Ukwazisa: Ukhetho Olufanayo Loluntu

Eyona nto iphambili, idemokhrasi yinkolelo yokuba amandla asemthethweni aphuma ebantwini. Loo mgaqo usetyenziswa kakhulu ngonyulo, amaxesha acwangcisiweyo xa uhlanga lunqumama ukukhetha indlela yalo. Unyulo lungaphezulu kakhulu kunendlela esetyenziswayo yokulawula. Zizinto ezibonisa izinto eziphambili zebutho labantu, uloyiko, ithemba, kunye nexabiso. Xa abemi bephosa iibhola zabo, abalawuli kuphela abakhetha iinkokeli; bachaza uhlobo lwengingqi abafuna ukulwakha. Iziphumo zonyulo zisoloko zityhila utshintsho olunzulu kwimbono yasekuhlaleni, izithethe, kunye neenkxalabo zezoqoqosho. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela abakhetha ngayo abantu, abathembanazo, abafuna ukudibana, ababhikishelanisa ingqibelelo, nabagcubacinezelo olusongela imigaqo-demokhrasi.

Idemokhrasi ayimi ndawonye; iguqula njengoko abemi becinezela utshintsho kunye namaziko elungelelanisa. Umjikelo ngamnye wonyulo unika umfanekiso wendawo apho ibutho labantu limi khona(ndiya kuchaza apho lisenokuba lijoliswe khona. Ukuqonda oku kudlala phakathi konyulo namaxabiso kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Imisebenzi yekhorali yokhetho kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi

Unyulo lusebenza iinjongo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi esempilweni. Ngoxa abalungisi abakhethekileyo bengafani kumazwe nakumazwe, le misebenzi ihlala ihambelana.

Umelo: Ukunika ilizwi kwiimbono ezigqwethekileyo

Mhlawumbi imodeli yeyona ndima ingundoqo yonyulo. Ngokwendawo ephambili. Abami bakhetha abathathi-nxaxheba abanolwahlulo olukhethekileyo lwenkqubo yabo, izinto eziphambili entlalweni, kunye notyekelo lwezimvo. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ubonakalisa iinguqu zokhetho. Xa umvoti uphezulu, i-pagnotive idla ngokutshintsha phakathi kwe-50% ne 67% yemithetho yonyuko yabemi kunye neembono zabo. Ngokutsho kolu vavanyo [[FLT: 0] Uphando lwezentengiso [[FLT: 1], ujikelelo lomongameli luye lwatshintsha phakathi kwe-50% ne-6% yenkulungwane edluleyo, kunye nokungalingani okubalulekileyo, nohlobo lohlanga, kunye nengeniso.

Ukuqwalasela nzulu kwimizekelo yomelo, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yoMgaqo-siseko weSizwe inikeza ugcino-lwazi lothelekiso ngendlela amazwe ahlukeneyo ayila ngayo amaphondo awo owiso-mthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba amelelwa ngokulungileyo.

Ukuphendula: Ukuba neenkokeli eziziziiNtloko

Unyulo ludala umjikelo wokuziphendulela. Amagosa aphenjelelweyo ayazi ukuba aza kujamelana nabavoti kunyulo olulandelayo, olubenza basebenze ngokunomdla kawonke-wonke kunokuba benze ngokwabo. Xa abavoti bevakalelwa kukuba ummeli waphule izithembiso okanye uphumeze izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo, banokuvota. Eli cebo alifezeki ````````aqamkileyo'', ukubolekisa, kwaye imali kwezobupolitika ingabangela ukuba bangabi natyala--* kodwa lihlala linye lazonazo zonke izixhobo ezinamandla abemi abamele basebenzele ndawo.

Inxaxheba: Ukwakha imisipha

Idemokhrasi iyachuma xa abantu bebotshwa. Unyulo alukho nje ngokufaka ibhola; lubangela ukuba kubekho inxaxheba ebanzi kwezobupolitika. Imikhankaso, iiholo zedolophu, iingxoxo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemiqathango yonyulo ijikeleza kwimijikelo yonyulo. Igalelo iqinisa umbutho woluntu kwaye ikhumbuza abantu ukuba badlelane ngolwalathiso lwelizwe labo. Ufundo olusuka kwi- iProlitical Science Review[[ icebisa ukuba uluntu olunevoti ephezulu luchaphazele ukuthembana kwezentlalo neyama.

Umthetho: Isiseko Sokuthemba Uluntu

Urhulumente onyulwe ngenkululeko, ngokusesikweni, nangokubonakala ngokucacileyo ufumana igunya lokuziphatha lokulawula. Kwanabo babotela lowo uphulukana nobhaptizo basengozini yokwamkela iziphumo ukuba bakholelwa ukuba inkqubo ibisemthethweni. Noko ke, ukurhoxa xa unyulo luthathwa njengoluxhotyiweyo, lucinezelwe, okanye lumoshakele. Ukulondolozwa kwethemba kufuna ulawulo oluzimeleyo, ukubala okucace gcathayo, kunye nenkqubo eqinileyo yokuphelisa impikiswano. Brenan Center yeJaji iziko lonyulo lonyulo lugqalwayo, lunganyelwe, lunganyaniswa, lungadityaniswa, lungabonwa lungena, lungabonwa lunye okanye lunganyanise.

Indlela Imilinganiselo Yoluntu Etyhilwa Ngayo Kukhetho

Imibandela elawula ixesha lonyulo idla ngokubonakalisa indlela abakhathazeke ngayo abaninzi ngelo xesha. Imilinganiselo ayimi ndawonye; iyatshintsha xa kuthethwa ngeziganeko, intsebenziswano, kunye neenguqu zesizukulwana. Ngapha koko zizinto ezinegalelo kwindlela amaxabiso abonakala ngayo kwiziphumo zonyulo.

Ibutho Lentlalo Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Imbali ibonisa ukuba intshukumo ezihamba ngengca ingazinzisa unyuso lweendawo. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu wee 1960 waqhubela phambili ukudlula koMthetho wamalungelo abantu kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo oMsebenzi, owathi ngokulandelayo waguqula ulungelelwaniso lwezopolitiko kwimimandla yonke. Kutshanje, intshukumo ezinjenge Black Lives Matter, kuMatshi, kunye ne-mosfectionism iye yanyanzela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bathathe izikhundla kubulungisa bobuhlanga, ukulingana kwendoda nemithetho yemekobume. Xa uvota bebona iimfuno zeqela zivakala kwimirhumo yemfazwe, babonakala ngakumbi ekuhloleni.

Ngokomzekelo, unyulo lwama-2020 lomongameli wase-U.S. lwabona unyulo lwengxelo phakathi kwabavoti abaselula, oluqhutywa kakhulu yinkxalabo ngobulungisa bentlalo kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngokutsho [[FLT: 0]] CORCLE[ kwiYunivesithi yaseTufts, umvoti wolutsha wanyuka ngamanqaku ali-11 ukusuka 2016, uphawu olucacileyo lokuba amaxabiso esi sizukulwana aye achazwa ngebhokisi yebhola.

Iimeko zezoqoqosho kunye nozinkcitho

Inkxalabo yezinto eziphathekayo ```jobs', ukunyuka kwexabiso, iirhafu, iindleko zezempilo, ii-africes ezinamandla zokuvota. Xa uqoqosho lunamandla, abavoti badla ngokuvuza abasebenzi ababuthathaka; kodwa amaxabiso ezoqoqosho angaphezulu kakhulu kwemibalo encinci efumaneka kwiingxowa-mali. Iinkqubo ezininzi zokukhetha ezikhuthaza okusesikweni, njengerhafu eqhubekayo okanye iinetha zokuzikhusela kwintlalo, kwanokuba ezo migaqo azinangenelo. Uxinezeleko phakathi komntu ngamnye ozithandayo nolungenelo lungumxholo ophindaphindwayo kukhetho ehlabathini lonke.

Ukutshintsha kwenkcubeko notshintsho lweDemographic

Iinkqubo ziya zahluka kakhulu phantse kuyo yonke imiba: ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, unqulo, kunye namalungelo esizukulwana. Unyulo lubonakalisa olu tshintsho njengoko le inguqulelo intsha isenza izakhiwo ezitsha ngokungqonge i-MFU-oxm kunye namava. Umzekelo, impembelelo ekhulayo yabavoti baseLatino nase-Asia eUnited States yenza utshintsho oluphambili kunye nokufikelela kolwimi lwezintlu ezininzi. Ngokufanayo, ukuvunywa okukhulayo kweLGBTQ kubangele ukulingana komtshato nokhuseleko lwemibango eninzi ukuya kwizithembiso zephulo elikhulu.

Iinkqubo ze-Ecocom nezolwazi

Indlela abavoti abafunda ngayo ngabavoti kunye nemiba yabo banempembelelo enkulu kumaxabiso achazwe kwibhokisi yokuvota. Amajelo eendaba aqhelekileyo, amaqonga eenkqubo zoluntu, kunye nezibhengezo zezopolitiko ezikhuthaza ukuma kolwazi. Ukwahlulwa kolwazi lwe-media . apho abantu banokukhetha imithombo yolwazi eqinisekisa ukuba iimbono zabo zikho. Iimeko zolawulo ezahlukeneyo ze-media zingabeka amaxabiso ahlukeneyo kwanaxa benobuzwe obunye. Imigudu yokuphucula ukufundwa kolwazi lwezibhayithi-bhayi nokunciphisa intelekelelo lwenkcazelo ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iziphumo zonyulo zibonakalisa ngokwenene uluntu olunolwazi ngoluntu.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yobandakanyeka Kwisityalo Somsebenzi

Unyulo lulungile kuphela njengoko lukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba. Ukubhalisa kweMibini kubandakanya okungaphezulu kakhulu kunokuvota. Kuquka ukuvuma ngokuzithandela amaphulo, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, ukuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo, nokukhuthaza imiba.

UMthetho weSiseko

Ukuncoma kusisenzo esinye esinamandla ummi angasithatha kwidemokhrasi. Ivoti nganye yingxelo engqalileyo yamaxabiso. Kodwa abavoti abaninzi abafanelekileyo abavoti ayivoti. Iibhari ziquka imithetho ethintelayo yokwahlula, iiyure zokuhlola ezisikelweyo, ukuswela ezothutho, kwaye ngokulula ukuvakalelwa kukuba ukhetho lukabani alukhathazi. Ukususa le miqobo ngokufaka iposi kwi-boloti, ukubhalisa okukodwa, nokuvota kwangokokuqala kuboniswe ukwanda okuphawulekayo. Amazwe amkela utshintsho olunjalo, njengoColoradow no-Oregon, asoloko ebona intluvoluvo oluphezulu.

Ubuchule nomthetho

Ngaphandle kokuvota, ukurhoxisa kuvumela abemi ukuba batyhalele utshintsho oluthile. Iinkampani zamalungelo okuvota, utshintsho lwezempela, kunye nokucacisa ukubonakala okuthe ngqo kuxhomekeke kumalungu alwamkela ulawulo, ahlaziyiweyo, afundisa uluntu. Ukukhuthaza ukuququzelela uluntu olucelwe phantsi kuvumela abemi basekuhlaleni bafumane intlukwano ezithile. Uludwe lweengcamango ezigqalwa njengezamkelekileyo kwintetho yesidlangalala. Uthetho lwezentlalo lwenze ukuba kufikeleleke ngakumbi, kodwa kwakhona kuye kwenza kwaba lula ukuba intethekiso yasasazeke. Ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo kufuna izibakala, ukwakhiwa kwe-Averton, kunye nokuzingisa.

Ukuqulunqwa koLuntu

Ukulungelelaniswa koluntu kujolise ekuququzeleleni abantu kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Amaqela asekuhlaleni, iicawa, amaqhina, kunye neenzuzo ezingeyonzuzo konke kudlala indima ekungeniseni abantu kuvoteko. Ukulungiselela kwakha ukuthembana kwaye kuguqula imiba engabonakaliyo ibe yinkxalabo yobuqu. Iluncedo kakhulu kuluntu oluneemeko eziphantsi ngokwembali, njengemibutho efumana ingeniso ephantsi kunye nabantu abanombala. Imibutho enjenge NACP inembali ende yokubhalisa nokufumana i-vota-ekhotha.

Imfundo yeKhabhini

Abavoti abanolwazi benza izigqibo ezingcono. Imfundo ye-Cicops .Ifundisa indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, indlela yokuvavanya imithombo, nendlela yokuthabatha inxaxheba ngayo, "ibalulekile". Ngelishwa, iinkqubo ezininzi zesikolo ziye zanciphisa uqeqesho lwezentlalo-ntle. Ukuhlaziywa komngeniselo kwimfundo yezentlalo-ntle, kuquka iinkqubo ezifanisa unyulo, ingxubusho, kunye nokufunda okusekukhuthazeni, kunakho ukunika isizukulwana esilandelayo amandla okubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo. ICentertart yeCFIc Education[ inika abafundisi kunye neenkokeli zoluntu inkxaso zemfundo kunye nezolwazi.

Imiqobo Ephazamisa Ukukhetha Idemokhrasi

Alukho ukhetho olugqibeleleyo. Amazwe alwayo ehlabathini lonke alwa nezenzo ezigqwetha ukubonakala komdla wodumo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki lelokuqala lokuzilungisa.

Ucinezelo lwe Voter

Unyanzelo lweVoter lubhekiselela nakuwuphi na umkhwa okwenza kube nzima kubemi abafanelekileyo ukuvota. Oku kungaquka imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, ukukhupha iirola, ukucutha iifestile zokuvota, ukuvala iindawo zokuvota kwimimandla encinane, nokufuna ubungqina bengxelo yobumi. Amanyathelo anjalo achaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto amaqela ahlukeneyo ngokwembali, kuquka abantu abanombala, abakhulileyo, nabafundi. [[FLT: 0]] ACLU kunye neminye imibutho icela umngeni imigudu yokucinezela enkundleni.

Gerrymandering

Umthetho wokulawula kukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili ekhethayo ukuxhasa iqela elithile okanye iqela elithile. Xa izithili zitsalelwa ukupakisha okanye ukuvota icrack, indlu yowiso-mthetho ephumele kuyo ayilubonisi ngokuchanekileyo ulwabelo lwevoti yonke. Umzekelo, kwamanye amazwe, iqela elifumana kuphela i-45% yokuvota okuziindawo ezizimeleyo zokulawula. Imibutho yotshintsho ixhasa iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokuhlaziya i-redi edifice kunye neendlela zemithetho-algoric ebeka ingqwalaselo kunye nentsebenziswano yoluntu.

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engachananga

Ukusasazeka kolwazi olububuxoki okanye olulahlekisayo kungagqwetha ukuqondwa kwabavoti ngabatshati kunye neembambano. Ukuphazamisa kwelizwe lasemzini, ii-bit, kunye neengcamango zonxibelelwano eziphembelela zonke ezifak' kule ngxaki. IMisformation ingenza ukunciphisa ukuthemba kwinkqubo yonyulo ngokwayo (ngokomzekelo, izibhengezo zobuxoki ngokuvota okusasazekileyo zinokubakhokelela abantu ekuthandabuzeni iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Ukulwa kwenkohliso kufuna ukudityaniswa komgaqo weqonga, ulwazi oluphuma-ndaba, kunye nokunqanda okuzinziwa yimibutho ezimeleyo enjenge FactCCDEc. org]

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Ulwahlulo olunzulu phakathi kwamaqela namaqela eengcamango lwenza kube nzima ukulalanisa kwaye lungakhokelela kwiqhina eliphambili. Ukwenziwa kwemiqathango kukwachaphazela nonyulo ngokukhuthaza iphulo elingalunganga kunye nokunciphisa ukuzimisela kwabavoti ukuqwalasela abathathi-nxaxheba kwelinye icala. Kwimekobume ezigabadeleyo, abathathi-nxaxheba abalungele ukuzuza igalelo, kwaye abanyulwayo bayakwazi ukuqhekeka. Ukuncitshiswa kwepetrolication kungafuna iinguqu ezifana nokuvota-icece, nto leyo ebangela abafuni abatsha abaqeqeshiweyo ukuba babhenele ngaphaya kwesiseko sabo.

Imali Kwezobupolitika

Imali echithwayo iye yanyuka kakhulu, ingakumbi emva kwezigqibo ezifana ne .I-FEC evumela ukusetyenziswa kwemali yenkampani eninzi nokuzimeleyo. Abanyusi bemali basoloko beluncedo kakhulu ekuqapheleni igama nakubhengezweni, okunokuthi kuminxe amazwi abantu abafuna izityebi ezincinane nabaxhasi babo. I-Scim yemali itshintshelwe ngokwemali kawonke-wonke-wonke, imiqathango yonyulo, kunye neemfuno zokukhanyisa ukuhlisa impembelelo yemali nokuqinisekisa ukuba oonyulo babonise amaxabiso abemi kunokuba banikele ngezityebi.

Ukutshintsha Ikamva Lokhetho Lwedemokhrasi

Ulawulo-demokhrasi kufuneka luguquke ukuze luhlale lufanelekile kwaye luqinile. Izinto eziliqela ezitsha neziguquli zinika isithembiso sokwenza unyulo olubonisa ngakumbi imilinganiselo yabemi.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bokwenza kube lula ukuvelisa imveliso yanamhlanje

Ukhuseleko, ukufumaneka, kunye nobuchule bokuvota obusetyenziswa ngumsebenzisi bungandisa inxaxheba kunye nokuthembana. Iibhola zephepha ezinezicangca zokubona zithathwa ngokubanzi njengezikhuselekileyo kakhulu kuneenkqubo zonke zombane. Ukubhalisa nge-intanethi, ukuvota ngeposi, kunye namaziko okuvota angaphambili enza kube lula kubantu abanemida exakekileyo okanye iziphene ukuze bakhuphe iibhola zabo. Noko ke, ubugcisa kufuneka busetyenziswe ngononophelo ukuze kuphetshwe iingozi ze-intellitistiki.

Utshintsho lwenkqubo

Uvoto olunechokoza elishinyeneyo (RCV), umelo lokulungelelana, kunye nokuvota okuvulekileyo kufumana ulwahlulo njengendlela zokunciphisa uhlazo lwencam yomhlaba nokunika abavoti ukhetho olunentsingiselo. RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake amacandelo ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi, osezantsi onyanzelekileyo oya kususwa, kwaye amavoti ayarhoxiswa de omnye umvotelelwa kufikelela kuma-50 ekhulwini. Oku kunciphisa iziphumo ze "spoiler" kwaye kukhuthaza ababhexeleli ukuba babhenele kumbutho obanzi. Maine noAlaska baye bamkela i-RCV ukwenzela unyulo lomthetho, kwaye amazwe amaninzi acinga iinguqu ezifanayo.

Imfundo Nezidlo Eziphambili

Izikolo, iingeniso, kunye nemibutho yamajelo eendaba zingasebenzisana ukwenza inkcubeko yokuthabatha inxaxheba kumaqumrhu. Iinkqubo ezifana ijolise ekubhaliseni abatsha abavoti, ngelixa abanye benikela iibhunga ngendlela yokuqhuba isikhundla okanye ukubandakanyeka kwi-advocacy. Ukwanda kolwazi lwesizwe olunemibutho ejikelezweyo kunye nemisebenzi ebhaliswe kakhulu.

Ukomeleza Ulawulo Lokhetho Nokuthembana

I-endependent, iikhomishini zonyulo olungekho kwicala lale nkonzo enemithetho ecacileyo nenkxaso-mali eyaneleyo ibalulekile. Ukucaca ekubaleni nasekuphicotheni amavoti, kunye nenkqubo ecacileyo yokuchola kunye neembambano, kwakha ukuthemba uluntu. Ukunikela ingxelo yoluntu rhoqo kumavoti, amanani okubhalisa, kunye namanyathelo onyulo kunganceda ekususeni inkqubo. Abaqwalathisi bezizwe ngezizwe, njengaleyo ivela kwintlangano yoKhuselo noNkqubela-ntle eYurophu, banokunika ukuqinisekiswa okungaphandle kokuba unyulo lukhululekile kwaye lulungile.

Isiphelo

Unyulo lungaphezulu kakhulu kuneziganeko zokulawula; luphawu lwedemokhrasi. Lutyhila oko sikukhathaleleyo, esikholosa ngako, nehlobo lwekamva esilithelekelelayo thina nabantwana bethu. Xa abemi bethabatha inxaxheba `ngokuvota, ngokukhuthaza, ngokukhuthaza, nangokufundisa] baqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala ebonakalisa imilinganiselo yabantu. Kodwa ulawulo-melo lubuthathaka. Uphengululo, ukugqwethwa kwemali, ukuhlaziywa, kunye nemali kwezobupolitika zingawugqwetha lo mfanekiso. Ukuqaphela ezi zinsongelo nokusebenza kwabo kungumthwalo womntu ngamnye.

Ikamva ledemokhrasi lixhomekeke kwisibopho sokukhetha ngokufanelekileyo, ngokuvula, nangokuquka unyulo. Ngokumkela utshintsho olufana novoti olukwindawo ephantsi, ubugcisa bokuvota, kunye nokuveliswa kwemfundo yoluntu, ibutho labantu lingakha iinkqubo ezimela ngokuchane ngakumbi ukuthanda kwabanyuliweyo. Ekugqibeleni, impilo yedemokhrasi ilinganiswa kungengabo bakhulu bezakhiwo zayo, kodwa ngokuthembeka konyulo lwalo nobunzulu bomanyano lwabemi balo.