Ukwazisa: Umqulu Oluhlaza WomGaqo-siseko Wamandla Ahlukeneyo

Zimbalwa iingcamango ezisemgangathweni kulawulo lwaseMerika kune-songamislini. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. owahlula ngabom igunya phakathi korhulumente wesizwe eWashington, D.C., kunye noorhulumente abangama-50, ngamnye onendawo yakhe yokwanelisa. Ngaphantsi kwamaphondo, amawaka eengingqi, izixeko, iidolophu, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo zibumba umaleko wasekuhlaleni ochukumisa abemi ngokuthe ngqo. Ukuqonda eli qela asiyomfundo yemfundo nje yemfundo; kukuxhobisa ukusebenzisa imithetho ebumba impilo yakho, imfundo, ukhuseleko, kunye nohambo lwemihla ngemihla. Eli nqaku linika ukhenketho olubanzi lwemigangatho emithathu karhulumente — urhulumente, urhulumente, urhulumente kunye nengingqini — kwaye lichaza indlela abaqhubana ngayo, baxhathisana, kwaye basebenzisane nenkqubo entluntluntlukwanokho phantsi kwenkqubo esiphila phantsi kwemihla yethu namhlanje.

Inkqubo Yomanyano: Ingqikelelo Yembali

Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko benza inkqubo karhulumente ukuze baphephe ukuxinana kwamandla ababenawo phantsi kolawulo lobukumkani baseBritane ngoxa besadala urhulumente onamandla onamandla ophakathi ukuze ahlanganise uhlanga olutsha. Emva kokungaphumelelanga kwamaGatya okuLawulayo (okwashiya urhulumente wesizwe engenamazinyo), iNdibano yeMgaqo-siseko ye-1787 yavelisa uxwebhu olwalubala amagunya athile karhulumente karhulumente — njengawokuqingqa imali, ukusungula imfazwe, nokulawula intengiso yezoshishino yezo mazwe — ngoxa ibeka onke amanye amagunya kumazwe okanye abantu phantsi koMphetho-mente weshumi.

Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ulungelelwano lwamandla luye lwatshintsha ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokulungisa imicimbi yamakhaya yandisa igunya lesizwe kumalungelo abantu. INew Deal kwiiminyaka yoo1930 yazisa urhulumente wesizwe kwimigaqo yezoqoqosho nentlalo-ntle yabantu. Ii1960 zabona ulwando olubhekele phaya kwiinkqubo zoMbutho Omkhulu, kwaye amashumi eminyaka akutshanje aye abona ukurhoxiswa kweembopheleleko emva kumazwe nokusetyenziswa okuphezulu kwenkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Namhlanje, incoko karhulumente ihlala ishushu, ngengxoxo yayo yonke into ephuma kwimimiselo yempilo efuna ukukhusela imekobume.

Amanqanaba Amathathu Karhulumente Asebenza

Urhulumente OsisiFrentshi

Urhulumente welizwe usuka kwikomkhulu lelo lizwe yaye ulawula imicimbi echaphazela lonke ilizwe.

Amandla omanyano akangomGaqo-siseko angenasiphelo. UmGaqo-siseko unika kuphela amandla athile adwelisweyo; amanye amagunya amaninzi ahlala ehleli kumaphondo. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ishwankathela impikiswano ngomda phakathi kwegunya lorhulumente nelorhulumente, njengakwiimeko ezifana neUnited States. Lopez [1995], elinganiselweyo kwezorhwebo.

Urhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wawo, indlu yowiso-mthetho yawo, irhuluneli yawo, kunye nenkqubo yayo yenkundla. Ama-odolo asebenzisa oko kubizwa ngokuba “ngamandla asekuhlaleni” — amandla okulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Oku kuthetha ukuba amazwe alawula uninzi lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, umthetho wentsapho, umthetho wempahla, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke.

  • Imithetho yeSizwe: Onke amaphondo ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska anendlu yowiso-mthetho ebizwa ngokuba yi-biabmaral (indlu esezantsi nendlu ephezulu). Abenzi bemithetho-mthetho balenza imithetho kwimicimbi engakhutshwanga ngurhulumente wezwe. Kwakhona bagqithisa uqingqo-mali lwemali, irhafu karhulumente, kunye nokuwedlula.
  • Governor: Isikhulu esiphetheyo sikarhulumente, sinyulwe ngqo ngabavoti. Irhuluneli ephumeza imithetho karhulumente, icebisa uqingqo-mali, imisela iintloko zesebe, kwaye iyakwazi ukukhupha imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo. Irhuluneli ezininzi zinamandla abalulekileyo kulawulo longxamiseko kunye nolwahlulelo lwesizwe.
  • IiNkundla zeSimo seSizwe: amajaji eSizwe achaza imithetho yorhulumente kunye nomgaqo-siseko worhulumente. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe (ezisoloko zibizwa ngamagama awahlukeneyo) zingabameli bokugqibela kwimicimbi yomthetho. Basingatha uninzi lweempikiswano zomthetho — iisuti zamakhaya, amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, imicimbi yentsapho, kunye neprobate.

Kwakhona ama-odonga anamandla okucwangcisa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwimida yawo. Bangadala, badibanisa, okanye bachithe imimandla, izixeko, nezikolo. Olu lwalamano luthetha ukuba igunya likarhulumente longingqi lisuka ngokupheleleyo kurhulumente, kungekhona kurhulumente worhulumente.

Urhulumente Wangaphakathi

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngumgangatho ophembelela eyona ndlela ingqalileyo imekobume yemihla ngemihla. Kwakhona yeyona yahluke kakhulu, enamaqela angaphezu kwama-90 000 kulo lonke elase-United States. Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • Amaqela olawulo anika iinkonzo ezifana nokugcinwa komthetho (amasebe omphathi), uhlolo lwerhafu, amasebe oluntu ezempilo, kunye nogcino-ndlela. Ezinye izibalo ziye zanyula iikhomishini zephondo kunye nabaphathi abamiselweyo.
  • Izixeko, iidolophu, needolophana ezinceda abantu abahlala apho. Baphatha imimandla, amapolisa asekuhlaleni kunye namasebe omlilo, iipaki, amanzi kunye nezixhobo zokuhambisa amanzi amdaka, kunye nothutho lukawonke-wonke. Uninzi loomasipala lunemodule-odolokhwe okanye uhlobo lukarhulumente webhunga-mnqonga.
  • Izithili ezikhethekileyo: Iiyunithi ezizimeleyo ezenziwe ukunikela iinkonzo ezithile ezinjengezikolo, isithili samanzi, isithili sethala leencwadi, okanye isithili sokhuselo lomlilo. Zisoloko zineebhodi zazo ezinyuliweyo kunye negunya lokurhafisa. Ngokwe-U.S. Censurence Bureau, iingingqi ezikhethekileyo ziluhlobo olukhula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu lorhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafumana amandla abo kumthetho karhulumente. Bangadlulisela imithetho (imithetho yendawo) kwimixholo evunyelwa ngurhulumente, njengemithetho yokwakha, imimiselo yengxolo, nerhafu yasekuhlaleni. Abaninzi banempembelelo enkulu ekusetyenzisweni komhlaba nasekuphucukeni kweebhodi zabo zokucwangcisa kunye neekomishini yokwakha.

Indlela Abangenelela Ngayo Abasebenzi bakarhulumente

Ukuqhelisela Umanyano

Amaqondo amathathu awasebenzi xa ebodwa. Asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo:

  • Abangeni-in-Aid: Urhulumente worhulumente unika amawaka ezigidi zeerandi kwimimandla nakumazwe ngonyaka ngemirhumo edityanisiweyo (iinjongo ezicacileyo njengemali esetyenziswa ngohola wendlela) kunye nezithintelo (iinjongo ezifana nenkqubela-phambili yoluntu). Ezi zibonelelo zidla ngokuza neemeko — umzekelo, amazwana kufuneka anyuse iminyaka yokusela ukuya kuma-21 ukufumana imali yomgaqo-ndlela karhulumente.
  • Amathumbu kunye nokhukuliso: Urhulumente wengingqi angafuna ukuba kubekho iimeko zokuthatha izenzo ezithile (imiyalelo ewisiweyo) okanye imithetho yorhulumente ewiswe phantsi ngokupheleleyo (ukukhulula). UMthetho we-Deat Air noMgaqo-nkqubo wamaMerika onesiphene yimizekelo yemiyalelo karhulumente enyanzelisa iindleko kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ukhuthulo luqhelekile kwiindawo ezifana nokufuduka nokuvalela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nebhanki.
  • Intsebenziswano yoorhulumente: Iingingqi ezininzi ezintsonkothileyo zenkqubo, njengempendulo yentlekele, zibandakanya onke amaqondo amathathu. Xa kugaleleka inkanyamba, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ubamba inyathelo lokuqala lokufuduka, urhulumente uququzelela uKhuselo lweSizwe kunye nobonelelo lwesizwe, kunye neFEMA (umbutho worhulumente) unika imali yokunikela uncedo lwentlekele kunye nolungelelwaniso.

Indima Yemali: Ukuxhasa Amazwe Ahlukeneyo

Irhafu ligunya elinye, kodwa icandelo ngalinye lixhomekeke kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yengeniso. Urhulumente uqokelela ingeniso yakhe enkulu kwirhafu yengeniso nganye kwaye ahlawule irhafu eqeshiweyo. Amazwe axhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yerhafu yengeniso yentengiselwano nerhafu karhulumente. Iirhafu zentengiso zemali zixhomekeke kwirhafu yempahla, irhafu yentengiso yasekuhlaleni, kunye nerhafu yemali. Ukufuduswa kwemali yesebe lezoburhulumente kuxhomekeke kwimiqathango yorhulumente kunye nemali ehlawulwa ngurhulumente. Iingxoxo zoqingqo-mali phakathi komgangatho — ukukhuphuzwa kwe-mali yeMedicaid, ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu, okanye inkcizo yemfundo yezentengiso — zizinto ezikhoyo zezobupolitika ze-U.S.

Impembelelo Yokwenene Yehlabathi Kubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

Iinkqubo zomanyano ezifana neMedicare (yabantu abadala) neMedicaid (yabantu abafumana imali ephantsi) bamisela imigangatho yesizwe kodwa basoloko belawulwa ngamaphondo. UMthetho we-Affordhable Care Act (ACA) wandisa ulawulo lwesizwe lwemarike ye-inshorensi yempilo ngeli lixa ishiya amaphondo ekunokukhethwa ukuqhuba iintengiso zawo siqu nokundisa uMdicaid. Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, imibutho yezonyango yempilo kawonke wonke ilawula izitompepho, ukulandelela, kunye nekliniki yempilo yoluntu. I-COVID-19 yabala ing'ithsssssss phakathi kokhokelo lukarhulumente kunye nezigqibo ezikuhlawulwayo kunye nezigunyazo zikarhulumente.

Imfundo

Imfundo ingumsebenzi ophambili karhulumente kunye nowasekuhlaleni. Ii-asethi zemfundo, iimfuno zokufundisa, ii-accessing, kunye neemvavanyo zokuphumelela. Amaphondo asekuhlaleni alawula izikolo, aqesha othisha, anyusa irhafu yempahla ukuze axhase imisebenzi. Ukuthabatheka kwemali kweSebe — njenge-Everses Frieveeds Act (ESA) — zibonelela ngemali kubafundi abahlawulwayo abaphantsi kunye nemfundo ekhethekileyo kodwa aziyilawuli imiqathango yomgaqo-nkqubo yamalungelo abantu. Noko ke, imithetho yesebe yamalungelo abantu iyalwa ukuba ikhethelwe kwizikolo, kunye nemigaqo yezemfundo ebandakanya iimali nemali.

Izithuthi Nezakhiwo

Urhulumente wengingqi unika imali eyintloko kwiindlela zaseburhulumenteni, kwizikhululo zenqwelo-moya, kunye neenkqubo zothutho kwiHighway Trust Fund. Ama- States nawo agcina iindlela zikarhulumente yaye ngokufuthi alungelelanisa nentabalala yezonyango. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balawula izitrato zesixeko, ooduladula-ndlela abathuthi nootrayisi, iindlela zohambo ngenqanawa, kunye neendlela zebhayisekile. Isigqibo sokwakha ibhulorho entsha okanye ukulungisa amanzi angundoqo abandakanya ukuxubana kwamaqhina asekuhlaleni, ukubonelela, kunye nemali yesiseko solawulo (njengeNfraculuso

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nokusesikweni

Amasebe alawula umthetho olawula urhulumente njengeFBI ahlola ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphakathi kwelizwe, ubugrogrisi, kunye nokurhwebelana ngeziyobisi. Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni ajikeleza kwiindlela zelizwe kunye nemithetho karhulumente. Amasebe oluntu aphendula kwiminxeba yomasithotho-siseko yolwaphulo-mthetho olukwizitrato. Iinkundla: Iinkundla zejaji zephondo ziqhuba amatyala karhulumente kunye neenkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho; iinkundla zephondo zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, ii-mthetho, ii-fayivini, kunye nemicimbi yeentsapho. Iintolongo: iintolongo zorhulumente zibambandebelo zibo abagwetyiweyo abagwetyiweyo; iintolongo zasekuhlaleni zibamba iityala zolwaphulo-mthetho ezikwimiqatha neemeko-mthetho ezigwebayo kunye nezigwebo ezincinane. — kwiinkqubo zomthetho zemali, zokwenziwa koonongalamfashoni, iingxolo okanye ingxweleko.

Ukusebenzisana Norhulumente Wakho: Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo

Ukhetho

Ukuqhaqho lolona hlobo lusisiseko lokubhalisa. Unyulo loManyano, iSenators, kunye nabameli lwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini. Urhulumente kunye noluntu lolwazi lwerhuluneli, lwendlu yowiso-mthetho, lomphathi-mthetho, lomphathi wesigqeba, kunye nebhunga lesixeko lusoloko lunempembelelo ethe ngqo. Unyulo-votelwa lugcinwa kwimihla yokubhaliswa kwebhanki okanye lungangeni kwi-partistan, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimiba esezantsi. Sebenzisa ubuncwane obufana no- USUSA.gov' ulwazi lokuvota lwendawo yakho yokuvota, ukhange umhla wokubhalisa, kwaye uqonde iimfuno ze-ID ze-okhiwo. Urhulumente kunye neebhodi zokhetho zilawula ubhaliso-bo.

Ukunxibelelana Namagosa

Amagosa aqatshelweyo kunye nabasebenzi bawo baphulaphula iziqu. Ungabhala, umeme, okanye uthumele i-imeyili kumalungu eBhunga (fumanani kuwo [[FLT: 0]] kuMthetho ka-Chombor.gov. Kwimiba yomgangatho karhulumente, fumana ummisi-mthetho kunye nerhuluneli yakho. Kwimiba yasekuhlaleni, yiya kwibhunga lesixeko okanye kwintlanganiso yengingqi yorhulumente — ezininzi zinamathuba okugqabaza esidlangalaleni. Xa uqhagamshelana negosa-burhulumente, yiba ngokucacileyo, cacileyo, kwaye uchazele ngesenzo osifunayo (umz. ewe, vhotela kwisivumelwano esithile).

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Ekuchondweni Kwabantu

Amaziko asebenza ngomanyano asoloko ethetha rhoqo ngemimiselo ecetyiweyo (iMimiselo ekhangelayo.gov). Amasebe karhulumente aphulaphula imvume yokusingqongileyo, imimiselo yempilo, kunye neeplani zokuthutha. Iibhodi zocwangciso-ndlela zoluntu zinika abemi ithuba lokuthetha ngeenguqu zokuhlahlela, imisebenzi yophuhliso, kunye nezigqibo zelizwe. Oku kulapho abemi bangayibumba ngokuthe ngqo imithetho echaphazela imimandla yabo — ukusuka kwindawo yokuphuhlisa isakhiwo esitsha kwimithetho yeendawo zokuqesha.

Isebenzisa Izixhobo Zamanani

Oorhulumente abaninzi baye bamkela ubugcisa bokwandisa ukubonakala. Ii-agena kunye nemizuzu yentlanganiso zibekwe kwi-intanethi; iintlanganiso ezininzi zihlala zisemagqabini. IiWebsite ezifana ne-USA.gov zisebenza njengendawo ekhuselekileyo yolwazi kuwo onke amanqanaba. Amazwe noorhulumente basekuhlaleni baneendawo zabo zokumisa ii-data ezivulekileyo, apho unokuzilandela khona uqingqo-mali, amanani olwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nomsebenzi wesikolo. Imijelo yezentlalo-lwazi (iiingxelo ze-meya-dolophu, ii-arhente, ii-ofisi, kunye namaziko amaziko e-ofisi) anika uhlaziwo lokwenyaniso kunye namathuba okunxibelelana.

Isiphelo: Indima Yommi Okhutheleyo

Inkqubo yamagunya ahluleleneyo eUnited States ingabonakala ikude okanye ididekile, kodwa yenzelwe ukuba ifikeleleke. Kwiiholo zeKhontekoste zengingqi yedolophu yakho, urhulumente ungumnatha ogqunyelelweyo wokwenza izigqibo oyamkelayo — nokuba ngaba akafezekanga — kwigalelo lobumi. Nokuba uxhasa umoya ococekileyo, izikolo ezingcono, izitrato ezikhuselekileyo, okanye irhafumente elungeleyo, ukwazi ukuba liliphi inyathelo lokuqala lokusebenza. Ngokuthetha, nangokuhlala uphakamela, uyanceda ukuba inkqubo iphilele ngokwesithembiso sayo: urhulumente wabantu, ngabantu, kwimiba yabantu, kuwo onke amanqanaba abantu.