolisa kubangele ukuba abantu bafumane ulwazi olungakumbi lokumisela imithetho. Iinkqubo zoncedo zisenza amaxwebhu, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nohlalutyo olukhoyo kwi-intanethi. Amanye amasebe aqhuba iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke okanye ii-webinari ukuchaza imithetho ecetyiweyo kunye nemibuzo ephendulwayo, nto leyo edibanisa inkqubo yokugqabaza yesithethe.

Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo Okusebenzisa Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

Kubemi, kumashishini nakwimibutho enomdla ekulawuleni, amanyathelo aliqela asebenzisekayo anokukwenza kube luncedo ngakumbi ukuganana kwabo.

Hlala Usazi Ngokungalandeli Kwemithetho

Hlola ii-website eziManyaneyo ze-Agenda kunye nezibonelelo zombutho ukufunda ngokumiswa komthetho ozayo kwiindawo zomdla. Zibophelele kwimiba ye-imeyili ekhoyo okanye i-RSS yondla ukwamkela izaziso ngemithetho emitsha ecetyisiweyo. Unxulumano lwezorhwebo, amaqela orhwebo, kunye neentlangano zobugcisa zidla ngokulandela iindlela zokuyila imithetho ezinxulumene nezobugcisa zize zilumkise amalungu azo.

Ngenisa amagqabantshintshi asezantsi

Gxininisa ekunikezeni igalelo elikhethekileyo, elisekelwe kubungqina endaweni yeengxelo eziqhelekileyo zenkxaso okanye inkcaso. Chaza indlela umthetho ocetyiweyo oza kukuchaphazela ngayo wena okanye intlangano yakho. Yenza ugcino-lwazi, izifundo, okanye imizekelo exhasa indawo yakho. Izibonelelo zekonkrithi okanye utshintsho ukuba ukholelwa ukuba indlela ecetyiweyo ipholile.

Yiba Nalo Kusekuseni

Ukuba isibonelelo sipapasha isaziso seNyakatho sokwenza umthetho obekwe phambili okanye sibambe iintlanganiso zangaphambili, thatha inxaxheba kweliqonga langaphambili. Igalelo elinikezelwe phambi kokuba umbutho unikezele kwindlela ethile ingaba nempembelelo enkulu kunamagqabaza abekwe emva kokuba izicelo ezineenkcukacha ziphuhlisiwe.

Izakhono

Qwalasela ukunxibelelana nabanye abanomdla kuwe. Amagqabaza ombutho amela imibutho emininzi okanye ii-contiquences anokufumana ingqalelo engakumbi kuneyomntu ngamnye othobelayo. Noko ke, amaqumrhu akwaxabisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ke kukho indawo yamagqabaza alungelelanisiweyo kunye nokuzithoba komntu ngamnye.

Landela Ku

Emva kokunikela amagqabaza, qwalasela idokisi lokubona oko abanye bakuthethileyo nokuba ngaba umbutho ucela inkcazelo eyongezelelekileyo. Xa umthetho wokugqibela upapashwa, hlola isiqalo ukuze ubone indlela umbutho ophendula ngayo kumagqabaza akho. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba umthetho wokugqibela awuvumelekanga, qwalasela ukuba ucelomngeni olusemthethweni lufanelekile kusini na.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Zininzi izinto ezifumanekayo kwabo bafuna ukuyenza nzulu indlela abayiqonda ngayo inkqubo yokumiselwa:

  • Imithetho esemthethweni yokufumana nokugqabaza kwimimiselo yorhulumente
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ubhaliso lwe ````I-FLT'''' Impapasho yemihla ngemihla equlathe imithetho ecetyiswayo neyokugqibela, ekhoyo ku www.federal register.gov
  • Iofisi yerejista yoManyano: Ibonelela ngezikhokelo kunye nezibonelelo ezichaza inkqubo yokwenziwa komthetho
  • Ingqungquthela yoLawulo yaseUnited States: Umbutho ozimeleyo wezwe ofunda iinkqubo zolawulo kwaye uncomela inkqubela
  • Inkonzo yophando lonikezelo-lwazi olukwingxelo: nikeza uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lweenkqubo zokwenza imithetho kunye nemibandela

Izikolo ezininzi zomthetho, iiplagi zamashishini, nemibutho yokuphatha inzala yezentengiselwano nazo zipapasha izikhokelo, izixhobo, kunye nohlalutyo olunxulumene nokwenziwa kolawulo. Iiwebhsayithi ze-arhente ziquka iinkcukacha eziphathelele iinkqubo zazo ezikhethekileyo zokumisela imithetho kunye namathuba okuba nenxaxheba kuwonke-wonke.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yolawulo lwamaqumrhu alawulayo imela impumelelo ephawulekayo kulawulo, ilungelelanisa imfuneko yokwenza isigqibo sobuchule noxanduva lobukho bedemokhrasi kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu. Ngenkqubo yesaziso kunye ne-okanye i-administrative Proceduce Act, amasebe avelisa imimiselo eneenkcukacha ezalisekisa izindululo zengqungquthela ngexesha enika amathuba onke amaqela anomdla ukuba anikele ulwazi kunye neembono zawo.

Ukuqonda indlela abameli abamisela ngayo imithetho kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ngoxa inkqubo ijongene nocelomngeni oluthi thaa, ukusukela kwinkxalabo malunga nolibaziseko nokuntsonkotha ukuya kwimibuzo ephathelele ukuphendula kunye nempembelelo--"Ingqiniwe ihlala ihleli kwaye ilungelelanisa. Njengokuba ubugcisa obutsha buvela kwaye ibutho labantu lifumana iingxaki ezincinane, imigaqo esisiseko yokubona gca, ukuthatha inxaxheba kuwonke wonke, kunye nokwenza izigqibo eziqiqayo ezikhuthaza inkqubo yokwenza imithetho ihlala ibalulekile kunanini na ngaphambili.

Ngokubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokumisela imithetho, ukunikela amagqabaza afanelekileyo, nokubeka amaqumrhu anokuphendula kwizigqibo zabo, abemi banganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo karhulumente inceda umdla kawonke-wonke kwaye ibonakalisa iimbono neemigangatho ezahlukeneyo zebutho laseMerika. Inkqubo yokumisela imithetho ayiyonkqubo yobugcisa nje kumthetho wolawulo-lawulo-lulawulo lwedemokhrasi ekufuneka sinikele ingqalelo, ukuthabatha inxaxheba, kwaye iqhubeke iphuculwa.