Ukwazisa: Amandla Ebhola

I-ofisi exhasa idemokhrasi yabameli, inika abemi amandla okubumba urhulumente wabo nokuphembelela umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Xa abantu befaka ivoti yabo, abakhethi nje kuphela abaza kubhaptiza; baqinisekisa isivumelwano soluntu, bechaza izinto eziza kuqala, kwaye bebeka iinkokeli ezinokuphendula. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imbali etyebileyo yokuvota, abanyuli bezi mini, iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokhuphiswano lonyulo, intsingiselo enzulu yokuthathiswa kwezentlalo, kunye neengxaki ezingapheliyo ezisongela ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokuvota. Ukuqonda ezi zizinto ezi zinto zibalulekile kumntu ngamnye onqwenela ukwenza inkqubela ecacileyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Imvelaphi Yamalungelo Okuphana

Ingcamango yokuvota itshintshe ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo kwisixeko samandulo ukuya kwiinkqubo eziquka zonke zanamhlanje. Ekuqaleni, ifranchise yayililungelo eligcinelwe abantu abaphezulu abamxinwa, elichazwa ngokuba nempahla, ubufana, okanye udidi lwentlalo. Imbali engundoqo ibonisa olu hambo lude noludla ngokulwayo oluya kwi-athoral-mspect.

Imvelaphi Yamandulo Nenkqubela Yamaxesha Aphakathi

KwiAthene yamandulo malunga nenkulungwane yesihlanu yeBCE, abemi bamadoda babenokuvota ngqo kwimithetho kunye nezigqibo zegunya eliphetheyo, `ukulinga okugqithiseleyo kwedemokhrasi. Noko ke, abafazi, amakhoboka, kunye nabantu abangengomalungu barhoxiswa. Kamva iRiphabliki yeRoma yazisa iindibano zabameli, kodwa kwakhona, ukuba nenxaxheba kwakusikelwe umda. Ukutyikitywa kwe uMagna Carta [1215] kwathintela amandla apheleleyo okumkani waseNgilani kwaye kwamisela umgaqo wokuba ukumkani uphantsi komthetho. Olu xwebhu lwabeka isiseko esibuthathaka sedemokhrasi kamva, nangona uvoteko lwahlala lugcinwe kumnini-mhlaba kunye nomphathi-cumfo.

Ukuvela Korhulumente Ongummeli

IBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo ka 1689 yaqinisekisa amalungelo athile ePalamente kunye novoti, kodwa kwakungekuphela de kwayinkulungwane ye-19 apho ukuvota kwaqala ukwandisa. EUnited States, umGaqo-siseko waqale washiya iimfaneleko zovota kumazwe, ezithi ngokuqhelekileyo zibeke imiqathango kubaphathi bempahla abamhlophe. [[FLT:] umgaqo-siseko we-[FOLD] wehlabathi lonke [[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [1920] [u-U-U-UMGU] wafumana ifunothi kwimi enjenge-1900 ngemibars eBritani nangamalungelo amabhinqa akwalahlikisiweyo e-Rhulumente eMelika. [[5] Ukupheliswa kwamalungelo e-Rhulumente kukwa-omati yoluvo olu-RG.[5] U.U.S.[FG.U.U.A.G.G.[5]

Ukwanda Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Notshintsho Lwexesha Elidluleyo

Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yama-20, amazwe akwihlabathi jikelele andisa i-frankate. I-New Zealand yaba lilizwe lokuqala elizihambelayo ukunika amabhinqa ivoti ngo1893. Emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi II, amazwe amatsha azimeleyo asoloko ebotshelelwe kwimithetho-siseko yawo. Namhlanje, phantse wonke ulawulo-buluni lusebenza kumgaqo “womntu omnye, ivoti enye,” nangona ukuphumeza. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe anevoti ebhalisayo, ngelixa amanye efuna ukubhalisa ngokusemthethweni. Umzabalazo wokuvota uyaqhubeka, ngempikiswano ngemithetho ye-ID yomvoti, ifenfante, kunye nomelo lwengi. Ukufumana ixesha elisemthethweni lokuvota, bona [Flustriec]

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo Inkqubo Yokuvelisa Izityalo

Ngeli xesha iinkqubo zonyulo zingafani ngaphaya kolawulo, unyulo oluninzi lwedemokhrasi lulandela amanyathelo alandelelanayo. Ukuqonda la maqondo kunceda abavoti basebenzise iimbopheleleko zabo baze baqonde apho iingxube okanye izinto ezingahambi kakuhle zinokuvela khona.

Ubhaliso lweVoter

Kumazwe amaninzi, abemi abafanelekileyo kufuneka babhalise phambi kokuba bavote. Ubhaliso lungazenzekela (njengoko kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu) okanye lufune isicelo esisebenzayo (njengoko kumazwe amaninzi ase-U.S.). Ii-flines, iimfuno zokuhlala, kunye nokuzichaza okwamkelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, eUnited States, uMthetho we-National Voter Religional ka-1993 [umnqolobi] wenza ubhaliso olulula ngokuvumela abemi ukuba babhalise ngokufumana ilayiselo lomqhubi. Nangona kunjalo, imiqobo yokubhalisa ishiyeka imithombo ebalulekileyo ye-National Voltal Cootation, ingakumbi yengeniso ephantsi, kwasebe, nabemi basemaphandleni.

Iphulo kunye nolwazi lwevoter

Amaphulo okhetho lixesha apho abavoti, amaqela, kunye namaqela abantu abanomdla befuna ukucenga abavoti. Inkampani zixhomekeke kwizibhengezo, iingxoxo, ukulayishwa, kunye nokuntsonkotha okuntsonkothileyo kokuphuma kwamanani. Abalawuli kufuneka bavavanye ngokucokisekileyo isigidimi sephulo ukwahlula inyani nenkcazelo engachananga. Amaziko amaninzi asasaza izikhokelo ezisemthethweni nabavoti. Intelekelelo-zi, njenge FactCCedit. org[FL:1], abami abanceda abantu bafanele bahlolisise oko kuthethwa.

Ukuphosa Ibhola

Ivoters zingaphosa iibhola zabo zokuvota ngeendlela ezininzi:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuvota kwi-in-person ngemini yokhetho kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo zokuvota.
  • [[UMTL: 0] uvota kwangaphambili[[Ukhetho:1] kwindawo ezichaziweyo phambi komhla wokhetho.
  • Iposi- ngaphakathi okanye urhoxiso lovoto, oluvumela abavoti ukuba babuyisele iibhola ngebhokisi yeposi okanye yokulahla. Le ndlela ikhule kakhulu, ingakumbi ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, kwaye ihlala ingumxholo wengxoxo ye-RCUP malunga nokhuseleko nokufikelela.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Oomatshini bokuvota abakhankanyiweyo bayasetyenziswa kumacandelo amaninzi, nangona ixhala lokuqhekeza kunye nokugcina i-software kukhokelela amanye amazwe ukuba abuyele kwiivoluti zamaphepha.

Ibala iintengiso nesiqinisekiso

Emva kokuvala, iibhola ziqokelelwa kwaye zibalwe. Iiprojekthi zokwahluka: ezinye iindawo zisebenzisa iscanners zeopackel, ezinye ubalo lwezandla. Abaqwalaseli abasuka kumaphulo, amaqela azimeleyo eenjabi, kunye namajelo eendaba ajonga inkqubo. IDispancianci, iingxelo, iingxelo, kunye neengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni zingalibazizisa ukuvalwa kwesiqinisekiso. EUnited States, iziphumo zokugqibela ziqinisekiswa ngurhulumente kunye neebhodi zonyulo zasekuhlaleni ngaphambi kokuba abanyuli bamiselwe kunyulo loonobumba bomongameli. Ubeko nokuchana kweli qonga lweqonga lokuthembeka kwabantu.

Iintlobo Zonyulo Neenjongo Zalo

Asilulo lonke unyulo olufanayo; iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zisebenza imisebenzi eyahlukileyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ngezantsi zezona ziqhelekileyo.

Unyulo ngokubanzi

Unyulo oluqhelekileyo lumisela ukuba ngubani oya kuba nesikhundla sikawonke-wonke kumgangatho wesizwe, wesizwe, okanye wengingqi. EUnited States, unyulo jikelele lwamagunya-zwelonke lwenzeka nyaka ngamnye, kunye nonyulo lomongameli rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine kunye nonyulo phakathi kwexesha. Iinkqubo zePalamente, ezifana nezeUnited Kingdom, ziqhuba unyulo-lu jikelele ukuze zinyule amalungu eNdlu yamaPhosa, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiminyaka emihlanu ngaphandle kokuba kubizwa unyulo olungaqhelekanga.

Unyuso

Olu lukhuphiswano lwangaphakathi lweqela ukukhetha umvotelwa weqela kunyulo oluqhelekileyo. Ii-crimes zingavalwa (kuphela ngamalungu abhalisiweyo ovota) okanye zivulwe (nabani na ovotayo angathabatha inxaxheba). Ii-Caucuse zizindibano ezibonisana apho abavoti baxoxa khona baze bavote ngokuboniswa izandla okanye ngokuchola ngokufihlakeleyo. Ngoxa ii-primery ziqheleke kakhulu, ii-caucuuse zihlala kumazwe ambalwa ase-U.S.

Imisebenzi

Kwi-parentendum, abemi bavota ngqo kwimigaqo ethile okanye ekulungisweni komgaqo-siseko okucetyiswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Inyathelo lokuqala yinkqubo apho abemi bemkelwe imithetho emitsha okanye ukunyuswa kwezicelo, emva kwayo imilinganiselo ivele kwi-collentation. ISwitzerland edumileyo isebenzisa ii-assentems rhoqo, ivumela abavoti ukuba balinganisele yonke into ukusuka kwimithetho yomkhosi ukuya ekungeneni. E-U.S., amazwe amaninzi anemilinganiselo yokufaka i-odoloti kwimiba efana nomthetho esemthethweni, inkqubo yerhafuthezo, kunye nokuphuma kwesoto.

UKhetho lwangaphakathi nolukhethekileyo

Unyulo lwengingqi luzalisa izikhundla zonyulo ezifana noosodolophu, amalungu ebhunga lesixeko, amagosa equmrhu lesikolo, kunye namagosa ephondo. Olu nyulo lusoloko lunemiba ephantsi kunemincili yesizwe, ukanti luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla, kuquka ukuhlahlela, imfundo kawonke-wonke, kunye nobupolisa. Unyulo olukhethekileyo lubanjelwa ukuzalisa izithuba ezibangelwa kukuphelelwa, ukufa, okanye ukususwa komphathi-ofisi, okanye ukugqiba umbuzo ongxamisekileyo (umz. umz., iqhina lithetha ukuba liquququze).

Isizathu Sokuba Kubekho Ulwaneliseko

Ukuvota akulolungelo nje; kodwa kuxhomekeke kwibutho labantu yaye kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usasabela kubantu.

Umelo nelizwi

Kuvota konke kungumqondiso wokhetho nomgangatho wommi. Xa amaqela amakhulu abantu ehlala ekhaya, izilangazelelo zawo zingatyeshelwa ngabaququzeleli benkqubo. Ngokuchasene noko, unyulo oluphezulu luvelisa iziphumo ezingakumbi zommeli. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba oorhulumente batyekele ekusabeleni ngakumbi kwiimfuno zabavoti abathabatha inxaxheba rhoqo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba imigudu yokwandisa i-partmout igxekwe ngokungekho mthethweni.

Umbuzo

Unyulo luyindlela ephambili abemi abagweba okanye bavune ngayo abantu abangoontaka. Isazi-zobupolitika esisilela ukunikela izithembiso okanye amandla axhaphakileyo sinokuvotelwa ngaphandle kwesikhundla. Isisongelo sokuthotywa kwemiqathango ye-odole sibangela ukuba abantu baphendule kwaye bathintele ukunganyaniseki. Imida emiselweyo, imiqathango, unyulo, kunye nokubhenca kwemali okucacileyo okubangela ukuphendula.

Unxulumano lweNtlalo-ntle

Ukungxolisa luhlobo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle oludibanisa abantu nebutho labo kunye nelizwe. Kukhuthaza ingqiqo yokuba ngamalungu kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Ukuphuma kwenqanawa ephezulu kudla ngokungqinelana nokuthembana kakhulu namaziko kunye nemigangatho ephantsi yogonyamelo lwezobupolitika. Xa abemi bevakalelwa kukuba bavotelwe, basengozini yokubandakanyeka kwezinye iintlobo zobomi bezentlalo-ntle, njengokunikela ngokuzithandela, ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu, okanye ukubhatala ukuze bafumane izikhundla.

Ucelomngeni Lokuhlaziya

Phezu kwako nje ukuma kwayo kwidemokhrasi, inkqubo yonyulo ijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo enokudodobalisa ukuthabatha inxaxheba nokuthembana. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki linyathelo lokuqala ekuguquleni.

Ucinezelo Nenkcitho

Unyamezelo lweVoter lubhekiselele kwiindlela ezenziwe ukunciphisa amandla okuvota amaqela athile. Imizekelo yembali iquka iirhafu zovota, iimvavanyo zovavanyo lokubhata, kunye nosongelo. Kumaxesha angoku, imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, ukuhlambulula iirolokhwe zovoti, ukucutha iindawo zokuvota, kunye nexesha elingqongqo lokubhalisa elichaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa nakancinane, ingeniso ephantsi, kunye nabavoti abakhulileyo. Ngokutsho kwe Brenan Center for Justice, ezi zinyathelo zingacinezela izigidi zemithetho yokuvota. Felton diffrankrankrunce syms mes perms pertioctives per ser.

Izithintelo Zofikeleleko

Imiqobo engokwasemzimbeni neyokuziphatha ithintela abemi abaninzi abafanelekileyo ekuvotelweni. Abantu abaneziphene basenokufumana iindawo zokuvota ezingenakufikeleleka, lo gama abo bangenazo iiyure zothutho okanye abanobugocigoci bezama ukuvota. Imiqobo yeelwimi nokunqongophala kwezinto eziguqulelweyo kukwasikelwe umda. Ukuvota inika isicombululo, kodwa kufuna iinkonzo zeposi ezithembekileyo kwaye kusenokubeka imingeni kwabo bangenayo idilesi emiselweyo okanye abangenantembelo kwinkqubo.

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engachananga

Ukusasazwa kolwazi olububuxoki ngabavoti, iinkqubo zokuvota, kunye nokuthembeka konyulo kufikelele kwinqanaba elothusayo. Amaqonga oonontlalo-ntle anokukwandisa iimpazamo zangabom kunye namaphulo okurhoxa ngempazamo. Abasebenzi basebuchotsheni basenokulahlekiswa ngeendawo zokuvota, iinjongo zokubhalisa, okanye iimfuno. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, izityholo zobuxoki ezithe sand ukuqhatha zinokuphelisa ukuthembana kwinkqubo yonyulo kwaye zikhuthaze izenzo zokoyikisa. Iinginya noorhulumente kunye nemibutho yoluntu basebenzela ukulwa nenkohliso ngokusetyenziswa kolwazi oluphandlekileyo kunye nokuphendula komgangatho.

Ukuhlahlela nokunika

Ukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili esikhethiweyo ukungenelela iqela elithile okanye iqela elithile. Ngokurhwebelana "” okanye “ukurhoxa” abavoti kwisithili ezithile, abezobupolitika bangakumisela ngokunempumelelo iziphumo zonyulo. Oku kululaza umgaqo wokumela okusesikweni kwaye kunciphisa ukhuphiswano lokhetho. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislatures inika oovimba kwiinguquko eziguqulayo, kuquka neenkokeli ezizimeleyo ezisetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe ukunciphisa ukucwangulwa.

Izisongelo Zokhuseleko

Unyulo lwangoku luxhomekeke kakhulu kwizibonelelo zamanani, luzenza zibe sesichengeni sokuhlaselwa yikhompyutha. Ukuphazamisa kwemiqathango yokuvota, kunye nokuhlasela oomatshini bokuvota kuyingozi yokwenene. Ngoxa uninzi lonyulo eUnited States lusebenzisa ii-collets ezinokuphicothwa, imimandla emininzi isasebenzisa oomatshini bokuvota ngekhompyutha ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iphepha. Ukuqinisa ikhompyutha yokuvota, ukuqhuba uphicotho rhoqo, nokugcina ulawulo lwabantu kuyingozi ekukhuseleni ingqibelelo yokhetho.

Inkqubo zoomatshini nempembelelo yabo

Indlela amavoti aguqulelwa ngayo kwizihlalo inempembelelo enkulu kwiziphumo zezobupolitika nakwimpembelelo yeqela. Ukuqonda iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokhetho kunceda abemi balapha baqonde iziphumo zonyulo baze bakhuthaze utshintsho.

Eyokuqala- kwePast- iposi (Plainfication Voting)

Isetyenziswa eUnited States, eUnited Kingdom nase Canada, le nkqubo ihlalisa umvoti ngezona zivoti zininzi kwisithili ngasinye, nokuba abalwamkeli uninzi. Kulula kodwa kunokukhokelela ekuvoteleni, “kuvotelwe,” kwaye kungabikho melo lwamanani. Amaqela amancinane asoloko ezama ukuwina izihlalo, kwaye inkqubo idla ngokuvelisa ulawulo olunezahlulo ezimbini.

Umelo olufuna inkcazelo

Kwinkqubo zolungelelwaniso, amaqela afumana izihlalo ngokulinganayo nolwabelo lwevoti abalufumanayo kwilizwe lonke okanye kwimimandla emikhulu. Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu (umz., iJamani, iSweden) asebenzisa le modeli, edla ngokuvelisa iindlu zowiso-mthetho eziziinxenye ezininzi kunye noorhulumente abasebenzisanayo. Amaqela ee-extremist angafumana indawo elula ngakumbi, kodwa inkqubo jikelele iqinisekisa ukuba kumele amalizwi ambalwa.

I-Rank-Choice Voing (Inkcaso- ye-Instant yokungenisa)

Uvota olunendawo ephezulu luvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe amacandelo aphantsi komyalelo wokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufikelela kuninzi, umvoti wokugqibela urhoxisiwe, kwaye amavoti abo asasazwa kukhetho olulandelayo. Le nkqubo iphinda de kuphume umnqolobi. Ikhutshwe kwizixeko ezifana neSan Francisco neMinneapolis, kwaye ibala elibanzi eMaine nase Alaska, ukuvota okunendawo edibeneyo kudiza ukupheka okudibayo, kunciphisa “isiphumo se-poiler,” kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba umvuzo zifumana uninzi.

Indima Yobugcisa Kukhetho Lwanamhlanje

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye balungisa phantse zonke iinkalo zonyulo, ukusuka kubhaliso lomvoti ukuvelisa iziphumo zosasazo. Ngelixesha uhlaziyo lunika uncedo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, lukwazisa izinto ezintsha eziluncedo.

Umbane nombane we-Internet

Amanye amazwe, anjenge-Estonia, aye aba ngunobangela wokuvota kwi-intanethi, evumela abemi ukuba baphose iibhola zokuvota nakwesiphi na isixhobo esine-intanethi. Nangona kuluncedo, ukuvota kwi-intanethi kuphakamisa inkxalabo yokhuseleko olunzulu, kuquka ubungozi bokuqhekeza isantya esikhulu kunye nokungakwazi ukuqinisekisa umbhexeshi we-computer. Ulawulo-melo-luye lwalumka malunga nokuvota nge-intanethi ngenxa yesi sizathu. Uvoteko olusekelwe kwi-intanethi lucetyiwe njengolunye uhlobo olukhuselekileyo, kodwa luhlala lukho uvavanyo kunye nocelomngeni lokungagobelwa.

Isiseko sogcino-lwazi lobhaliso logcino-lwazi

Ubhaliso lwevoti olukwiziko le-elektroniki olujikelezayo luze luncitshiswe, kodwa lukwaba ngamaxhoba okuhlaselwa yikhompyutha. Ngo-2016, abachola-zincwadi abafumana ubhaliso lwezibheno kwimimandla emininzi yase-U. Uvavanyo lokhuseleko oluthe rhoqo, ugcino-lwazi olungekho intanethi, kunye nolawulo olungqongqo lokungena luyimfuneko ukukhusela ezi nkqubo.

Iinkcazelo zogcino-lwazi kunye nezalathiso ezincinane

Amaqela asebenzisa inkcubeko yogcino-lwazi ukuchaza abaxhasi kunye nemiyalezo ebhekisa kwinani elithile lamanani. Ngelixesha oku kunokuphucula ukuhambela phambili kwempumelelo, kwakhona kunyusa inkxalabo yangasese kwaye kunokwenziwa izixhobo ukuze kusasazwe izinto ezicahlukanisayo okanye ezilahlekisayo. ICambridge Analytica yabalaselisa indlela ulwazi olufunyenwe ngokungafanelekanga olunokusetyenziswa ngayo ukuguqula indlela yokuvota. Ukukhutshwa kwezibhengezo zezobupolitiko kusengulo kusengummandla okhuphiswanophiswano.

Isiphelo: Ikamva Lokhetho Lwedemokhrasi

Ulonyulo nonyulo ngamaziko anamandla afanele aqhelane nokutshintsha kwentlalo, ubugcisa, kunye neemeko zobupolitika. Imigaqo engundoqo . "" yokuba wonke ummi ofanelekileyo kufuneka abe nethuba elinentsingiselo lokuphosa ibhola kwaye loo maqela afanele ukubalwe ngokuchanekileyo .) ahlala ebaluleke njengakuqala. Izakhamuzi zingafak'ukunceda ukomeleza ulawulo-demokhrasi ngokuhlala benolwazi, bevota, bethabatha inxaxheba kuzo zonke izinyulo ezisusa imiqobo nokukhusela ingqibelelo. Kwihlabathi apho abantu abaninzi basalwela ilungelo lokuvota, ukusebenzisa ilungelo kunye nomsebenzi ofanelekileyo. Impilo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke ekusebenzeni, ekwaziyo, ekwaziyo, ekwaziyo, nokungatyikisekiyo ukuba nenxaxheba kubantu bayo.