Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Ulawulo Luphembelele Ikamva Lenzululwazi

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokufumana inzululwazi kunye nophuhliso lobugcisa awumiselwanga bubuchule babaphengululi okanye ubukho bemali. Izakhiwo zolawulo . "iinkqubo zokwenziwa kwesigqibo, ukwabiwa kwezibonelelo, kunye nokungakhathalelwa" ngokusisiseko kulawula ulwalathiso kunye nokuphumelela kophando (R&I). Nokuba ngamaziko aphakathi, i-Iquagement elungeleleneyo, intsebenziswano kawonke-wonke, okanye i-enzele yobuqu, indlela ibutho elilungelelanisa ngayo iimpembelelo zalo zezenzululwazi ezilawulwayo, indlela okufunyenweyo okuguqulela kwiimpendulo zehlabathi lokwenene, nendlela ezihambela ngayo ukuvela kweengxaki. Ukuqonda ezi zenzo ziyimfuneko kubenzi bophando, iinkokeli, kunye nabaqeqeqeshi abazimisele ukwenza imekobume yendalo, ukukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwazo zombimbi nezixhobo zenzululwazi.

Kumacandelo alandelayo, sijongana nemodeli ezingundoqo zolawulo, sivavanya iziphumo zazo kulwabelo lovimba kunye nokubekwa komphambili, linganisela iingenelo neemvavanyo zazo, kunye nohlolo oluvelayo olulungisa kwakhona ulawulo lwelizwe. Ngokubeka uhlalutyo kwimizekelo yekonkrithi kunye nenkqubela-phambili yenkqubo yakutshanje, sijolise ekunikezeleni isiseko esisebenzayo sokuvavanya nokuyila ulawulo olunokuqhubela phambili kwinkqubela phambili yenzululwazi ngexesha sithetha ngeemfuno zoluntu.

Iintlobo zezakhiwo zolawulo kuphando lwenzululwazi

Iimodeli zolawulo zahluka kakhulu kuwo onke amazwe nemimandla, kodwa ezininzi ziwela kwiindidi ezine ezibanzi. nganye ineziphumo ezicacileyo ngendlela uphando oluxhaswa ngayo, olulawulwayo, noluvavanywa ngayo.

Ulawulo oluPhakathi

Kwimodeli ephakathi, isibonelelo sesizwe esinye ```````FLT']' esinjengeNational Science Foundation (NSF)[FTF] [FTLT:1] eUnited States okanye iNationalal Science Foundation of China']. [[FLT]]] "ibeka izinto eziphambili, inyusa uninzi lwe-R&D inkxaso-mali, kunye nenkqubo enqamlezileyo. Le ndlela iqinisekisa uphando olubalulekileyo lwesizwe kwaye ivumela oorhulumente ukuba balungelelanise uphando lwenjongo zesizwe, njengokhuseleko, okanye ukhuphiswano. Ngokomzekelo, i-NFFF:4] inguquedeendo lwemali esezantsi. [[FFTPlance][5] [FFFFFolieg]. [eglance].G.Quart, i-Pum, i-Pueart, i-Moual-D, i-D, i-Reful kuM, i-

Ulawulo olusemthethweni

Iinkqubo ezithenjiweyo zihambisa igunya phakathi kwamaqumrhu amaninzi, amayunivesithi, okanye amaqumrhu ephondo. iMax Planck Society [[FLT: 1] kunye nemeko yayo ephakanyisiweyo iHelmmolt Association[[[FLT]][FLT]] i-FFLT] i-astlect [[FFFFFF]]] inyanise lemodeli: inkcaso kwiinkangeleko zayo zophando, ngelixa urhulumente unika inkxaso engundoqo. Ngokunjalo, eUnited States, [[FLT] i-FON] izintslogogoss ezikhoyo, i-enzelela phantsi kwenkxaso ekhoyo, [FFFFFFoct:5], [ev] kunye noncedo lwamandla akhoyo amanani ahlukene ahlukeneyokungeneyo.[10]

Unxulumano olusemngciphekweni noluntu (PPP)

I-PPP zidibanisa amasebe karhulumente, amaqumrhu oshishino, yaye ngamanye amaxesha amaziko emfundo ancedisana nomngcipheko kunye nobuncwane ekuphunyezweni kweziphumo ezithile. I-Bioddy Ehambele phambili yophando nophuhliso lwe-BHALP] ingumzekelo obalaseleyo. [iii-FLT] kunye nezinxulumani zayo ze-Europe, i- i-IM [IM)[FLT] ingumzekelo ephambili yophando loshishino loshishino lwezentelo-shishino kunye nezikhundla zemarike. I-PPP ibibalulekile kwi-CURVID-D yonyango kunye noncedo. Noko ke, ziyakwazi ukunyusa ingeniso kwiiprojekthi zobugranti, ukunciphisa urhwebo, ukunciphisa urhwebo, kunye nokulawula ulawulo lobucala phakathi kolawulo lukawonke-othotho.

Name

Ukulungisa ucelomngeni lwehlabathi lonke lokudlula imida , utshintsho, iindyikitya zokuhlola izithuba, ukuthatha indawo zenza uphando lwamazwe ngamazwe. I-Eupanean Union ye-Union yeYurophu, eneenkqubo ze-[, enoqingqo-mali lwezithuba ze-liphane. [52] zigidi-zigidi [2020202], zezona zikhulu kakhulu i-R& ulwakhiwo lwemali, lwemali yemisebenzi edityanisiweyo kumazwe ngamazwe namazwe anxulumeneyo. Eminye imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka i-[FLT:] isikhululo sezithuba (IS)[FLT][FLT] [12] [5], iziphumo ezithe kratyayonganyiselwaneyo, kwaye i-ulawulo lwe-ASPGenepane.[FS]

Indlela Ulawulo Olulolonga Ngayo Uphando Lwenzululwazi Nokuzihlaziya

Ukukhethwa kwemodeli yolawulo ngqo kuphembelela imilinganiso emithathu ebalulekileyo ye-R&I inkqubo: ulwabelo lovimba, umiselo lokubaluleka, kunye nokuvumelana nenkqubo. Umlinganiso ngamnye uneziphumo ezichaphazelekayo kumgangatho, isantya, kunye nobuchule benzululwazi.

Ukubekwa endaweni yecebo: Ubuchule bokugqibela

Inkqubo ezisembindini zisoloko zifumana ulwabelo olufanayo lwemali kwimimandla okanye kwizifundo, ezinokuthi zithintele “ukubuyiselwa kwemimandla ekwintlango.” Umzekelo, i- ye-National Key R&D Inkqubo inikezela ngemali ehambelana nenkqubo yelizwe yeminyaka emihlanu, ukuqinisekisa ukugqunywa okubanzi kwemimandla ecwangcisiweyo. Noko ke, ulwabeko oluphezulu lungangahoywa phezulu-risk, iingcamango eziphezulu ezingekho ziquququzelelayo. Ngokwahlukileyo, iimodeli ezifana ne-NIH'uverts-mestings zivumela abameli ngabanye ukuba baphendule amathuba enzululwazi (umz., ukundulula ngokukhawuleza kwe-FLDIPicenslation ye-Fogner (DTRA) ngexesha elifanelekileyo) ngexesha lorhwebo oluthe lwamaxabiso athe kr.[3] Ukusetyenziswa kophando olulungileyo kunakho ukusetyenziswa ukusetyenziswa kwe-uphando olulungileyo ukuba kungeneyo.

Umanyano lwamashishini kawonke-wonke luzisa imikhosi yezorhwebo kwizabelo zezibonelelo, ludlulisela izimali kwimisebenzi enokwenzeka. I-BARDA''''''''''''''''' Iprojekthi Elandelayo', umzekelo, ifakela amawaka ezigidi zezixhobo zokugonya ezilandelayo ngeco-micronesia. I-Sconia, ngelinye ixesha, iqinisekisa ukuba inzuzo yala mazwe anokufakwa emega-ejeni ayinakufumaneka, ngokukodwa xa kukho ilizwe elinye elinokukwazi ukuthenga i-Kilometreareareat [SKA)].[FLTY]

Ucwangciso oluzinzileyo: Inzala yesizwe iphikisana.

Izakhiwo zolawulo zigqiba ukuba ngubani oza kugqiba ukuba kuphi uphando olufanelekileyo. Kwinkqubo ezisembindini, oorhulumente besizwe basoloko bebeka indawo ezihambelana nenkcubeko yezobupolitika okanye yezoqoqosho. iziPS kunye neScience Act[) [20222])) uHlomelo lwemali lwe-R522, ukuya kuR31, kwimiqathango ye-R3, ukuze kungenelwe uphando oluncinci kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo zezobugcisa. Ngokwelo hlobo, ukuphuhlisa iprojelo ye-etheko lobunzululwazi kunye nokwenza uphando oluphambili lungavelisa inkqubela ekhawulezi ndawo, kodwa lungavelisa iziphumo eziphambili okanye iimeko zophando-mfatho zezo zezopolitiko.

Inkqubo ezisetyenziswayo zihambisa ucwangciso oluphambili kubadlali abaninzi, zinyusa amathuba okuba indawo, uphando oluqhubela phambili lufumane inkxaso. Inkqubo ye-NIH yoontanga- yokuhlola, phezu kwazo nje iimpazamo zayo, ibangele iziphumo kwimimandla ezingafaniyo njengemolekyuli yebhayoloji kunye nenzululwazi yendlela yokuziphatha. I-International conicinia, ngokuchaseneyo, inyanzelisa abathathi-nxaxheba ekuxubusheni izinto ezizahluleleneyo, nto leyo edla ngokuphumela ekugxininisweni kwizinto eziphambili zehlabathi lonke, ``clithalitha, ukufuzisela iziphumo zekhompyutha ezingundoqo, i-apolitiki. inkqubela yenzululwazi yezobunzululwazi, nangona icetyiswe ngokwezopolitiko, i-Screctorantssss i-modential. Kodwa ukuswe kwegunya elikhulu linokukhokelela “kunye kwi-omatika-m.

Ukulungelelaniswa komgaqo-nkqubo: Isantya sokusabela kooKhalista

Isifo se-COVID-19, sabonisa umahluko ocacileyo kwindlela izakhiwo ezilawulayo ezibangela ngayo utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwenkqubo. Iinkqubo ezisembindini ezinezigunyazo ezinamandla, ezifana neTshayina ukuxilonga kwenzululwazi kunye nobuxhakaxhaka, zakwazi ukuphinda zikwazi ukubuyisela ingeniso yemali kunye neebherebhu zokulungisa inkqubo ye-mouse kuphengululo lwentliziyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, inkqubo ehloniphekileyo ye-U. ngokwendlela efana ne-U. urhulumente we-Warp i-Operation transpeedy [[FLT]] [ift:3] imodelived/PPPP] i-scwe yahlulwa ngokutsha okutshayo ukunyusa inkqubela kwe-tepitile yonyango. Ngokwahlukileyo okanye inkqubo elungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-ongqungqungquthelaneyo, ukuqhuba i-yo, ukuqhuba i-yo elungelelanisa, ukuqhuba inyathelo,

I-flinia ekwimeko ebanzi enxulumene ne-enzame ze-odoli yehlabathi ngenxa yemfuno yesivumelwano samaxesha amaninzi. I-World Health Organization ye-R&D Blueprint yezifo ezifakayo, ngelixesha iphumelelayo ekumiseleni izinto eziphambili zophando, iye yathintelwa yimali efutshane kunye nokungavumelani kwezopolitiko. Kodwa ke, xa isekwa, izakhiwo zezizwe ngezizwe zinganika ulungelelwaniso oluqhubekayo, olubonakala kunyakathotho lwe-[FLT] lwe-RAND, lwe-RGONCINS kunye ne-IMM) (GAVI), oluye lwagcinwa luphuhlisomngeniselo lwemichini-yo yezomkhosi. Kodwa isifundo sithetha ukuba iprojective-dromes zolungele ukusabela okungalindelekanga, kuquka neendlela ezithenjiweyo.

Iingenelo Nocelomngeni: Imbono Ethelekisayo

Akukho mzekelo wolawulo uphezulu ngokwemvelo; nganye inika iingenelo ezahlukeneyo kwaye ijongene nocelomngeni oluthile olumele lulinganiswe kumongo. Ngasezantsi sinwena kwinkoliso yokuqala ngemizekelo eqinileyo kunye nobungqina bakutshanje.

Ulawulo oluPhakathi

Iprojekthi yobuchopho bomntu [[FLT:] eseYurophu], kunye nemigca ecacileyo yokuphendula. Amazwe afana neSingapore, kunye ne- uphando lwesizwe lwe Foundation , iye yasebenzisa ucwangciso olusembindini lokwenza uphando lweqela lehlabathi ngexesha elifutshane.

[[FLT: 0] Ityala lobuNcedo bezopolitiko, uxinzelelo lophazamiso lwezopolitiko, unyanzelo lokwahlula iimbono zenzululwazi, kunye notyekelo lokuxhasa amaziko asungulweyo kulwahlulo lokuphazamiseka. Umthetho we-UK's uphando lweFramence (REF)[FFF:3] ugxekwe ngokufaka uphando olukhuselekileyo, lolwandiso kumacala amatsha. Ngokubhekele-oooo oomatshini abaphakathi bangaba yi-bhuququzelela, banika imiqathango kunye nabaceli abaqalayo ukuqhuba ukhuseleko.

Ulawulo olusemthethweni

Izibonelelo ezibalaseleyo: Zikhuthaza inkululeko yemfundo, ukhuphiswano lwamaqumrhu, kunye nentlobo-ntlobo zeendlela. Inkqubo ye-U.S., kunye namasebe ayo amaninzi enza inkxaso-mali kunye namaziko ophando asekelwe kwiyunivesithi, zivelise ububanzi obubalaseleyo bemveliso yenzululwazi yenzululwazi. Ukwenziwa kwentengiso kukwaxhasa amaqumrhu eedi, anjenge Boston-Cambridgetecnology widgeology widgetromet[, apho ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni lunceda ukuveliswa kwemichiza yemali ehlayo.

Icandelo logcino-lwazi oludityanisiweyo: lungakhokelela ekukhupheleni, kwimilinganiselo eguquguqukayo, kunye nobunzima ekulinganiseni izinto ezithenjiweyo. Ukunqongophala kwecebo logcino-lwazi oludityanisiweyo lwesizwe e-U.S., umzekelo, kuye kwathintela imigudu yokusebenzisa uphando kunye. Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zingakhokelela ekukhupheni ukhuphiso, njengokuba amaziko atyebileyo etsala inkxaso-mali encincane, ishiya iikholeji neeyunivesithi ezincinane emva.

Umanyano

Izikali ezikhoyo: zisebenzisa ngokunempumelelo uguqulelo olusisiseko lophando kwimveliso, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zobuchule zomtyaba, kwaye zitsala utyalo-mali olongezelelweyo. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation isebenzise ngempumelelo iPPPPPS ukuxhasa uphando lwezifo olutyesheliweyo. IiPPP ziye zaphumelela kakhulu kumayeza nakumacandelo ahlaziyekileyo.

Impikiswano ekhoyo ibalaselisa ungquzulwano lwenzala, ukungabina kukhanya, kunye nogxininiso kwiimarike ezinengeniso kuneemfuno zempilo kawonke-wonke. I-COVID-19 ye-PURGP i-PP ibalase inkcaso phakathi kwemali kawonke-wonke kunye nengeniso yabucala. Ngokubhekele phaya, PPPPS ingenza “iziphumo ze-i-injini", apho urhulumente axhasa khona ubugcisa obuthandwa yimizi - mveliso esetyenziswa ngamaziko e-'agcunts.

Name

[[FLT: 0] Izixhobo zofakelo: Inceda ukubheka phambili kucelomngeni olukhulu olufuna umanyano lwehlabathi lonke, olunjenge I-ITTER''''''''''''' isixhobo sokwenza uphazamiso, I-Adron Collider[, kunye '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Izixhobo zesatellitel'''''''''. Zikhuthaza utshintshiselo, ulwakhiwo lwamazwe akhulayo, kunye nolwakhiwo lwemigangatho.

Inkxalabo yezopolitiko ingaphazamisa intsebenziswano, njengoko ibonwa ngokususwa kwabaphandi bamaTshayina kwezinye iinyathelo ezikhawulezayo. Ukwenza izigqibo kusenokucotha ngenxa yokuvumelana kweemfuno, kwaye izibophelelo zemali zisenokungaguquguquki ukuba amalungu atshintsha ezona zinto ziphambili emva konyulo. Iprojekthi ye-Human Human Genome iphumelele ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yolawulo olunamandla kunye neziganeko ezicacileyo; ukungaqwalaselwa kwemiqathango yemibutho anokurhoxiswa.

Ulawulo lwe-II olufuna ukuphinda i-R&

Ulawulo lophando lujikeleza ngokukhawuleza, luqhutywa kukutshintsha-tshintsha kobugcisa, imfuno yentlalo, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukucombulula iingozi zenkqubo. Imeko ezintathu zifuna imizekelo emitsha yolawulo: inzululwazi evula inzululwazi, ubukrelekrele (I) obungeyoyamvelo, kunye nenzululwazi yabemi.

Ulawulo lwenzululwazi nogcino-lwazi

Ukuhamba kufikelelo oluvulekileyo lokupapashwa, ugcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo, kunye nophando oluphindayo lwezicwangciso zesithethe ezixhomekeke kulwazi oluphezulu nolugotyiweyo. Iziqu ezifana Plan S (ephantsi kwe-'Active S], kunye ne-[FLT:]] Eupan Evulding Science (ISC) [iiiiii-[FLT: FOC]] ifuna ukuba amaziko afumane unikezelo olukhawulezileyo kwiincwadi kunye nolwazi oluxhaswayo. Oku kufuna ulawulo olutsha olutsha lokulawula ubunjani, ubumfihlo, kunye nokuxhathisa. [iiiiimeko ezikhoyo: [FFFoct:4] i-S, i-Cequality [5] kunye nobuxhaka-A.[5] i-data olukhoyo, i-data oluphumayo.[Foctivedt][f][f][ease.[3][3][ease-

Ubuntlola obusebenzayo

Ukukhula kwezixhobo ze-Al, ingakumbi iimodeli ezinkulu zolwimi lwe-Al, kunika uphando olunobuchule obuncinane kuphando lwenzululwazi. Amaqumrhu axhasa imali afanele aphinde ajonge njani iingcebiso ze-Al ukuze abangele i-AI okanye abhale imibhalo yesandla? Yiyiphi imida yendlela yokuziphatha yokufumana i-Al-driven? [ i-Eupain Union ye-AIP[FL], igqithiselwe ku-2024, imigangatho ye-riski-IP ephezulu kwimimandla efana nobuchule bonyango kunye nophandolo, ifuna ukubonakala nokuvelela komntu. Ulawulo oluphakathi lungafuneka lumisele imigangatho esisiseko nemigangatho esesikweni, kodwa ngaphezulu kwe-reglavesss, i-ective, ezinye iinkqubo zophando zophando, ezisetyenziswayondyezomthetho-onke, ezisetyenziswayokuhlobo lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.[FFFON][4]

Inzululwazi Yabemi Nenxaxheba Kulawulo

Ngokuqhubekayo, uphando lulawulwa ngokwedemokhrasi ngombutho wenzululwazi obandakanya uluntu ngokubanzi ekuqokelelweni kogcino-lwazi, uhlalutyo, kwanocwangciso oluphambili. Iplatforms njenge i-Zoonver[, kwaye imisebenzi efana ne [[[FLT:] i-Mother Biat Button Count [[[FLT]] i- quartsss'ieees projects [[Foctal:], ixhomekeke kwiminikelo ye-sazulu yenzululwazi, imele ilinganise i-Proggneice yenzululwazi kunye nemigaqo-eququat] kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba iminikelo engcono yemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha lemiqatha lento. [[FT] kunye ne-uce-unice yophaka yophando yophendo oluphezulu]

Ukuphumelela koLawulo: iMiba ePhambili neMisebenzi yeFrame

Ukuthelekisa impembelelo yemibutho yolawulo, abenzi benkqubo kunye nabahlalutyi kufuneka bavavanye imilinganiso eqinileyo engaphaya kwemigangatho yemali okanye iziphumo zempapasho. Le milinganiso ilandelayo ibalulekileyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ubunjani bemveliso engundoqo kunye neMpatho: impembelelo yebala engaqhelekanga, amaqondo okuphinda-phinda, kunye nokwahluka-hlukene kwemixholo yophando exhaswe ngemali.
  • Uguqulelo lweNguqulo: iPantens, iinkampani ezijikelezayo, nexesha ukusuka ekufunyanisweni ukuya ekusetyenzweni kwezamayeza okanye kwezorhwebo. UMthetho we-Bayh-Dole [ kwiU.S. ngumatshini wolawulo owaphumelela ekunyuseleni ubugcisa baseyunivesithi.
  • I- Ukuvumelana neCris: isantya solwazi lwenkqubo ngexesha longxamiseko, esilinganiswa ngexesha ukuxhasa uphando okanye ukuvuma iimvavanyo ezintsha zezamayeza.
  • ukulingana kunye nokudibana: ukusasazwa kwemali esetyenziswayo ukunqumla iintlobo zeziko, imimandla yemimandla, kunye namaqela amanani abantu. I-IScience Foundation yesizwe ye-INCLUDES ijolise kwinjongo yokwandisa inxaxheba.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuthembana nokungafundi : uhlolisiso kwintembelo kawonke-wonke kumaqumrhu ophando nokuvuma ukuxhasa inzululwazi ngerhafu. I-Header yeMonitor yehlabathi lonke[ ilandela le nkqubo.

Uthelekiso lwezizwe ngezizwe, olunjengalolo lupapashwa yi yenzululwazi ye-OECD, ubuxhakaxhaka kunye ne-innovation Outlook, lunika izalathiso ezixabisekileyo. Noko ke, ii-metric kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngobulumko: ukugqithisa kwizalathiso kukhokelela kwiziphembelelo ezigqwethekileyo, njengokupapasha amaphepha akwixabiso eliphantsi ukufikelela kumlinganiselo.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa ulawulo nolungelelwano

Njengokuba ukuntsonkotha kweengxaki zenzululwazi kukhula, ngokusuka ekutshintsheni kwimozulu kutshintsho kwizifo zemozulu ukuya kukhuseleko lwe-Al", ulawulo oluxhasa uphando kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezixhobo kufuneka lwenzeke. Iimodeli ezisembindini zinika ikhonkile kunye nolwalathiso olulungeleleneyo, ingakumbi kumsebenzi omkhulu wesizwe, ngelixesha iinkqubo ezilungeleleneyo zikhuthaza iinguqu kunye nobuchule obusemazantsi. Umanyano loluntu lukhawulezisa uguqulelo kodwa lufuna ukhuseleko olucokisekileyo, kwaye i-conia yehlabathi lonke yenza ukuba kubekho intsebenziswano yehlabathi ngexabiso le - greeces.

Eyona nto isebenzayo kukulawula asiyondlela enye elinganayo nesakhiwo esingumlinganiselo kodwa sisenzo esisebenzayo sokulinganisela. Amazwe kunye nemibutho kufuneka ziyile i-R& I-I-omeleze ukuba zibe ezibekwe [: isiseko esisembindini sokubeka izinto eziphambili ezibanzi kunye nesiseko senkxaso-mali, kunye nemisebenzi elungeleleneyo ye-arhente-eprojects-precintess, kunye neenzame ezikhawulezileyo, ezidityaniswe noluntu kunye nezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngokweenjongo ezithile. Crucily, ulawulo kufuneka lufake iingxelo ezivumela ukufunda okuqhubekayo kunye nokuhambelana kweenkqubo zomqhubi, ukujikeleza, kunye nokudibanisa iinqwelo-moya.

Ekugqibeleni, injongo yokulawula asikokulawula inzululwazi kodwa kuyenza ikwazi. Ngokuqonda impembelelo yezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, singayila iinkqubo eziphuhlisa inkqubo yophando echumayo, ezivuselela uphuhliso ukwenzela uluntu olulungileyo, nokulungiselela iingxaki ezingalindelekanga zengomso. Ukukhetha kwemodeli yokulawula yenye yezigqibo ezilandelayo eziphambili ibutho labantu elinokwenza kwikamva lalo lenzululwazi.

[[FLT: 0] uqhagamshelwano oluphakathi lokufunda okuqhubekayo:
ulwakhiwo lwenzululwazi yelizwe lwesiseko selizwe [NTF] – umzekelo wolawulo olusembindini.[[FLT:] [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [FLT]] [[FLT] I- project:[FLT] [[10] – iprojectixoxoxo yolwazi nenkqubo yophalo.[12][FT] [12]