Ukuqonda Iingxaki Zemfundo

Inkqubo yemfundo enxulumene nengxoxo idla ngokubhekiselele kwiingcamango ezimbini ezigxekayo: ukulingana nomgangatho. Ezi njongo zimbini maxa wambi zingangquzulana, nto leyo ekhokelela kushishino oluntsonkothileyo abalathisi benkqubo abamele bahambe kulo. Ukuqonda intsingiselo yezi zixhobo zorhwebo kubalulekile kubafundisi-mfundo, kubafundi, nakubafundi abaphethe iimathiriyeli ngokufanayo. Ukulungelelanisa phakathi kokunika abafundi bonke ungenelelo olufanelekileyo ngoxa ukulondoloza imigangatho yemfundo engqongqo yeyona mingeni eqhubekayo kwimfundo kawonke-wonke.

Iinkqubo zemfundo ehlabathini lonke ziyaphikisana nenyaniso yokuba oovimba bafikelela kwinqanaba. Xa isithili sesikolo sigqiba ukusasaza imali kuzo zonke izikolo, kungafuneka ukuba ziqhubekeke ngokungenawo amatyala ngenxa yokuba izikolo ezikwimimandla ephantsi zifuna inkxaso engakumbi ukuze ziphumele iziphumo ezifanayo nezikolo ezikwimimandla etyebileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa imali ifakwa kwiinkqubo zobuchule obuphezulu bokulinganisa umlinganiselo womgangatho, abafundi abakwizikolo eziphantsi kwemithombo ephezulu bangashiywa emva. Olu xinezelo aluyiyo nje imfihlelo yengca; idlalela ngaphandle yonke imihla kwizifundo, iintlanganiso, iibhodi, namagumbi okulawula.

Ukuchaza ukulingana nomgangatho kwimfundo

ukulingana kwemfundo kubhekiselele kumgaqo wokusesikweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umfundi ngamnye uyakwazi ukufumana ubuncwane kunye namathuba afunekayo ukuze aphumelele, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi okanye iimeko zakhe. Oku kuquka ukuchaza izinto ezinxulumene nemeko yentlalo, uhlanga, indawo, ukukhubazeka, kunye nobuchule bolwimi.

Ubunjani, kwelinye icala, bunxulumene nomgangatho wemfundo elungiselelweyo. Oku kubandakanya ukuphumelela kokufundisa, ubunzima bezifundo, ukhuseleko kunye nokubophelela kokusingqongileyo kokufunda, kunye neziphumo ezipheleleyo zabafundi. Imfundo yomgangatho ophezulu iphawulwa ngokuba nobuchule obunamandla bemfundo, ubuchule bokucinga, ubuchule, ubuchule bokuyila, kunye nokuzilungiselela iingxaki zexesha elizayo ekholejini, imisebenzi, kunye nobomi boluntu. Ubunjani bulinganiswa ngentlanganisela yemibathano esezantsi, imiba yoqeqesho, ukuqulukwano, ukunikezelwa komqeqeshwa, ukuphendula, kunye nophando lwabafundi. Ubunjani obuthe krali obuthe kratya, umgangatho ophezulu wenkqubo ephezulu, ubuchule obuqhubekayo, ubuchule bokuyila, ukucwangcisa okuthe rhoqo okulindeleke kuzo zonke izikolo ezidibaniswe kuyo.

Ngelixa ezi nkcazelo zisenokubonakala zicacile, ukuzalisekisa kwazo kudala ungquzulwano. Iinkqubo eziqwalaselwe ngokucokisekileyo zidla ngokufuna ukwabiwa kovimba, okunokujongwa njengokungalungiyo kwizikolo ezifumana intlupheko encinane. Imigaqo ejoliswe kwimigangatho entle, efana nokuvavanya ii-athom ezinyukileyo, ingqeqesho kwizikolo ezikhonza abantu abasweleyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwezifundo zesikolo kunye nezokufundisa eluvavanyweni.

Imeko Engokwembali: Indlela Ekwathiwa Ngayo Imikhosi Ebangela Ikhethe Nomgangatho

Ukuqonda ii-transport zangoku, kuluncedo ukuhlolisisa indaleko yembali yenkqubo yemfundo eUnited States kunye namanye amazwe aphucukileyo. Ngexesha lophakathi kwenkulungwane yo-20, umbutho wamalungelo abantu wazisa ngokulinganayo kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Iimeko zenkundla zelizwe ezinje Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954] nomthetho wesizwe ofana nePretatorium neSpread Education Act (1965) ejolise ekupheni ukurhoxa nokunika imali kwizikolo ezifumana imali ephantsi. Inkqumkelo yayikuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantwana, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uhlanga okanye ubuhlwempu, babeno, babenolwazi olusisiseko.

Ngeminyaka yee-1980, uthotho lweengxelo eziquka Isizwe esisemngciphekweni (193]) sayiguqula incoko ngakumgangatho. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba izikolo zaseMelika zaziwa emva kwabakhuphiswano bezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye zicela imilinganiselo ephakamileyo, ukuphendula, kunye nokukhetha kwaba nempumelelo ephezulu. Intshukumo yemigangatho eyaphela kwiNld Lend Act (2001), eyagunyazisa ukuvavanywa kwaminyaka le, ukuxelwa kwasesidlanga ukwenziwa kweqela, kunye neziphumo zezikolo ezingaphumeleli inkqubela epheleleyo ngonyaka. Ngexesha le NCLB ijolise ekuvaleni ukuphumelela okukhoyo (ngenzeki kwenjongo), ukuxhomekeka kwayo enzima ekuvavanyweni nasekugqibeni i-Active: abafundisi abajolise iziphumo ezilungiselelwe kuvavanyo, ukuphononosombulula ii-ekhohlo, ingakumbi kwi-edi ezithensitiesties.

Uxinezeleko lwakhula ngokukhula kwezikolo zesikolo kunye nomthetho-siseko. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ukhetho lunika iintsapho amandla (ukulingana) nokukhuthaza ukusungulwa (ukuxabiseka). Abahlalutyi bathi ukutsala izinto ezikhethwayo kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, kwandisa ukwahlukana, kwaye akusoloko kuvelisa iziphumo ezingcono. Isiphumo sisiphelo apho umgangatho nomgangatho usoloko uboniswa njengosukelo olupheleleyo kunokuba ludibane.

Urhwebo lwenkqubo ekhethekileyo kunye nenkxalabo yazo yehlabathi lokwenene

Ukuhlawula iiFomu zokuNika

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ithe ngqo yenzeka kwimali yesikolo. Amaphondo amaninzi asebenzisa iindlela zemali ezixhasa ubunzima bemali esekelwe kubafundi abafunayo (umz., ukubonelela ngemali eyongezelelekileyo kubafundi abahlwempuzekileyo, abafundi abangamaNgesi, okanye abo baneziphene. Oku kuyindlela yokusebenzisa inkqubela-phambili. Noko ke, xa uqingqo-mali lwemfundo lwemali yemali yemali yemali yemali ilungisiwe, ukwandisa imali eninzi efunekayo kubafundi abafuna imali eninzi kubantwana abakwizikolo ezifunekayo, nto leyo enokuyijonga njengokunciphisa ubuncwane obusemgangathweni. Umzekelo, imimandla echubekileyo isenokuphulukana neenkqubo ezifana nomculo kunye neendlela zomculo kunye nobugcisa xa imali i-ogqweqwesileyo. Ukulinganisa izilangazelelo ezi zinto kufuna ubuchule obunonophengululo kubafundi bezopolitiko kunye noo-mitric.

Iinkqubo zokuphendula kunye novavanyo oluphezulu

Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lusisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokuqinisekisa umgangatho. Xa uvavanyo lunika uphawu lokuvalwa kwezifundo, ukusebenza kwesikolo, kunye noqeqesho. Kodwa iimvavanyo zizixhobo ezichuliweyo. Zisenokungawabonisi kakuhle amandla abo bonke abafundi, ingakumbi abo bakwimvelaphi enzima abajamelana nexhala, imiqobo yolwimi, okanye ukungafumani ukuvavanya izinto zokulungiselela. Xa iziphumo zovavanyo zisetyenziswa ekuvaleni izikolo, abafundisi-mlilo, okanye abanqandi, iziphumo zeziphumo zezo zihla kakhulu kumaqela asele ephantsi. Olunye uphando lucebisa ukuba imikhosi ephezulu evavanyazayo efaka i-exacbate kwizinto ezingenziwangangeni eziphambili ngokwezikolo zokulungisa izinto.

Izikolo Nezikolo Ezikhethiweyo

Izikolo zetshati zixhaswa ngokuphandle kodwa zisetyenziswa ngokuzimeleyo, ngokufuthi ngohlobo oluthe kratya kwizifundo kunye nakumaziko. Ziphakanyiswa njengezithuthi zokuphucula ubulunga ngokhuphiswano nangobuchule obutsha. Kodwa ke, uphando lubonisa iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo: ezinye irhafu zingaphaya kwezikolo zikawonke-wonke ezisebenzayo, kodwa ezininzi azinjalo. Ngaphezu koko, ukukhula kwemithetho-siseko kunganciphisa ukuthelekelela ngokulungiselela abafundi abaqhutywayo kwaye kushiye emva kwabo baneemfuno ezikhethekileyo okanye abanocelomngeni lwesimilo. Ukusasalathatho lwerhafu lungagxininisa ekungangeni kwizifundo eziseleyo zesithethe.

Imfundo Yabantwana Beselula

Uphando lubonisa ukuba umgangatho ophezulu wemfundo yangaphambili unika iziphumo ezinde zexesha elide kwimpumelelo yemfundo, ingeniso, kunye nokucutha ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kodwa xa ukwanda kwangaphambi kweK kukhawuleza, ukugcina ubunjani kuba yingxaki. Kumanye amazwe, iinkqubo zendalo zizama ukuphelisa intlawulo ephantsi kwemali, imivuzo yabafundisi-bafundisi, nemigangatho eguquguqukayo, evelisa iziphumo eziziziphumo ezingeyo ezivalekiyo. Ukuthengwa kucacile: ufikelelo (ukwenziwa) nomgangatho ophezulu, okanye ukubeka imiqathango ekhusela ukuqinisekisa imilinganiselo ephezulu (ukulingana) kodwa ishiya iintsapho ezininzi zingaxhaswa. Iinkqubo eziphumelelayo ezifana nezo ze-Oklakhstan nemigangatho esezantsi, kunye nemigangatho eguquguqukayo zilawulwa kakhulu, kwaye zilawulwa ngemilinganiselo eninzi yenkqubo, umfundisi-offselunts.

Iindlela Zokulungelelanisa Imilinganiselo

Ukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kokulingana nomgangatho kufuna iindlela ezintsha kunye nozinzo lokuqhubekeka kophuhliso. Nazi iindlela eziliqela ezinokukunceda ufikelele olu lungelelwano:

  • Imali eGxekekileyo: Izixhobo zokuxhasa ngokukhethekileyo kwizikolo ezingaphantsi kwexabiso ukuphucula zombini ukufikelela nomgangatho. Iimali ezinyusiweyo zabafundi, apho ii-irandi zilandela umfundi ngobunzima obuninzi, zingumzekelo othembisayo.
  • Uphuhliso loMsebenzi:[ Imali yokhuseleko ekuqeqesheni abafundisi- ntsapho ukuthetha ngeemfuno zabafundi ezahlukeneyo, ukwandisa ubunjani bokufundisa kubo bonke. Ukufundisa okunenkcubeko, umahluko, kunye nezenzo zokwenzakala kumalungu angundoqo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isivumelwano seCommunity: ibandakanya abazali kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni ekwenzeni izigqibo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zibonakalisa iimfuno zoluntu. Ukuncedisana noqingqo-mali kunye namabhunga enxuwa lesikolo kunganika amazwi kumaqela asezantsi.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Durta-Drive Approaches: Sebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ukuchonga izithuba ezikwindawo elinganayo nexabiso, ezivumela ungenelelo lonikezelo logcino-lwazi. Iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi kufuneka zilandele kungekuphela nje uvavanyo lwezixa kodwa zikwafikelela kwizifundo eziphambili, imilinganiselo yengqeqesho, kunye nentlalo elungileyo yabafundi.
  • Imilinganiso egqwethekileyo yokunika ingxelo: Ukuhamba ngapha kwemilinganiso ukuquka izikhundla, imisebenzi, uhlolo lwemozulu, kunye nomlinganiselo wokuphumelela kwesikolo. Oku kunciphisa izisusa ezigqwethekileyo zovavanyo oluphezulu kwaye kunika umfanekiso opheleleyo womsebenzi wesikolo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuhloba kwiiNkonzo zoqhubekeko-magama olujikelezayo: izikolo zoluntu ezinika impilo, impilo yengqondo, ukuzondla, nasemva kweenkqubo zesikolo zithetha ngemiqobo engeyoyonto yokufunda, nto leyo ephucula ukulingana kwayo kwaye ivumela abafundi ukuba bajolise ingqalelo kwiimfundo ezingqongqo.

Indima yobuxhakaxhaka Kwimfundo Nomgangatho

Ubugcisa bunendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni inkqubo yemfundo, ukunika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni kwiphulo lokulingana nomgangatho. Ikhompyutha yokufunda amaqonga, ii-apps, kunye nobuncwane bamanani bunganikezela ukufikelela kwizixhobo eziphezulu ezisemgangathweni kubafundi abasenokuba abanazo. Umzekelo, umfundi kwisithili sasemaphandleni angathatha izifundo eziphambili zokuhambisa izikolo zenyani, okanye umfundi ozamayo angaqhelisa ngokulungisa i-software elungisa ubunzima bexesha lokwenene.

Noko ke, ulwahlulo lwamanani luhlala lungumba obalulekileyo. Abafundi abakwimimandla efumana imali ephantsi bangantuma ufikelelo kubugcisa obufunekayo, njenge-Internet ethembekileyo, izixhobo, kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa. Lo msantsa ubizwa ngokuba yi "isithuba sophando lomsebenzi wekhaya" ngenxa yokuba abafundi abangenayo umgudu wokufumana i-Internet bazama ukugqiba izabelo ezifuna uphando kwi-intanethi okanye ukuthobela. Ngexesha lengxaki ye-COVID-19, ukutshintshela kufundo olukude olukwindawo ehlukeneyo. Ngokutsho kweZiko lophando [FLT]], malunga ne 35% yezindlu ezinabantwana nengeniso ngaphantsi kwe-$30,0, ngoko, ukunikezelwa kwezixhobo ze-interlyCrecticsting, unikezelo lwezixhobo zobugcisa, ukusasazolwazi lwe-FLGBRC.[F.] kunye noqeqesho lwamanani olungundoqo lwamathuba onke amathuba okufumanekayo.

Imizekelo yoxinaniso lobuxhakaxhaka

  • Ukusebenzisa iimodeli ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa i-intanethi kunye nemiyalelo elungele ukwenziwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemfundo kunye nesantya. Oku kunokukhulula ootitshala ukuba banikele inkxaso ejoliswe kubafundi abayifunayo.
  • Ubuchule bokufunda obulungelelanisayo obuye bawaphucula ngokobuqu amava emfundo asekelwe kwiimfuno zomfundi ngamnye. Izakhono ezifana neKhan Academy, IXL, neDrow Box zivumela abafundi ukuba basebenze ngesantya sabo, bavale amava ngoxa besaqhubeka benobuchule.
  • Ukwakha umanyano neenkampani zobugcisa ukunikezela ngezixhobo kunye nokufikelela kwi-intanethi kuluntu olungaphantsi kwenkonzo. Izinto ezifana nodweliso lwenkqubo ye-E-Rate yorhulumente kunye nonxulumano loluntu olululo luye lwanceda, kodwa kuninzi okufunekayo.
  • Ukuphuhlisa ubuncwane bemfundo obuvulekileyo (OR) ukunciphisa iindleko zencwadi ezisetyenziswayo nokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abafundi banazo izinto ezikhoyo. Amazwe afana neUtah neKhalifoniya aqokelele i-OER asindisa izigidi zabantu kwaye aphucula ukulingana.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ukulungelelanisa Okuphumelelayo Kwendlela Yokuhlala Neyomgangatho

Imimandla emininzi yezikolo nemibutho yemfundo iphumelele ekulawuleni ukuthelekisa phakathi kwe-ective nomgangatho. Olu hlolisiso lunika ingqiqo eluncedo kwizenzo ezisebenzayo ezinokuxelwa kwezinye iindawo.

Isifundo Sezigulana 1: Impumelelo Yezikolo Zoluntu Esixekweni SaseNew York

Imodeli yesikolo semfundo yasekuhlaleni saseNew York City, eyaqaliswa ngo-2014, idityaniswe kunye nemfundo yemfundo, iinkonzo zempilo, ukuganana kwentsapho, kunye nokusebenza kunye noluntu. Izikolo zivule iiyure ezivulekileyo kwaye zisebenza njengezikhundla zeenkonzo zentlalo-ntle. i-Rpopuward commentation iphengululo yeProvice [ ifumanise ukuba izikolo zoluntu e-NYC zaphucula inani labafundi, amanani okuphumelela, kunye nenxaxheba kwabazali, ingakumbi kwimimandla ephezulu ephezulu. Ziye zaphumelela ngaphandle kwemigangatho yemfundo yemfundo; enene, abafundi besikolo babonisa ukuphucula ubugcisa ngexesha. Ngokuthetha nomntwana wonke, izikolo zaphula urhwebo lwe-0um-ok-ok-ok-ok-lunt.

Isifundo setyala 2: Umgangatho ophezulu wehlabathi lonke Pre-K eNew Jersey

Inkqubo yeAbbott yasekwinqanaba labantwana abatsha, esungulwe emva kothotho lwezigwebo zenkundla, inika abantwana imfundo ephezulu yomgangatho waphambili kwisithili ezizizi-31 ezikhoyo. Le nkqubo igunyazisa abafundisi-zokufundisa abanobungqina, ubungakanani obuncinane bodidi, izifundo ezisekelwe kubungqina, kunye nenkxaso ejikelezileyo. Ufundo lwexesha elide, kuquka ukusebenza iZiko lesizwe lophando lwangaphambili (NELER)[FLT], ibonisa ukuba abantwana abanenxaxheba kwimfundo ephezulu kwaye banokuhanjiswa kwemfundo ekhethekileyo kwisikolo esisisiseko. Isitshixo sasingumsebenzi womgangatho ophezulu njengoko ufikelelwa kwimbono yokuba i-ethe kradiod .

Isifundo semeko 3: iSixeko se-Union, eNew Jersey/A iSithili esilungeleleneyo zombini

IziXeko ze-Union, isithili esincinane, esineelwimi ezibini ezincinane, ezishushu kakhulu, ezihlala eNew Jersey, zibhiyozelwa ngomsebenzi waso ozinzileyo nangona zisebenza kancinci, abantu beelwimi ezininzi. Esi sithili sasebenzisa ubuchule bokusebenza kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi: iklasi epheleleyo yosuku, umlinganiselo omncinane wodidi lwangaphambili, iinkqubo zobugcisa, uphuhliso olunamandla, kunye noqeqesho logcino-lwazi oluphezulu. Kunokuba kwamkele utshintsho oluqhelekileyo, iZiko loMbini lijolise ekuzinzeni nasekuphuculeni okuqhubekayo. Isithili sibonisa ukuba umgangatho wokuphumelela komsebenzi oqhelekileyo nomgangatho ophakathi kovavanyo oluqhelekileyo.

Icebiso lomgaqo-nkqubo lokuqhubela phambili

Ngeli xesha kungekho sisombululo sinye somlinganiselo, imigaqo emininzi ingakhokela abalawuli benkqubo kwinkqubo yolwazi olulungeleleneyo:

  1. [[NTL:0] Utyalo-mali lobuntwana olunezinto zokukhusela ezisemgangathweni. Ukufikelela kwindalo yonke kubalulekile, kodwa ngokufanayo nabafundisi-bafundisi abanobuchule, inkqubela-phambili efanelekileyo, kunye nomgangatho ophantsi wabantwana ukuya kwiqela leshumi elinababini. Ama-United States kufuneka adale iinkqubo zomgangatho womgangatho ezigcina irekhodi kwaye zixhase unyuko oluqhubekayo.
  2. Sebenzisa inkxaso-mali yabafundi enobunzima kwaye ugcine izikolo zinotyala ngeziphumo ezilinganayo. Imali kufuneka ilandelwe abafundi, nobunzima obungakumbi bobuhlwempu, ukuma komfundi oliNgesi, kunye nokukhubazeka. Ngokutshintshisana, izikolo kufuneka zilinganiswe kungekuphela nje ngomyingeniso kodwa ngendlela ezivala ngayo izikhewu zamaqela asezantsi.
  3. Iinkqubo zovavanyo zomlinganiselo omninzi. kufuneka zazise, hayi ukunyanzelisa. Quka nemilinganiselo yemozulu yesikolo, ukuganana kwabafundi, ukuthatha inxaxheba kubugcisa, kunye nokufunda intsebenziswano yoluntu. Oku kunika umzobo ochube kakhulu kwaye kunciphisa iintshukumisa kwindlela yokudlala.
  4. [[FLT: 0] izikolo zoluntu kunye neenkonzo ezisongelwe jikelele. izikolo azinakubuphelisa ngokwazo ubuhlwempu, kodwa ziyakwazi ukunciphisa iziphumo zazo ngokusebenzisana namaqumrhu enkonzo empilo kunye nentlalo. Olu tyalo-mali luhlawula ngokuba khona, ukuziphatha, kunye nokufunda.
  5. [[FLT: 0] Ukufikelela kwamanani okulinganayo kunye nobugcisa obudityanisiweyo. Ibhanki kunye nezixhobo zizinto eziyimfuneko, kodwa ubugcisa bufanele bube sisixhobo sokufunda ngokunzulu, hayi ukunikezelwa komxholo nje kuphela. Inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa ekudibaniseni okusebenzayo nokusebenza.
  6. Ukhetho lwesikolo lweFoster kwisiseko se-equality. Ukuba kukho irhafu okanye izikolo ezinomtsalane, kufuneka zibonise ukwahlukahlukana kwabemi besithili, zivume isabelo esifanelekileyo sabafundi abafuna iimfuno ezikhethekileyo, kwaye zithotyelwe kwimigangatho efanayo yomgangatho wesithethe kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke.

Isiphelo

Ukurhweba phakathi kwe-equotry kunye nomgangatho wenkqubo yemfundo kuntsonkothile kwaye kuphithizela. Ngoxa ukuzabalazela zombini iinjongo kusenokubangela imingeni, kubalulekile kubafundisi nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo ukuba basebenze ngokuncedisana ukwenza iinkqubo ezinceda bonke abafundi ngokunempumelelo. Ukuxoka kokuthi kufuneka sikhethe enye phezu kwenye kuyingozi. Imbali ibonisa ukuba xa ubuchule buphunyezwe ngozinzo olulinganayo lokufumana ubunjani, qhatha-a, ngokusebenzisa oovimba bokuyila, ubuchule obusekelwe kwimimiselo, kunye nokudityaniswa kwebutho labantu kungenza unyuko olunempumelelo. Indlela phambili ifuna ukunyaniseka ngobuchule ngokurhwebelana, ukuzimisela ukufunda kwimizekelo ephumelelayo, nokungavumi ngobuntamo-lukhuni ukwamkela nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na into ekhoyo.