Umhlaba wehlabathi uguqulwe kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokuqhutywa kakhulu kukunyuka kweeKomiti zesenzo sezobupolitika ezingadibaniyo (PACs). Ngokungafaniyo nezakhiwo zephulo lesithethe ezidibene ngqo namaqela, ezi zinto zizimeleyo zisebenza ngomlinganiselo wokuzilawula ezivumela ukuba ziphumele iinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo ngaphaya kwemida yesizwe. Ukukhula kwazo kubonisa indlela ezithe zandiswa ngayo imali yehlabathi lonke, apho imali, impembelelo eqhubekayo ngaphandle kokuqwalasela imida yendawo. Njengoko ii-PAC ezinganxulumaniyo zisiba nezona zisebenza ngokuneenguqulelo ezibanzi, zinikela omabini amathuba okuzinzi okuzinziswa kwezobupolitika neengxaki zokulawula. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezizweni ngezizwe ngezizwe, iinjongo zazo, iinjongo zemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho, kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa kwazo.

Ziyintoni iipari ezingadibaniyo?

I-PAC engekho nxulumene nezobupolitika iyikomiti echaza imali enxulumene ne-PACs njengeenkqubo zembutho, unyulo, okanye imibutho yasekuhlaleni, kodwa ayiqukwanga nomntu oza kubhalisayo, umbutho wezobupolitika, okanye enye ikomiti egunyazisiweyo. Phantsi komthetho wase-U.S., iKhomishini yeFederal Evolution (FEC) ichaza iPaCs njengezo zimiselwe ziinkampani, imibutho yamalungu, ngelixa ii-PAC ezizimeleyo ezingekho zibotshelelwa kwezo zibopho zingqalileyo. Le nkululeko izinika ububanzi ngendlela ezinyusa ngayo imali nezibonelelo. Bangalucela iminikelo kuwonke wonke, babandakanye kwinkcitho ezimeleyo, kwaye balungelelanisa neminye imibutho efana neminye edityaniswe ngqo nabantu abadibani.

Ummiselo osemthethweni weNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-PACs ovela kuMthetho weSicwangciso soNqulo loMgaqo-nkqubo (Federal [FECA) we-1971] kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo, kuquka iBipartisan Campaign Reformation Act (BCRA) ka-2002. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. Nangona ilawula ngokungqalileyo imicimbi yezopolitiko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-PHAMBIli, ikhuthaza nokunganxulumaniswanga kwe-PAC [FLT] [FULT] [FLT] [FULT] [FULT] [2010] [0]) yandisa ngakumbi amandla ePaCC kunye namanye amaqela angaphandle okusebenzisa iimali ezizimeleyo zezobupolitika zezobupolitika kunye nempembelelo yezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye imele ngokungqinela ngokuhambelana kwazo kwimpembelelo enkulu kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo ze PAC ezingadibaniyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTHO: 0] Ukubonelela okuzimeleyo: Banyusa imali evela kubantu ngabanye, kumashishini, okanye kwezinye ii-PAC ngaphandle kokubotshwa yimida yomnikelo esebenza kwiikomiti ezibhalisayo kumongo othile (kunye kufuneka bathobele imithetho yempuku).
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Issue advocation: Ugxininiso oluninzi kwimimandla ethile yenkqubo ekhethekileyo", efana norhwebo, amalungelo abantu, okanye inkqubo yemekobume] kunokuxhasa umvotelwa okanye iqela elinye.
  • Umsebenzi weqela lomda: Abanye basebenza zwenibanzi ngokuxhasa amaqela zobupolitika asemzini, ukuthuma iziganeko zaphesheya, okanye amaphulo aququzelelwayo amanani ajolise kubavoti kwamanye amazwe.
  • Izakhiwo ezinokujika-jika: I PAC ezingadityaniswanga zingaba zezokwexeshana okanye ezisisigxina, kwaye zinokuphinda ziphinde zifumaneke okanye zilungelelaniswe ukutshintsha ulawulo lwezwe lwezobupolitika.

Ukwanda kwehlabathi lonke kweePacs ezinganxibelelaniyo

Ngoxa ii-PAC ziluhlaziyo olucacileyo lwaseMerika, impembelelo yazo ayisekho kunyulo oluninzi. Kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo, amagosa angaphandle, amaqela, namaqela enzala aye aqalisa ukwamkela izithuthi ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo, okanye aye aba ngamaxhoba eePaC ezisekelwe kwiU.S. ezifuna ukubumba imicimbi yezobupolitika kwelinye ilizwe. Le nto iqhutywa ziimeko eziliqela: ukulula konxibelelwano lwamanani, ukudityaniswa kwemiba yezobupolitika, nokunqongophala kwemiqathango yezemali yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Kumazwe amaninzi, imithetho yamakhaya iyayithintela iminikelo yamanye amazwe ejolise ngqo kumatheko okanye kumaqela. Noko ke, ii-PAC ezinganxulumaniyo zingasebenzisa izithuba zokuthumela ulawulo ngokuthumela imali kumazwe esithathu, ngokusebenzisa imibutho yamaqokobhe, okanye ukuxhasa inkxaso-mali enqanda ukuchongwa okungakhawuleziyo konyulo. Umzekelo, i-PAC esekelwe kwi-U.S. esekelwe kwimithetho yemozulu ingaxhasa uthothotho lwezibhengezo kwimimandla ye-Europe phambi konyulo lwepalamente, ngaloo ndlela iphembelela iimvakalelo zovotimenti ngaphandle kokwaphula imithetho yasekuhlaleni. Ngokufanayo, i-diaspora idla ngokuyila i-PACs ukuxhasa inkqubela yezopolitiko okanye abathathi-mali kumazwe abo baqala imvelaphi, ukudibanisa iimali ezifundwe kwiinkqubo ze-U.

Ubuchule

I PAC engadityaniswanga isebenzisa uludwe lwezicwangciso ukuphumeza iinjongo zayo zezizwe ngezizwe. Ezi ndlela zenzelwe ukwandisa impembelelo ngexa ukunciphisa ulwandiso olusemthethweni:

  • Izibhengezo zomda wesiphelo: amaqonga amanani afana noGoogle, Facebook, kunye no-Twitter avumela i PAC ukuba ijolise inani labemi abathile kumazwe asemzini ngemiyalezo yezopolitiko edityanisiweyo. Ngenxa yokuba izibhengezo zithengwa rhoqo zizinto ezibhalisiweyo ze-U.S., zingawa ngaphandle kolawulo lwamagunya onyulo asemzini.
  • Ukuhlanganisa amaqela angaphandle ezobupolitika kunye namanyathelo: Ezinye ii-PAC zinika izibonelelo kwiintloko-matanki, imibutho yolawulo, namaqela oluntu ahambelana neenjongo zawo zenkqubo. Ngelixesha le minikelo ingeyomirhumo engqalileyo, ziyakwazi ukubumba imekobume yezobupolitika ngeendlela ezichuliweyo.
  • [[NT.0] Ukuhlanganisa iinkomfa neziganeko zezizwe ngezizwe: ngokulungiselela iintlanganiso eziphezulu ezidibanisa abezobupolitika bangaphandle, iinkokeli zoshishino, kunye nabaxhasi, iPAC idala amathuba okuncokola kunye neqonga lokunyusela inkqubo. Ezi ziganeko zingasebenza njengezithuthi zokuqokelela imali.
  • Ifakelwe kwintsebenzo yamazwe angaphandle: I-PAC] Engadibaniyo ingaqesha abameli bamanye amazwe okanye abacebisi ukuhlaseleka koorhulumente bamanye amazwe kwimicimbi efana norhwebo, ukhuselo, okanye imigangatho yemekobume. KwiU.S., imisebenzi enjalo iphantsi koMthetho we-Exstals Expablication Act (FARA), kodwa imithetho efanayo iyahluka ngokubanzi emhlabeni wonke.
  • Izixhobo zengca eziququzelelwayo: IPAC zisebenzisa amaphulo oluntu, uluhlu lwe-imeyili, kunye nee-apps ezihambayo ukukhuthaza abaxhasi kwamanye amazwe kufutshane nezizathu ezithile, zidla ngokufipha umgca phakathi kobungcathu obusemthethweni kunye nokungenelela kwamanye amazwe.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo esisemthethweni nesilawulayo

Ukusingqongileyo okulawulayo kwe-PACs engasebenzi kwilizwe lonke kwahlulwa kwaye kusoloko kuphikisana. EUnited States, iFEC ifuna zonke iiPAC ukuba zibhalise, iingxelo zefayile rhoqo ngeminikelo nangenkcitho, kwaye ityhile abanikeli bayo. Noko ke, le mithetho yokutyhila ineekhubalo ezibalulekileyo. Umzekelo, umnikeli-mali neqokobhe LLC zinokufihla umthombo wokwenene wemali, iyenze ibe nzima ukulandela imali emva koncedo lwamazwe angaphandle.

Amanye amazwe amaninzi anemithetho engqongqo. UBukumkani boManyano bumisela ukuvalwa kwemiqathango yamanye amazwe kumaqela ezobupolitika, kodwa ukugcinwa komthetho kuxhomekeke ekuzixeleni nasekujoliseni ibhanki. IKhanada iyayithintela iminikelo yamanye amazwe kwimikhosi yezopolitiko yesizwe, kodwa amaqela ezimeleyo enkcitho asebenza njenge “sithathu” ajongene nemiqathango encinci. I-European Union inemimiselo engalinganiyo: amanye amalungu afana neJamani neFransi aneemfuno zentelekelelo, lo gama amanye aneenkqubo ezibuthathaka obungenamandla. Le misebenzi ibangela amathuba okusebenza kwe-PAC equququzelela i-omatilo-omatilo-omisho.

Ucelomngeni Lokucace gca

Inkxalabo engundoqo engqonge umsebenzi we-PAC yamazwe ngamazwe kukungabinazo ukukhanya. I-PAC engadityaniswanga iyakwazi ukufumana imali evela kubantu ngabanye kunye namaqumrhu angafunwanga ukuchaza ubunikazi bawo ukuba iminikelo iye yawa phantsi kwemiqobo ethile. Ngokomzekelo, i-PAC kufuneka inike ingxelo yabanikeli bemali engaphezulu kwe-R3,000 ngonyaka, kodwa le nkcazelo isoloko igqunywa kwii-FEC ezixineneyo ekunzima kuwonke wonke ukuba zihlahlulwe ngokweelwahlulwa. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe asemzini ayalelwa ukuba anikele ngqo kwiU.S. PAC, kodwa ayakwazi ukubolekisa imali ephuma kwi-U.S.-omatilo asezantsi okanye ii-mediesdies.

Iinkampani zetomma namacandelo okuthemba amaqonga athe anzima ukuqwalasela. Umnikelo omnye ungadlula kwiimithetho emininzi kunye namaqumrhu angokwasemthethweni phambi kokufikelela kwi-PAC, ukwenza kube nzima ukuba abalawuli belizwe elinye balandele imali. Oku kukuzifikisa kuluncedo kwabo bafuna ukuphembelela unyulo lwamanye amazwe ngokufihlakeleyo, kodwa kunciphisa ukuthemba kwabantu kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Uhlolisiso lwama-20222 kwiBrennan Center yeJaji lufumanise ukuba imali emnyama − ifumaneka kwimithombo engachazwangachazwangayo i-$/8.8.iibhiliyoliyo esetyenziswa kwezobupolitika ngexesha lonyulo-202020.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Kwimisebenzi Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukujonga imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene kubalaselisa iziphumo ezisebenzayo zemisebenzi ye PAC engekho kwi-intanethi kwelinye ilizwe. Ngelixesha imisebenzi emininzi ihlala isemathunzini, amatyala amaninzi abhalwe kakuhle abonisa amandla akhoyo ekudlaleni.

Iipawu ze-pro-israel kunye nokhetho

IiPalamente ze-American pro-pro Israel Pacs ezinjenge-AIPAC-afly zisoloko zisebenza kunyulo lwase-U.S. kodwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ezinye ziye zandisa ukufikelela kwazo eYurophu. Ngexesha lonyulo lwama-2019 lwePalamente yaseYurophu, iingxelo zabonisa ukuba iiPalamente ze-U.S. ziwaxhase amaphulo okubhengeza kunye neziganeko zokujolisa abavoti eFransi, eJamani, kunye no-U.K. Injongo yayikukukhuthaza abatshatiyo ukuba babenobuhlobo ne-ekho kuhlengatshangaluleki kwemithetho ye-ISraelol. Nangona kungekho mithetho eyaphulwayo.

IiPasika Zamazwe Angaphandle Nezobupolitika Zasekhaya

Ii-PACs ezininzi ezingadibaniyo nezizwe eUnited States ziye zayila i-PACs ezininzi ezinganxulunyaniswanga nezobupolitika kumazwe azo emvelaphi. Umzekelo, ii-PAC zaseMelika-American zinikele kumaphulo e-Indiya, ngokufuthi ngokuxhasa ngemali engabhaliswanga imali egqithiselwayo kamva kumatheko ezobupolitika ase-Indiya okanye abathathi-nxaxheba. Ngokufanayo, iiCuban-Melika zithenge imali kwimigudu yokulawula i-U.S. inkqubo echaphazele iCuba, kodwa nakwimisebenzi echaphazela i-Cuban engokwezobupolitika zasekhaya ngandlela-ngachananga. Umthetho werhafu wongeza intenxa: iminikelo kwimibutho yezopolitiki engaphandle ayifaneleki njengenkxaso phantsi kwemithetho ye-IRS, sekunjalo ukugcinwa komthetho kuncinane.

Ungenelelo lwamaRashiya olumiselwe ngokweentlobo

Mhlawumbi eyona mpikiswano iphambili yehlabathi lonke ye-PAC ibandakanya ukutyholwa kokungenelela kweRashiya kunyulo lomongameli wase-2016. Uphando olwenziwa ngurhulumente wezobuntlola wase-U.S. kunye nomthetho okhethekileyo weSiluleko sase-U. uRobert Mueller wafumanisa ukuba imikhosi yaseRashiya yasebenzisa umnatha weengxelo zezentlalo-ntle kunye nombutho ophambili obizwa ngokuba yi-Internet Research Agency (IRA) ukuhlawula iphulo lokuphengulula i-ntelekelelo. Ngoxa i-IRA yayingeyoPC ebhaliswe phantsi kwe-U.S., yasebenza ngokufanayo ngokuphakamisa imali kunye nokuyichitha izibhengezo zezopolitiki zezepolitiki. Le meko ibalase indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-Internetic Agency (IRA) okanye i-ogcomparacrentstionsment yoothrentierrentierreat).

Ngamnye kule mizekelo ubonisa uxinezeleko phakathi kokusetyenziswa okusemthethweni kwentetho yezobupolitika nomngcipheko wokugxabhagxampuza okungeyomfuneko kwamanye amazwe. Njengoko ii-PAC ezingeyo-adityaniswayo zibanobuchule obungakumbi ekuqhubeni imida esemthethweni, imfuneko yemilinganiselo ecacileyo yehlabathi lonke iya ingxamiseka.

Ucelo Lwedemokhrasi

Ukwanda kwee-PAC ezingeyo-odityanisiweyo kumaphulo ehlabathi lonke kuthwalisa iziphumo ezinzulu zolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Kwesinye isandla, le mibutho iyakwazi ukwandisa amazwi amaqela acudisiweyo, inceda abantu abahlala kwimimandla ephantsi kwemimandla ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwezobupolitika zasekhaya, kwaye ikhuthaze ingxoxo enqamlezileyo kwimiba enyanzelisa amalungelo abantu kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Kwelinye icala, ibeka engozini umgaqo wolawulo oluqhelekileyo.

Izinto eziphambili ziquka:

  • Impembelelo engahambelaniyo: abantu abanobutyebi okanye imibutho, kuquka abo bangaphandle kwelizwe elijoliswe kulo, bangasebenzisa iPAC ukubeka uxinzelelo olungalawulekiyo kunyulo lwamanye amazwe, ukugqwetha ukuthanda kwabavoti.
  • Ukubhadula komthetho: Ukunqongophala kwemithetho evisisanayo kuvumela i PAC ukuba itshintshe imali kunye nemisebenzi ukunqumla imida inqandwe ukuvavanya, ukwenza ugqatso kumazantsi kwimiqathango yemali yephulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuncitshiswa kokuthembana: Xa abavoti berhanela ukuba unyulo luphenjelelwa yimali yangaphandle efihliweyo, ukuthembana kumaziko edemokhrasi kuyancipha. Oku kungakhokelela ekugxekweni nasekupheni.
  • Umngcipheko wokhuseleko lwesizwe:[ Iipawu zaManygede okanye abo basebenza njengeeprojekti zoorhulumente bangaphandle bangaba zizithuthi zokufumana i-evili, ukurhoxa, okanye ukudibanisa kwezobupolitika.

Ukulungelelanisa Intetho Ekhululekileyo Nokuziphendulela

Nayiphi na impendulo yomthetho kufuneka isebenzise uxinzelele phakathi kokukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha `imbombo sedemokhrasi' yamabutho eengingqi `ye ithintele ukuphazamisana kwamanye amazwe. KuMphetho wokuqala ukhusela kakhulu kwinkcitho yezopolitiko, kuquka nePaCs engadityaniswanga. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibambelele kwinkcitho ezimeleyo luhlobo lokuthetha okukhuselweyo, kwanaxa isithethi siyinto ekhoyo. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukubeka imiqathango yengubo egubucala kumsebenzi wehlabathi lonke we-PAC ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iziqinisekiso zomgaqo-siseko.

Abanye abaguquli baphikisana ngokuqina ngakumbi nemfuno yokutyhilwa kwemali kunokuvalwa ngokungqalileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukufuna ukuba ii-PAC zixele abanini boncedo abaluncedo kakhulu bayo nayiphi na iminikelo phezu komnyango othile kunganceda ekukhanyiseni inkxaso-mali yamazwe angaphandle ngaphandle kokubhanga okufanelekileyo. Abanye babiza izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zokubonisa ukuba imali ibhaliswe okanye irhafu. Noko ke, izivumelwano ezinjalo zijongene nemiqobo yezopolitiko neyokugcina umthetho.

Ikamva LeePaC Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukujonga phambili, indima yee-PAC ezingeyo idityaniswe kumaphulo ehlabathi lonke isenokuyandisa. Izicwangciso ezininzi ziyahambelana: ukwanda kolwandiso lwezibhengezo zobupolitika, ukunyuka kokungaqondakali njengendlela yokunikela ngokungaziwayo, kunye nokukhula komanyano lwemibutho yezopolitiko yomhlaba wonke. Umzekelo, iPAC inokwamkela iminikelo ye-Bitcoin evela naphi na emhlabeni, ibaguqulela kwimali, kwaye ichithe kwimiba yokubhengeza ejolise kwisithili sonyulo sokhetho lwangaphandle.

Iinkampani zobugcisa nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ii-Platform ezifana ne-Facebook kunye no-Google ziye zasebenzisa amanye amanyathelo okubonisa ngaphaya kwezibhengezo zezobupolitika, njengokufuna ukutyhilwa komntu ozihlawulayo. Kodwa le mithetho isetyenziswa ngokungaguquguqukiyo kumazwe ngamazwe, kwaye isenokukhutshwa ngobuchule bokuthenga ngobuchule. Ngaphezu koko, unyuko lwezicwangciso ezifihlakeleyo zoshicilelo njenge-Telegram kunye neSignali yenza kube nzima ukuqwalasela imigudu yokukhuthaza iingca eziquqululwe ngamanye amazwe.

Abenzi benkqubo baqalisa ukuphendula. Kwi-European Union, uMthetho weeNkonzo zaManyano umisela izibophelelo ezingqongqo kumaqonga ukukhusela ukulawulwa kokhetho lwamanye amazwe. E-United States, icebiso lomthetho ofana nokuKhuselwa koMthetho Wethu Wolawulo-melo kunye noMthetho we-DSCLOSE uya kuqinisa imfuno yokutyhilwa kwamandla omthetho omthetho onyanzelisi we-FEC. Noko ke, ukunqanda nokukhuthaza inkcaso kuthelekelele uninzi lwale inguqulelo.

Icebiso ngenkqubo ecace gca kakhulu

Ukulungisa ucelomngeni oluvela kwii-PAC kuphulo lwezizwe ngezizwe, kufuneka ucwangciso oluneeprojekthi ezininzi

  • [[NTL: 0] Intsebenziswano ye-enzame-mdeni: amazwe kufuneka abelane ngolwazi malunga nokurhoxa kwemali okukrokrelekayo kunye nolungelelaniso lophando. Iintlangano ezifana ne Global Forum on Transfiguration and Exchange of Information for Tax Readerts zingasebenza njengemodeli.
  • [[QUT: 0] Vala amatyala asemthethweni: Oorhulumente kufuneka bafake imithetho yezemali ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela azimeleyo enkcitho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisiphi isakhiwo sawo, aphantsi kwemithetho efanayo yokutyhilwa njengee-PACs zesithethe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ubugcisa bobubhaka-bhaka bokubonisa: Izixhobo zokufumana i-blockchain esekelwe kwimiqolo, ukuxhotyiswa kwamanani okudityanisiweyo kwezibhengezo zezobupolitika, kunye nee-database zokwenene zexesha zinokuba luncedo ekukhanyeni kwentengiso eninzi.
  • Amandla olawulo oluzimeleyo amaqumrhu azimeleyo: Ingxamiseko efana ne-FEC kufuneka inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo kunye negunya lokuphanda ngamatyala ehlabathi lonke, kuquka amandla angaphantsi kwe-topina qha kubadlali bangaphandle abalawulwa yiyo.
  • Izakhono zokwazisa uluntu: imicimbi yezoshishino kunye nemibutho yoluntu kufuneka ifundiswe ngomngcipheko wempembelelo yamanye amazwe kwaye ixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokuvavanya ngokunzulu imithombo yemiyalezo yezopolitiko.

Isiphelo

Ii-PAC ezingazidityaniswanga ziye zaba zizixhobo ezinamandla kwibhokisi yezixhobo yabaxhasi belifa lehlabathi jikelele. Inkululeko yazo inika ubhedu kwaye ifikelele apho izakhiwo zesithethe zingenakukwazi ukudibana, kodwa ikwamema ukuxhatshazwa ngabo bafuna ukupheliswa kwedemokhrasi. Ilizwe elilawulayo ngokuchaseneyo lingumthetho wesizwe kunye nokunyanzeliswa okubuthathaka nokungalawulekiyo kokulawula ukuqukuqela kwemali yezobupolitika. Njengoko unyulo oluzayo kwimigangatho engundoqo yedemocrackity lungatsala ingqalelo yangaphandle, ungxamiseko lotshintsho lungenakuphinda lutshatiswe.

Ukulungelelanisa phakathi kokulondoloza indlela yezopolitiko ekhululekileyo kunye nokugcina ingqibelelo yonyulo kuya kufuna ingxubusho eqinileyo phakathi koorhulumente, iinkampani zobugcisa, uluntu kunye nabavoti. Ngaphandle kwesenzo esinentsingiselo, ukufaneleka kweenkqubo zedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke kupheliswa yinkqubo ye-shokratiki yehlabathi lonke. Ixesha lokulungisa olu celomngeni lingoku.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kwiKhomishini yoNqumo loManyano [[FULT:0] ekwi-PAC yobhaliso kunye nokunika ingxelo, iBrennan Center yeJaji kunye ne-OpenSALTYS yemali emnyama kunyulo [[[FLT:]], kunye ne-OpenSALT's [[FLT:]]] i-'ethenjiweyo kwi-Propulm ye-U.S.[[FLT:]] iimbono ze-Actec.[FT:5] zikhona kuMthetho wezizwe zonke [[FLT][FLT]]