IRajiya Sabra, njengendlu ephezulu yePalamente yaseIndiya, iphethe indawo eyahlukileyo ekwakhiweni komgaqo-siseko ozinzileyo obumba icandelo lezoqoqosho lesizwe. Ngelixesha iLok Sabhaha idla ngokuthatha ingqalelo yoluntu njengegumbi elinyuliweyo ngqo, iRapya Sabha' ekwindawo yokuzimela, ulawulo lwesizwe lwenza ibe yindawo engundoqo ekuhloleni nokucocekisa inkqubo yezoqoqosho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima ebanzi yeRapya Sabha kulwando lwemithetho yezoqoqosho, ukusuka ekuhloleni umgangatho we-Rogravition kunye nongameli ukumele izilangazelelo zomgangatho wesizwe kunye nengcuphelo ekhuthaza ingxoxo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sendima yezoqoqosho yeRaje Sabha

Ifakwe phantsi kweGatya 80 loMgaqo-siseko, iRaje Sabha iyilwe njengelungu elisisigxina, eliqhubekayo elinganyanzelekanga ukutshatyalaliswa. Amalungu ayo anyulwa ngokungangqalanga ngeendibano zesizwe zemithetho-siseko (neembalwa ezityunjwe nguMongameli ukwenzela inkonzo ebalaseleyo kwezobugcisa, uncwadi, inzululwazi, neenkonzo zentlalo-ntle). Le ndlela yokwakha iqinisekisa ukuba iRapya Sabba unika uluvo oluzinzileyo, ixesha elide kwimigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe, kuquka nomthetho wezoqoqosho.

Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabha, apho uninzi lukarhulumente lungadlulisa amatyala ezoqoqosho ngokukhawuleza, uqalo lukaRaje Sabha lusoloko lubonakalisa umanyano olubanzi lwezilangazelelo zengingqi nezezobupolitika. Lo mbutho wolawulo uthetha ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ivavanywe kungekuphela nje ngelebhu yesizwe kodwa nangakwiziphene zomgangatho karhulumente, i-fiscal communistism, kunye nokusebenza kwengingqi. I-Rajiya Sabba phantsi kweSigqeba 107 kunye neSiphaka-nqaku 108 inika igunya lokuchasa, okanye ukulibazisa izikwelo zemali (kuthobela imiqathango ethile) kunye neendleko eziqhelekileyo, ngokwenza uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwisigqibo sezoqoqosho.

Amandla Alawulayo: Ubuqhetseba Nokungqinela Umthetho Wezoqoqosho

IiBhili eziqhelekileyo: Indima eQhelekileyo

Kwiindleko eziqhelekileyo . eziquka uludwe olukhulu lwemithetho yezoqoqosho njengoMthetho we Companies Act, ukhuphiswano, imithetho yorhwebo lwamanye amazwe, kunye nemimiselo yamacandelo. . i Rajiya Sabba iphethe amandla alinganayo ne Lok Sabba. Akukho mthetho uqhelekileyo unokuba ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba udluliswe zizo zombini izindlu. Oku kunika iRajiya Sabba i-abha encinci efana ne-Vento enzima kutshintsho lwezoqoqosho. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] i-orts kunye neSebe (GST) Act[FLT: uMthetho othe ngqo kwi Jajya Sabba, apho iindleko ezininzi zicelwe kwinkcazo zemali phambi kokuba ingeniso yayo ihambele. Ngokunjalo, [FTYPT] [FT] kunye neNklknvicet trainsting (igne) echutyisweyo, unyuso lwendlu yetyala lwendlu, kunye nezo zemali enyukelezo.[3]

Iibhiliyoni Zemali: Ukulawula Okunzima Kodwa Okunentsingiselo

Inqaku le-101 lichaza amatyala emali njengawo ajongene nerhafu, ukuboleka kukarhulumente, kunye nenkcitho kwiNgxowa-mali eHlanganisiweyo. Ngoxa iRajiya Sabha ingakwazi ukulahla imali yemali, ingancomela kuphela ukubuyiselwa kwemali phakathi kweentsuku ezili-14. Kodwa, oku kulinganiselwa akuyiniki indlu ephezulu. Endleleni, imbono ka Rajiya Sabba ithwe ngamatyala emali ithwala ubunzima obubalulekileyo bezopolitiko, ingakumbi xa urhulumente uSabha eswele uninzi kwimali ephezulu. Ngaphezu koko, izihlandlo ezingakho ziquka intengiso zemali ezi-201717 ezithenjiweyo kwi kunye neNkonzo ye-Scouts (Ink Rekomenti) kwityala eliphezulu.[FUnicelv] Ityala lemali eliyi-Shoverse.[3][4]

Amandla Okutshintsha Neziphakamiso

Indima yowiso-mthetho kaRajiya Sabra iyanda ukuze ifake izindululo ezibonisa izinto zezoqoqosho zengingqi. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokudlula kwe- uMthetho weRepeal Act (2021), i-Rajirya Sabba Sabha's ibalase izinto ezixhalabisayo zezolimo njengePunjab kunye neHaryana, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimbuyiselo eninzi ebanzi yemali yabase-fama. Ngokufanayo, Bhankings Laws (Impile) uBhilimo (umthetho) kaBill), 20222 [FLT] [FLT] eninzi.[FLT] wabona i-Rajyahaerrusaeveray ilawula ngokungqongqo ulungelelaniso lweebhanki, eyayikhomba kulo le mizekelo ephezulu.

Ubuchule Bokulawula: Ukubeka Umlawuli Olawulayo Endimele Uphendule Kwimibandela Yezoqoqosho

Iyure neyure ka-Zero yombuzo

Enye yezona zixhobo zelizwi zobungameli bezoqoqosho yiyure yombuzo, apho amalungu angabuza abalungiseleli ngemivuzo ephezulu, ukunyuka kwemiqathango, ukunyuka kwexabiso lemali, ukusebenza kwecandelo likawonke-wonke, kunye nokutyalwa kotyalo oluthe ngqo (FDI) kuhamba. Umzekelo, kwi 2024 Monson Common Seary, iRaje Sabha wafaka umPhathiswa wezemali kuMphathiswa weMali kwiziphumo zokunyuka kwemivuzo yokutya emaphandleni, ukunyuka kwemivuzwa kwamaxabiso nokusebenza kwemali PMKIS[FLT][FURD] ingeniso exhasa isicwangciso. Okunjalo kunyanzelo kurhulumente ukukhusela izigqibo zayo zezoqoqosho kunye nogcino-data olulungele ukuphuhlisa intetho kawonke.

IKomiti yoBume yeSebe (ii-DRSC)

Mhlawumbi iRajiya Sabba imodeli eninzi yendlela yokuvelela ikukuthatha inxaxheba kwi-DSCs. Ikomiti nganye, ephethwe lilungu, ihlola iimfuno zemali yenkonzo, iingxelo zonyaka, kunye ne-scrutinises ezibhekiswe kuyo. [[[FLT:] iKomiti ekwiMali[FFF:] [FFFN:] ijongene nolawulo lwemali [FFUT] [FMM] [FM] [FM], umgaqo-mthetho we-mali] [FM] [FT], kunye ne-FT] ezibonelelwa yi-RGOM [iiiiincogne] ezikhoyo zemali], ibonelele ityala lemali eninzi.[10]

IiBhili nazigqibo zamalungu afihlakeleyo

Ngoxa amalungu azimeleyo engenamthetho asebenza njengesixhobo sokulungisa ingqiqo yezoqoqosho. Amalungu eRaje Sabba azise amatyala kwingeniso esisiseko jikelele, umgaqo ofihlakeleyo, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabasebenzi abafudukayo. Ingxoxo ejikeleze Prite Alungu elikwilungelo lokusebenza, 201 izise ingqalelo kwicandelo elinengeniso, eyathi kamva yaphembelela [[FLT:] Code kuKhuselo lweNtlalo, 20. Ngokufanayo, izigqibo ezidluliselwe yiRajyahab .[FLT] njengenye ekhuthaza urhulumente ukuba enze i-[FOLD]

Ukumela Urhulumente Neemfuno Zezezoqoqosho

IFederal Custodian

Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabba, apho umelo lulinganayo nabemi, iRajiya Sabha inika ubunzima obulinganayo kumazwe (ngokubhekisele kwithala labemi elirhabaxa elisekelwe kwimihlathi yabemi) kwaye iquka iingcaphephe eziqukelweyo. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amancinane njenge Sikkim, iGoa, kunye neNagaland anelizwi kumthetho wezoqoqosho elinobuzwe elinokuthi ngamanye amaxesha abenokongalawulwa yi-oninzi njengawe-Uttar Pradesh okanye i-Bahar. Kwingxoxo engaphezulu [[FLT: 0] i-Centrals neNkonzo (CST) Inters Tracs [[FLT], uMthetho we-FFFM], u-Rajiha yaseMntla-Mpuma uthelela ngokungqalileyo ukubuyisela i-utsa umlinganiselo we-empum-etho-ento. [i-Frank , u-Fraccedmieances], u-ogne , u-og.[20]

Amalungu Anemipu: Ibhulorho Eza Kusetyenziswa

[Imfumba yeNkcubeko] inika uMongameli amandla okukhupha amalungu alishumi elinesibini kwiRajiya Sabba ngenxa yempumelelo ebalaseleyo kwimimandla equka izoqoqosho, uncwadi, inzululwazi, kunye nomsebenzi wentlalo. Kwiminyaka, izazi zezoqoqosho ezibalaseleyo njenge [[FLT: 0] C. Rangajan[[[FOL:] [FFOL]] [[FFFON]] [umphandle] [uluntu oluphezulu] [[11] [umqulu we-FFON] [ufulFUM]] [ufulFUM] [11] [unyaka] [unyaka] [unyaka-awunyuke u-Aful] [[10] [unyaka] [unyaka] [unyaka onyukileyo] [[10] [unyaka-10] [unyaka-unyaka-10] [unyaka-10] [unyaka] [unyaka onyukileyo we-unyuko] [unyuko]] [unyukileyo: [unyuko]] [unyuko] [unyuko]]

Ukuhlolisiswa Kweencwadi Zezoqoqosho

Bill Rajya Sabha Amendment Impact
Goods and Services Tax (GST) Act, 2017 Inserted provision for compensation for loss of revenue to states for 5 years Protected state fiscal autonomy; later extended by 2 years
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 Added time limit of 330 days for resolution process Reduced delays; improved creditor recovery rates
Code on Wages, 2019 Introduced a National Minimum Wage floor covering all workers Expanded social security coverage to 500 million workers
Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2022 Mandated higher governance standards for cooperative banks Reduced non-performing assets in the cooperative sector
Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 Exempted non-personal data from regulation; added data localisation clause Balanced innovation with privacy; influenced cross-border data flows

Ucelomngeni kwindima yezoqoqosho yeRaje Sabha

Ukuguquka Kwezobupolitika Nokunganeliseki

I-Raje Sabra ayikhange ikhuseleke kwiqela elikhulayo elijongene ne-politiki yamaIndiya. Phakathi ko 2019 no-2024, phantse i-45% yexesha lokuhlala kukaRajeya Sabha lalahleka ekuphazamiseni, ngokutsho kwePRS Legislative Research. Oku kusilele kakhulu ukukwazi kwendlu ephezulu ukuqhuba uphando olunenkcukacha zemali. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] i-Farmals Repeal Bill, 201 yadlula kwimizuzu emva kokuhamba kwamalungu aphikisayo, ikhanyelisa ithuba lokuphicothaza. Ngokunjalo, [FLT:], [FLT]

Impikiswano Ngemali

Ukusetyenziswa kwendlela "yokubhatala" yokudlula iRajiya Sabha ibiyindawo ephindaphindwayo. Urhulumente wahlulahlula i [[FLT: 0] Aadhaar (Isibonelelo Semali Nezinye Iinkonzo) Awu, 2016 [[FLT]] njengemali, eyathi kamva iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa [ iNkuhlazo loluntu. [Nkqulu luziso lweNkqululo lwe-Foffigs.] [[25], [5] Isivumelwano se-FT], i-FT.[3:] Ityala elingaphezulu [iiiityala].[19] ityala eliphakah[19], njengoko kusetyenziswa yimali engafanelekanga phakathi kophakal-Foct:[4], i-awuphaka, ityala elithenjiweyo, njengoko kuthelekiswa namacala ahlukeneyo.[19]

Ukungalungelelani Kwexesha Notshintsho Lwekomiti

Inkqubo yekomiti yeRajiya Sabba, phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwayo, iphicotha ngokugqithisileyo. IiDSC ezininzi zidibana kanye okanye kabini ngexesha lentlanganiso, zilinganisela ubunzulu bovavanyo lwazo. Ingxelo ye- ye-Institutitute yotshintsho lwezeNtlalo nokwezoqoqosho [I-ISC] [I-ISC] yaphawula ukuba ixesha eliqhelekileyo elibelwe i-DSC liyiyure ezilishumi eli-12 ngonyaka, xa lithelekiswa ne-40+ iiyure kwi-UK House of Lords. Ngokungakumbi, i-Rayyayaha ingenayo imodeli yezemali enikezelweyo kwiKomiti yezentengo yezentengo ejonge kwimithetho yezoqoqosho. [FLD:] RGU.[FFFFOL]

Amathuba Okuqinisa Impembelelo yezoqoqosho yeRaje Sabha

Uqikelelo loMgaqo-siseko

IRajiya Sabra ingadlala indima ephambili ngokuqhuba uhlolo lwamalungu angaphambili enkqubo yezorhwebo. Ukuxilonga kweMali ye-2023 Green Paper kwiKhowuthi Entsha Yesiqendu, ngokomzekelo, kwasasazwa kuRajiya Sabba yamalungu aphambili ngenxa yamagqabaza phambi kokuba asungulwe ngokusemthethweni. Ukwandisa lo msebenzi (* kwaye ukuwenza ube ngumthetho onyanzeleka kuzo zonke iindleko ezinkulu zezoqoqosho, kwaye ukunciphisa ubuchule bamalungu amaqela eengxoxo yeminento egqithisileyo. [[FLT]][FLTY:2]NITIAIAig[FLT][FLT]] [FLT]]] sele ikhutshisa iingxoxo ezininzi zempiliso kutshintsho kunye noqoqosholo, kodwa ezi zinto azidityaniselwanga kwikhalenda ye-Sragnogragn

Iintlanganiso Ezikhethekileyo Zezoqoqosho

Ukuba iRajiya Sabba ibinokudibana ngonyaka neentlanganiso zezoqoqosho, ezifana ne [[FLT: 0] I-ofisi yoHlalo loHlalo lwemali imodeli esetyenziswa eMzantsi Afrika, ingasebenza njengeqonga lomgaqo-nkqubo wexesha elide wokubona. Iingqungquthela ezinjalo zingaqwalasela kwimixholo efana [[FLT:]] Ukwanda kolwandle, i-Nantare Incluation, okanye i-Roft-everection Revection , ivelisa iingxelo zokuba urhulumente umele aphendule ngokusemthethweni. [20: 23, R2, i-Rajib'''''. [FLT:] [5] [5] [FFT]] [5] [umba]

Ukuhlawulwa kweKomiti

Ukukhuthaza ulawulo, iRajeya Sabra kufuneka ikhusele uqingqo-mali oluzimeleyo lweekomiti zayo, ikhulula kwii-ofisi zayo ezilawulayo. Ngaphezu koko, abahleli beekomiti kufuneka bakhethwe kwinkqubo yokuvumelana, hayi kuphela ngeqela elilawulayo .Uqheliso oluye lwaphelisa uphando oluzimeleyo. Umhleli wamaHindu [2022] uphikisa ukuba iingcebiso zekomiti zifanele ziqhutywe kumgangatho weRajeya Sabha phakathi kweefayile zexesha elibekiweyo, kunokuba zisetyenziswe. Ukuba luye lwasetyenziswa, oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba uluvo lwezoqoqosho lwe-Rajiya Shabbahaha luguqulela kwiinguquko ezibonakalayo.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Ophezulu WeFederalism

IRaje Sabra ibalulekile, ukuba ayifezekanga, iziko lokwakhiwa kwenkqubo yezoqoqosho yaseIndiya. Indima yayo engokomGaqo-siseko njengegumbi elivuselelayo, imfuno yengingqi, kunye nolwazi olunzulu lwendawo inika amandla akhethekileyo okuthomalalisa izigqibo eziphambili zezoqoqosho ngokucinga nangendlela ecacileyo. Kodwa, ukuwohloka kwemigaqo yemithetho yepalamente, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwendlela yemali, nokunqongophala kwexesha elifanelekileyo kusongela ukuguqula indlu ephezulu ibe sitempele nje.

Ukuphinda kusebenze, iRaje Sabha kufuneka itshintshe: ngokucutha umsebenzi wekomiti, ukujongana kwangaphambi kobungcali, nokukhusela iingxoxo zayo kwi-atrics. Njengoko iIndiya isebenzisa utshintsho oluntsonkothileyo lwezoqoqosho (ngokusuka kutshintsho lwemali lwenkonzo zezezimali ukuya kutshintsho lwemizi-mveliso . i-Rajiya Sabha njengeforem ukuqiqa, ubungqina obusekelwe kwisiseko sobuzwe busoloko busiba yimfuneko kakhulu. Ulwando lwezoqoqosho alungoba nje lumbini lwe-aggreen kodwa lungasasaziwa-agiss phakathi kwamazwe namaqela. Kulo, umlo iRajiya Sabha xa isebenza kwisiseko sayo somgaqo-demokhn-yol-ubunzululwazi kufuneka lungaphulameli zonke iintetho ezivakalayo.