Ukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo yoqobo kuye kwaba ngumxholo oyintloko kwinkqubo yokutyunjwa nokuqinisekiswa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yanamhlanje, ngokufuthi kusebenza njengendawo ephambili yokulwa iingxabano zeengcamango. Njengoko inkundla yeli lizwe iphendula imibuzo esemthethweni, ukunamathela kwentsomi kukwakheka kokuqala kungayibumba indlela yayo ukuze iqinisekise kwaye ibonise impembelelo yayo kumthetho waseMerika. Eli nqaku lihlola ukuvela kwentanda-bulumko yantlalo, indima yayo kwinkqubo yokuqinisekisa, noko kuthethwa yiyo kwimimiselo yokugweba kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuchaza Iingcinga Zemvelaphi

Ukuqiqa kwasekuqaleni yindlela yokuchaza umGaqo-siseko efuna ukufumanisa intsingiselo yentsingiselo yegama lomGaqo-siseko njengoko laliqondwa ngabantu ababeyibhalisile, beyincoma, okanye beyimkela. Ngoxa bedla ngokuchazwa njengesikolo esinye sokucinga, inkcaso yoqobo iquka imisonto eyahlukeneyo:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Invoifige i- - Le ndlela ijonge kwiinjongo eziphambili zabalayishi bomGaqo-siseko. Ibuza: Abantu ababhale uxwebhu babezimisele ntoni ukuba bathethe?
  • Intsingiselo yoluntu yoluvo olubanzi – Olona hlobo luqhelekileyo lwangoku, luxhaswa nguJaji Antonin Scalia kunye nabanye, lugxininisa koko umbhalo womgaqo-siseko wawuzakuthetha kumntu onengqondo ngexesha eyamkelwa ngalo. Oku kuphepha ukuxhomekeka kwinjongo efihlakeleyo kwaye endaweni yoko kusebenzisa intsingiselo eqhelekileyo yamagama.
  • [[UMGAQO-MGAQO-MGAQO-Ndlela zobuGcisa-A ulungiso olucebisa ukuba abagwebi basebenzise iindlela zokucacisa eziyamkelwe ngexesha lokwenziwa komGaqo-siseko, kunokuba bachaze ubuchule bale mihla.

Abaxhasi bathi ubuQuqu buthintela ukugweba kwaye buthintela abagwebi ekuthatheni indawo yeenkqubo zabo ezikhethelwe umthetho. Ngokumisa izigqibo ngokwentsingiselo yembali, ubukho bendalo bujolise ekunikezeleni umthetho othe ngqo nozinzileyo womgaqo-siseko. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi bungavelisa iziphumo ezahlukileyo kumaxabiso asekuhlaleni anamhlanje kwaye kusenokuba nzima ukusebenzisa xa ubungqina bembali budidane okanye buphikisana.

Ukuvela Kwembali Yobuxoki

Ubuntsundu abusoloko bulawula intanda-bulumko yokugweba. Kwinkoliso yenkulungwane yama-20, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yasebenzisa “umGaqo-siseko ophilayo”, ivumela iintsingiselo zomGaqo-siseko ukuba zitshintshe ngezithethe ezitshintshayo zentlalo. Noko ke, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwacelwa ingxubevange yokuvuselela ingcamango yoqobo, ubukhulu becala njengempendulo eqhelekileyo koko kwakugqalwa njengokuqhathwa yinkundla ngexesha leWarren kunye neBurger Courts.

Amanani Aphambili Enkqubela Yobuntsundu

Abantu abaninzi banendima ebalulekileyo ekufakeni imfundiso yokuqala kwizinto ezininzi:

  • UGeneral Edwin Meese III – Ngeminyaka yamakhulu asibhozo, uMasi wanika uthotho lweentetho ezikhuthaza “ingcamango yenjongo yantlandlolo,” ephikisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko umele utolikwe ngokwenjongo yabafaki- frame.
  • Ugwebi uRobert Bork – umphengululi ophambili wezomthetho nomgwebi onegunya, iimbono zantlandlolo zikaBork zazisembindini kwinani leNkundla ePhakamileyo ka 1987 engaphumeleliyo. Ukuqulunqwa kwakhe kwajika ingxubusho yesizwe ngendima efanelekileyo yejaji.
  • Justice Antonin Scalia---otyunjwe ngo1986, uScalia waba ngoyena mxhasi obonakalayo nonempembelelo wentsingiselo yokuqala kawonke-wonke. Iimbono zakhe zobuchule kunye nokungavumelani okunamandla kwaziindlela zobhalo neyokuqala.
  • Ubulungisa Clarence Thomas[[FLT]-1] – uThomas usoloko egqitha kuScalia, ekhuthaza “uqalo olusekelwe kwi-premial” olumkhokelela ekucel uvavanyo lwemiyilo emide.
  • Ubulungisa William Rehnquist – Njengobulungisa obuyintloko, uRehnquis uluvo lwakhe lusoloko lubonakalisa imixholo yemvelaphi, nangona wayenobungqongqo obuncinci kune Scalia.

Ukuvela kobuNtu kwasekwa nangamaqela afana neFederalist Society, eyasekwa ngowe-1982, eyanika amagqwetha abambelele kumagqwetha abambelele kwimigaqo-siseko nakulwazi lwezolwazi lwentlalo-ntle ukukhuthaza ukubhalwa kwamagama aphezulu neengcamango zombhalo. Olu thungelwano lwaphembelela ngokunzulu ukhetho lwezahlulelo, ingakumbi phantsi kolawulo lweReagan, iGeorge W. Bush, kunye nolawulo lweTrump.

Ukuyila Kwinkundla Ephakamileyo Ukuqinisekisa Ukuchotshelwa Kwetyala

Ukuqiqa kokuqala kuye kwaba ngumxholo osoloko ukhona kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Abakhokeli bacelwa rhoqo ukuba bachaze ukuzibophelela kwabo kwimithetho yokuqala, indlela esebenza ngayo kumalungiselelo athile omgaqo-siseko, nokuba bayigqala njengeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokutolika. Le mibuzo ayiyomfundo nje kuphela; banika abaququzeleli imiqathango malunga nezikhundla ezinokwenzeka zomtyulwane ekushenxiseni, amalungelo empu, amandla omphathi, neminye imibandela yeqela elishushu.

Iimpendulo zika-amunee zingenza okanye zaphula isiqinisekiso sazo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokuqinisekiswa kuka-2017 kukaNeil Gorfoth, wazichaza “njengomkholelwa kwimvelaphi yakudala” kwaye wagxininisa ukubaluleka ‘ kwentsingiselo kawonke-wonke yentsingiselo” yokubhaliweyo. Oku kwaqinisekisa abaququzeleli abathathi-nxaxheba abathathi-nxaxheba abathathi-nxaxheba ngexesha ekhupha umlilo kuDemocrates owayesoyika ukuba uza kulwa nomthetho wokuqhomfa kunye nemithetho yezempempela-mali. Ngokufanayo, uAmy Conney Barrett ngo-202020 wachaza ukuba iimbono zakhe zantlands zazingadityaniswanga nayiphi nanto iziphumo ezipheleleyo, nangona abagxeki becinga ukuba wayezakuvota uRoe v. Wade nokwandisa ukukhulula abantu bonqulo.

Isiqinisekiso sikaBrett Kavanaugh ngo-2018 sasinempikiswano kakhulu, ngokusetyenziswa kobuGaqaba obudlala indima ephambili. UKavanaugh wangqina ukuba wayeza kulandela umzekelo kwaye akanyanzeli ucwangciso lobuqu, kodwa imibhalo neentetho zakhe zabonisa ukuncamathela okunamandla kwingcinga yoqobo. UDemocrats wamxinzelela ekubeni ubuBhosa bungadityaniswa na nomthetho wale mihla wokulwa nodibaniso loluntu, kwaye iimpendulo zikaKavanaugh zaye zahlatywa ngenjongo yemiqondiso yokuba aphathe amatyala anochuku.

Ugcino lwangaphambili

Ezi ngxelo zilandelayo zibonisa indlela ukuqiqa kwasekuqaleni okwayiphembelela ngayo inkqubo yokungqinela:

IBork Nomication (1987)

UGqr. Robert Bork ukwenziwa kwegama nguMongameli Reagan usoloko echazwa njengeyokuqala “eqhelekileyo” ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Province. Iimbono zobuBorgk ezinamandla zomququzeleli, njengoko zichazwe kwingxubusho yomthetho nakwincwadi, zamenza wajoliswa kumaqela anamabhongo anomdla okwaphula amalungelo abantu kunye nokhuseleko lwasese. IBhange yalwamkela uBork ngevoti engama-42-58, isigqibo esiqhubeka siphinda siphazanyiswa ngezobupolitika zomthetho. Ulolo lawulo luka Bork lwabonisa amandla entandabulumko yantlandlolo ukufunxanela abaxhasi nabaphikisi kunye nabaphikisi, kwaye lwakhokelela ekubeni i-ompelesi mvume enzulu yendlela yokutolika.

Isiqinisekiso SikaThomas (1991)

Ubungqina bukaClarence Thomas ngexesha lokuqinisekisa ukuququzelelwa kwakhe ukukhanyelwa kwetyala bukhumbuleka ngenxa yokukhanyela kwakhe ukuba uRoe no . Wade waxubusha ngegalelo kunye namaqela ezobupolitika. Kodwa emva koko, ukuphikisana okunamandla kukaThomas yayingunobangela oyintloko. Wayebhale amanqaku abiza ukubuyela kwimigaqo yokuqala kwaye waphikisa ukuba umthetho wendalo wawuxhasa umGaqo-siseko. Iimbono zakhe zabangela impikiswano engokuthi imvelaphi yobukho qobo inokuba ihambisana njani nendima yeNkulwamyuwa ekukhuseleni amalungelo angahlali. UThomas ekugqibeleni waqinisekiswa ukuba u-52-48, kodwa intandabulumko yakhe yantlandlolo yayingumxholo ophindaphindileyo.

Uqinisekiso lwe Atalito (2006)

Samuel Alito, ebekwe nguMongameli George W. Bush, wajongana nemibuzo ngentanda-bulumko yakhe egwebayo, ingakumbi ukunamathela kwakhe kwimvelaphi kunye nokubhalwa kombhalo. Alito wachaza ukuba wayekholelwa “kukukholoso kumbhalo nakukuqonda kwasekuqaleni,” kodwa waphepha xa wabuzwa ukuba uBhongiselo yayiyindlela epheleleyo. Uqinisekiso, 58-42, lwabonisa umahluko onzulu we-voluntswana. Iimbono zika-Alito ezilandelayo kwiimeko ezifana Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Women [[FLT:] 2022]) wabonisa impembelelo yokwenene yomhlaba wokuqala kwintsaliso.

IGorf, Kavangaugh, kunye noBarrett Ingqinisekiso (207-20)

UMongameli Trump wachaza zonke ii-applicans zakhe zonke njengezazi zoqobo okanye abaxhasi bemibhalo. uNeil Gorfo wagxininisa ukuzinikela kwakhe kwintsingiselo yantlandlolo kawonke-wonke kwaye wagxeka abagwebi abathatha “imbono ephilayo”. UBrett Kavaugh, ngoxa wayenikela ingqalelo engakumbi kwimodeli kunye nokuthintela isigwebo, wanyanzeleka kwintelekelelo yakhe yantlandlolo emalunga namandla olawulo kunye nokuqhomfa. UAmy Coney Barrett, owayesakuba ngulowo uScalia, ngokucacileyo waxhasa ubukhombhinjlambhinekiso bokuqala ngexesha lokuva kwakhe 2020, echaza ukuba “indlela yokuchaza indlela yam yokuthetha umthetho.” Zonke ezintathu zaqinisekiswa, zinika uninzi oluqinileyo kwiNkundla.

Iimpikiswano Zokuyila Nezokwaleka Kwegama LesiGrike

Iimpikiswano Ezinconywa Yingcamango Yantlandlolo

  1. ILegitacy neConstract - i-Extraryism inika intsingiselo emiselweyo yokutolika, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba abagwebi baza kuthatha indawo yamaxabiso abo obuqu kumthetho. Oku kugunyazisa ngedemokhrasi ukuthi intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ayifanele itshintshe ngaphandle kwenkqubo esesikweni yokulungisa.
  2. Ukuzimela nokuxela kwangaphambili - ngokunamathela kwintsingiselo yantlandlolo, abagwebi bangavelisa imithetho engaguqukiyo ehambelana nexesha, ivumele abemi nabenzi bomthetho baxhomekeke kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko esizinzileyo.
  3. Jodicial Barent - I-Extraryism ilinganisela amandla obulungisa kuba ifuna ukuba abagwebi bathobele amasebe anyuliweyo karhulumente xa umGaqo-siseko ungathethi cacileyo. Oku kunomtsalane kubantu abahlala ngokuqhelekileyo abangabuthembi ubugcisa.

Iimpikiswano Ezichasene Nobukho Bantlandlolo

  1. I-Ambitatic - Ukufumana intsingiselo ye-“yantlandlolo” kusoloko kunzima okanye akunakwenzeka. Imithombo yembali isenokuba iphambana okanye iphikisana, ivumela iijaji ukuba zifumane ubungqina obuxhasa iziphelo zazo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi oku kungafihla i-gasmsm ngokufihla imbali.
  2. Ukungagqibeki – Uzibophelelo oluqinileyo kwintsingiselo yokuqala lungavelisa iziphumo ezingachananga okanye ezingavisisaniyo namaxabiso angoku. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa uqikelelo loqobo kuMphetho-mda wesibini kungabubetha ngoyaba ubunyani obukwiqondo lama-21 eliphakathi ngogonyamelo lwemipu.
  3. Ngaphantsi kobucukubhede obungaphantsi komthetho -Ubuqumrhu bungakhuthaza iNkundla ukuba ibhukuqe imizekelo emide ukuba iyangqubana nokuqonda kwasekuqaleni. Ukubhukuqwa kwe Roe v. Wade kwiDobts ngumzekelo ophambili, kwaye abagxeki bayiphikisa ngokuphazamisa umthetho kwaye ikhubaza ukuthembeka kweNkundla.
  4. Isicelo Esikhethiweyo Isicelo esiKhethiweyo - Abanye batyhola abaququzeleli bokuqala ngokukhetha uhlalutyo loqobo kuphela xa befumana iziphumo ezithe ngqo, ngexa besishiya kwiimeko ezibandakanya, amandla aphezulu okanye ulawulo. UJaji Scalia ngokwakhe wavuma ukuba uqobo ngamanye amaxesha lungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingathandekiyo, njengokufundwa okubanzi kophicotho-Plato Claus.

Impembelelo Yobuntsundu Kwikamva Lenkundla Ephakamileyo

Njengoko iNkundla Ephakamileyo iqhubeka igqiba imibuzo emikhulu ngokuqhomfa, ukulawula imipu, unqulo, namandla obungameli, ukusetyenziswa kobukho bephondo kuya kuhlala kusetyenziswa ekuqinisekisweni nokuqinisekiswa.

Ukuhlahlela Okuqhubekayo

Ubuqaqoba sele buluvavanyo lwelitmus lweminee ezisadla ngoludala, ngexa imiqathango ilindeleke ukuba ixhase “umGaqo-siseko ophilayo” indlela okanye ubuncinane ilahle ubuqaqaba njengendlela ekuphela kwayo. Oku kudityaniswa kommandla womhlaba kubangela ulwahlulo lojikelezo kwisiqinisekiso kwaye kwenza ukuva kulwenzeke ngakumbi.

Ukwandisa Umgama Wemfundiso Yoqobo

Ubuqaqoba asiyondlela enye. Bambi abaphengululi baxhasa “iindlela zokuqala zobuNtloko” (ulandela iindlela zokutolika zabatolika) okanye“ ubuGaqo-siseko” (umGaqo-siseko njengoseko lwemithetho emiselweyo). Ikamva linokujongwa njengeliphi uhlobo lobuntsundu ababambelele kulo, ingakumbi njengoko inkoliso yeNkundla ithatha uqulo loqobo kumacala amatsha.

Okunokubangela Utshintsho

IBhunga leNtlanganiso liyitshintshile imithetho eqinisekisayo, lihlisa umqobo wevoti yeNkundla Ephakamileyo ukusuka kuma-60 ukuya kuninzi olulula ngo-2017. Oku kwenza kwaba lula ukuqinisekisa ukuba abalawuli bamandulo bangenayo inkxaso ebanzi. Abaphathi bexesha elizayo baza kuqhubeka besebenzisa lo mthetho, benyusa isantya sotshintsho lwengqiqo kwiNkundla.

Impembelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Impembelelo yoqobo ayiphelelanga eUnited States kuphela. Iinkundla zezinye izikhulu zomthetho eziqhelekileyo, njengeOstreliya neKhanada, ziye zaphikisana ngeendlela zobunzululwazi bendalo. Ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kobuGcisa bantlandlolo eUnited States kusenokukhuthaza iingxoxo ezifanayo kwamanye amazwe.

“ UbuOrigeali asiyongcamango yokuphela kwentliziyo. Kufuna abagwebi ukuxhathisa isilingo sokufunda amaxabiso abo kumGaqo-siseko nokwamkela izigqibo ezisenokungathandwa.” – IJaji Antonin Scalia (efunyaniswe ku [ AManuta yenkcazelo [])]

Isiphelo

Ukuqiqa koqobo akuseyongcamango yemfundo engqongqo; kusilensi esilawulayo apho iiNkundla Eziphakamileyo zivavanywa khona zize ziqinisekiswe. Ukunyuka kwazo kubonisa umzabalazo omkhulu ngendima yejaji kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika. Abaxhasi bajonga ubuGaqo-siseko njengeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuhlonela imvelaphi yedemokhrasi kunye namandla eenkqubo zolawulo-demokhrasi. Abahlalutyi balumkisa ukuba bungasetyenziswa ukuthethelela iziphumo ezikhoyo ezityeshelwa yiloo mGaqo-siseko.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubani unembono enjani, ukuqonda intsingiselo yoqobo kubalulekile ukuze kulandelwe inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa nokuxabisa iziphumo eziphezulu zesivumelwano ngasinye seNkundla Ephakamileyo. Njengoko ilizwe liqhubeka liphikisana ngemibuzo yenkululeko, ukulingana, kunye negunya likarhulumente, impembelelo yokuqiqa kwantlandlolo iyakhula kuphela. Isiqinisekiso esilandelayo siqinisekile ukuba sichaza imibuzo ecacileyo ngentsingiselo yantlandlolo, umongo wembali, kunye nemida efanelekileyo yokuhlola inkundla. Abo banokucacisa baze bakhusele intanda-bulumko yabo yokuqala iza kuba luncedo olucacileyo, kanti abo bayigatyayo kufuneka bachaze enye indlela yokutolika komgaqo-siseko.

Ukongezelela ekufundeni ngengqiqo yembali yakudala nendima yayo kwiingxelo zekomiti, qwalasela ezi nkonzo zilandelayo: