Inkqubo yomthetho eUnited States ilungelelaniswe kakuhle kodwa idla ngokungaqondwa kakuhle, eyakhelwe kwimidlalo ephakathi komthetho wesizwe (wesizwe) kunye nemithetho yamazwe angamashumi amahlanu ahlukeneyo. Kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye naye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela amalungelo, iimbopheleleko, kunye nokusesikweni okulawulwa ngayo, ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwala macala mabini omthetho obalulekileyo. Eli nqaku lihlola umahluko, iziseko zembali nezomgaqo-siseko, iindawo apho badibana khona okanye bangqubana khona, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzayo kubemi. Ngesiphelo, uya kuba nokuqonda ngokucoselekileyo indlela imithetho yesizwe neyombuso ephakathi kwesizwe neyombuso ekhoyo kunye neyo.

Isiseko sembali nesomGaqo-siseko

Ulwalamano phakathi kwemithetho yesizwe neyamazwe lwayilwa ngabom ngabalawuli bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. phantsi kwale nkqubo, amandla ahlulwe phakathi korhulumente osembindini noorhulumente bengingqi ``amazwe] kunye negunya ngalinye elikummandla ohlukeneyo. UmGaqo-siseko ubala amagunya akhethekileyo anikwe urhulumente wesizwe, njengokulawula intengiso yezopolitiko, ukunyoba imali, nokuqhuba inkqubo yasemzini. Kwangaxeshanye, uLawulo lweshumi lokuHlambulula iMiqathango lugcine onke amagunya angaphathiswanga gunya kurhulumente worhulumente wesizwe kumaphondo okanye kubantu.

Eli cala lalalanisa. Inqaku lokuqala loMgaqo-siseko ladala urhulumente obuthathaka ophakathi ongenakukwazi ukusingatha ngokunempumelelo inkxalabo eqhelekileyo efana nokuzikhusela okanye urhwebo. UmGaqo-siseko omtsha womeleza urhulumente wesizwe kodwa washiya amazwe anegunya elibalulekileyo lokulawula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ulungelelwaniso luye lwatshintsha, namandla orhulumente akhulayo ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, imimiselo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nezenzo zomthetho-mthetho. Noko ke, umgaqo ongundoqo uhlala uhleli: umthetho wesizwe ungowona uphakamileyo kummandla wawo, kodwa umthetho ulawula iinka ezininzi zobomi bemihla ngemihla.

I-Supremacty Claus kunye nokuzicingela

Inqaku le- VI, uMhlathi 2 weSigqeba se-U.S. ." owaziwa njengoMgaqo-siseko weSupremacy Claus(*) uchaza ukuba umGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho karhulumente yenza ukuba i-pulse ngumthetho omkhulu welizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa umthetho wesizwe ugunyaziwe, umthetho wesizwe ulawula. Le mfundiso, ebizwa ngokuba yi-premacy Classional, isenokuchazwa ngokucacileyo ukuba umthetho wesizwe udedede umthetho karhulumente) okanye ichaza (umthetho owetyala owenziwe ngokucombululela ibala elipheleleyo kangangokuba akukho ndawo yemithetho karhulumente). Iinkundla zisoloko zicombulula iimbambano ngokugqiba enoba iBhunga elihlolo lizimisele ukukhulula igunya.

Intelekelelo ayizenzekelanga: iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba umthetho karhulumente awuwucimi umthetho karhulumente ngaphandle kokuba ungquzulwano lucacile okanye iqhinga lesizwe libanzi. Oku kuvumela ukuba amazwe alinge iinkqubo nakwiindawo apho urhulumente wesizwe asebenza khona, lo gama nje imithetho karhulumente ingayithinteli injongo yomthetho wesizwe. Uxinezeleko phakathi korhulumente we-Osciso-mthetho nolawulo lwaseburhulumenteni luyaqhubeka luvelisa imibango yendalo, ukusuka kwinkathalo yempilo ukuya kumgaqo wemekobume.

Iyintoni Imithetho Yesizwe (Yemithetho)?

Yimithetho kazwelonke emiswa yiNgqungquthela yase-U.S. “‘ Indlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali (*) kwaye ityikitywe nguMongameli. Isebenzisa ngokufanayo kuwo onke amazwe, amangingqi, kunye nemimandla yesizwe. Imithetho yoManyano ithetha ngemicimbi echaphazela ilizwe lilonke okanye efuna umgangatho wesizwe ofanayo. Imibandela eqhelekileyo iquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukususela kunye nokwendalo – Kuphela urhulumente wezwe angamisela imithetho yokuba ngubani ongena kweli lizwe nendlela abangengobemi abanokuba ngabemi ngayo.
  • Urhwebo lweIntertate – iBhunga lorhwebo lingalawula ushishino norhwebo olunqamleza imida yelizwe, phantsi korhwebo lweClaus.
  • [[UMTL:0] Irhafu ehlawulwayo – Irhafu yengeniso, irhafu yequmrhu, kunye nerhafu zerhafu ziqokelelwa yiNkonzo yeNgeniso yangaphakathi (IIRS).
  • Amalungelo eCivil – imithetho yeRound Park efana noMthetho waMalungelo oMdabi ka1964 kunye noMthetho weVoting Rights ka1965 wokwalela ucalucalulo kwilizwe lonke.
  • ukhuselo lwesizwe kunye nenkqubo yamanye amazwe – Umkhosi, izivumelwano, kunye nolawulo lobuzwe zizinto ezimele urhulumente kuphela.
  • Umthetho ocacileyo nosemthethweni osemthethweni – amalungelo empahla e-Intellite alawulwa yimithetho karhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwilizwe lonke.
  • Bhankiptic – Umboniso wolawulo wequmrhu lowiso-mali we-UNIX unceda abo batyalayo kunye nababolekisi baphumeze iziphumo ezizinzileyo.
  • Imigangatho yesiseko – Ngelixesha iimeko zinokuthi zimisele imithetho engqongqo, imida yongcoliso olusisiseko isoloko ibekwa ngabameli bequmrhu abafana ne-EPA.

Imithetho yomanyano inyanzeliswa luthungelwano lwabameli − njenge-FBI, i-SEC, i-FDA, kunye neSebe leMigaqo-siseko (FDA), kunye neenkundla zeSebe leMigaqo-siseko zinegunya kumatyala abandakanya imibuzo karhulumente. Ukungathobeli umthetho karhulumente kungakhokelela ekuchotshelweni kwiinkundla zesithili zikarhulumente, ngokubhenela kwiinkundla zesiphalukane, ekugqibeleni nakwiinkundla eziPhakamileyo.

Iyintoni Imithetho KaRhulumente?

Imithetho karhulumente imiswa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ." imo nganye inendlela yayo ye-bamaral (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska, ekwi-uncameral) `yatyikitywa yirhuluneli. Isebenza kuphela phakathi kwemida yelo lizwe. Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko, imimiselo, nezithethe zomthetho eziqhelekileyo, imithetho esemthethweni ingahluka kakhulu ukusuka kurhulumente omnye ukuya komnye. Imimandla yomzekelo yomthetho iquka:

  • Imfundo[[FLT]] – iUnited States icwangcisa imigangatho yokufundisa, intengiso kubafundisi- ntsapho, kunye neenkqubo zemali zezikolo zikawonke-wonke.
  • [[Unikezelo] - imithetho yohamba ngomsinga womoya, umqhubi orhwebayo, kunye nobhaliso lwemoto luyimbopheleleko zikarhulumente.
  • Unyango lwempilo kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke – iUnited States ilawula izibhedlele, ukunyanzelisa oogqirha ngobuchule, kunye neemfuno ze-inshorensi.
  • Ityala lomthetho elingundoqo-onke amatyala, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi,--"mright," ukuhlasela/ukuhlasela/ukuhlasela/ukubohlwaya phantsi komthetho wesizwe. Umbuso ngamnye unekhowudi yawo yesohlwayo, izikhokelo, kunye nenkqubo yokulungisa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amalungelo apheleleyo[ – umnini nqanawa, ukudlulisa, ilifa, kunye nemithetho yengingqi yendlu yephondo yimicimbi yemeko.
  • umthetho woNtlalo – umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nokufumana abantwana abatsha kulawulwa yimimiselo karhulumente.
  • Imithetho yokwenza izivumelwano ezisemthethweni nokuqokelela amatyala omntu womntu othile kuyahluka ngokwemeko.
  • [[Uluhlu: 0] Uquko kunye nolwakhiwo lweshishini – amashishini aquka umthetho wesizwe, ukukhetha urhulumente (ngokunjalo uDelaware) osekelwe kwimimiselo elungileyo yequmrhu.
  • unyulo – Ngelixesha umGaqo-siseko wezwe umisela iimfuno ezibanzi, imithetho yolawulo lwenkqubo yobhaliso lovoti, ukuvota, ukubeka imithetho, kunye nokufikelela komvoti.

Imithetho karhulumente inyanzeliswa ngamapolisa asekuhlaleni, amasebe orhulumente, neenkundla zikarhulumente. Urhulumente ngamnye unenkqubo yakhe yenkundla, ngokuqhelekileyo eneenkundla zamatyala, iinkundla eziphakathi, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe. Imimiselo yezorhulumente isoloko inikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo ngaphezu kwalawo akwimiGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.; umzekelo, eminye imimiselo yorhulumente iqinisekisa ukuba unelungelo lokuba umntu azimele okanye ilungelo lemfundo elingakhuselwanga ngokucacileyo kumgangatho wesizwe.

Amandla akhoyo namandla apheleleyo

Kurhulumente, amanye amagunya axhomekeke kuphela kurhulumente wesizwe, amanye kumazwe, amanye ahlukene namanye.

Amandla Omanyano Apheleleyo

Ngurhulumente wesizwe kuphela onokuthi axhobe imali, abhengeze imfazwe, aphakamise umkhosi nomkhosi wamanzi, alawule urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, amisele iiofisi zeposi, amisele nezivumelwano namazwe asemzini. Amazwe awavumelekanga ngokucacileyo ukwenza ezi zinto phantsi kweGatya I, iCandelo 10 loMgaqo-siseko.

Amandla eRhulumente aPheleleyo

Nangona ingedweliswanga kumGaqo-siseko, iSiHlanziso seshumi elinamashumi amathandathu sibonisa ukuba amandla anganikwanga urhulumente wephondo axhomekeke kumarhulumente. Ezi ziquka inkoliso yamapolisa (*.) igunya lokukhusela impilo, ukhuseleko, ukuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle yoluntu ngokubanzi. Amazwe akwalawula unyulo lwasekuhlaleni, umgaqo-siseko woorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kunye nolawulo lwezorhwebo (kwimida yeli lizwe).

Amandla Akhoyo

Amagunya amaninzi asetyenziswa ngamanqanaba omabini karhulumente. Umzekelo, iiNgqungquthela kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zingayihlawula irhafu, ziboleke imali, iibhanki zomthetho, kunye neenkundla. Noko ke, xa zombini zisebenza kummandla omnye, iSupremacy Claus iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente uphumelele ukuba kukho ukungavisisani. Urhulumente unokunyanzela irhafu yakhe yengeniso kwirhafu yengeniso karhulumente, kodwa urhulumente akanakudlulisela umthetho ovumela into ethile evinjelwe (umz. umz., urhulumente akanakuyivala ngokusemthethweni into elawulwa ngumthetho wesizwe.).

Oyena Mnqakathi

Itheyibhile engezantsi ishwankathela umahluko ongundoqo phakathi kwemithetho yesizwe neyorhulumente:

  • I- Umboniso wendlela yokusebenza:[ imithetho yesizwe iyasebenza kuwo onke amazwe kunye nemimandla; imithetho karhulumente isebenza kuphela kwimo yokumisela.
  • Umthombo wegunya: imithetho yeSizwe efumaneka kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.; imithetho karhulumente ifumaneka kumgaqo-siseko worhulumente ngamnye nakumandla amapolisa.
  • Inkqubo yeSidalwa: imithetho yeSizwe idluliswa yiBhunga (Indlu neNdlu yeNdlu) yase-U.S. ize isayiniswe nguMongameli; imithetho karhulumente idluliswa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ze ityikityelwe yirhuluneli (okanye yiveto yemithetho).
  • Unyanzeliso:[ amasebe aMasebe kunye neenkundla zesizwe zinyanzelisa imithetho yesizwe; urhulumente kunye noluntu, abameli belizwe, kunye neenkundla zikarhulumente zinyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente.
  • IPredence: Phantsi koMgaqo kaClaus, umthetho wesizwe udlula umthetho wesizwe ongqubanayo, kodwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwingqungquthela yegunya lezwe.
  • Uquko lwemithetho yesizwe lufana kulo lonke ilizwe; imithetho yesizwe ingahluka ngokubanzi, ikhokelela kumsebenzi wesiphatho semimiselo.

Imizekelo yeMithetho kaRhulumente

Imizekelo engqalileyo inceda kuboniswe indlela ezi mpawu zimbini zomthetho ezisebenza ngayo.

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni

Umthetho wesizwe: UMthetho wamaLungelo oMhlalo ka-1964 wokwalela ucalucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, umsebenzi, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente ezisekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Umthetho weSizwe: Amanye amazwe, njengoKhalifoniyani, aye akhupha ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo ekuchaseni ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye kwisinimvo, ukwandisa umgaqo-mthetho wesizwe. Amanye amazwe asenokungabi nakhuseleko, oko kuthetha ukuba abo bahlali be-falthiwe baxhomekeke kwimi kuphela kwimi yolawulo oluno.

Okusesikweni Kolwaphulo - mthetho

umthetho wesizwe: umthetho weFederal ukwenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho ukwenza okanye ukusasaza izinto ezilawulwayo njenge-heroin okanye icocaine, kwaye isohlwayo sorhulumente sisoloko sinzima. umthetho weSizwe:[ Amazwe amaninzi aye adethula umbangi okanye agunyaziswe ngokwasemthethweni ngenxa yokusebenzisa unyango okanye ukuzonwabisa, nangona umbangi uhlala ungekho mthethweni phantsi komthetho karhulumente. Oku kudala ingxabano eyaziwayo apho abantu banokusebenza ngokusemthethweni kodwa basabeka ubomi babo esichengeni sokutshutshiswa komthetho, iSebe leMithetho lisebenzise iqhinga lokulungisa ukuhlasela i-mogralitiod .

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo

Umthetho wobuzwe: Umthetho ococekileyo womoya kunye nococeke wamanzi umisela imilinganiselo yesizwe yongcoliso. umthetho wesizwe: Amazwe anjengeKhalifoniya afumene iziphako ezivela kwiEPA ukunyanzela imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhupha imoto kuleyo ifunwa ngurhulumente wezwe. Amanye amazwe angayamkela isiseko sorhulumente okanye ahambe kancinci, akhokelela kwiseqweqweni lemithetho yemeko-bume.

Umthetho wentsapho

umthetho wesizwe: Ukhuselo lomtshato (DOMA) lwabethwa ngokwenxalenye yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, kwaye iNkundla kamva yabanjwa kwiObergefell v. Hodges (2015) echaza ukuba kufuneka imigaqo-mtshato efanayo eqhutywa kwamanye amazwe. Noko ke, imithetho engundoqo yomtshato / ukuvunyelwana, i-intenting, kunye nenkqubo yoqhawulo mtshato (*) ihlala ingumthetho karhulumente. umthetho weState: Abanye bathi, imisela iminyaka encinane yomtshato ekwiminyaka ekwi 18, lo gama abanye bevumela ukuba itsha njenge-16 ngokuvuma komzali. Iimfuno zobuntwana ziyahluka ngokwemeko, kunye nokukholisa abanye abantwana abakholiswa “neemfanelo elinganayo. ”

Xa Urhulumente Nemithetho Yesizwe Ingquzulana

Ukungavisisani phakathi komthetho karhulumente norhulumente akuthathi thaa, kuvela rhoqo kwaye kukhokelela kumadabi enkundleni anokufikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo.

Ukuqhelisela Ucimo

Ukuba umthetho karhulumente uphikisana ngqo nomthetho karhulumente, umthetho wesizwe uza kuxhaphaka jikelele. Umzekelo, xa iArizona idlulisa iSB 1070, umthetho ofuna urhulumente kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni ukuba anyanzelise imithetho yengingqi yokufuduka, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa amalungiselelo amaninzi, ibeka ukuba ukunyanzeliswa kwabantu abafudukayo kungumsebenzi oyintloko karhulumente. Ngokufanayo, amanye amazwe aye azama ukuphelisa imithetho yemipu, kodwa iinkundla zisoloko zikholelwa ukuba loo mazwe akanakungavumi ukunyanzelisa imithetho esemthethweni karhulumente.

Umanyano lwamaPhondo

Asizizo zonke iingxoxo ezingoongquzulwano. Kwimimandla emininzi, urhulumente wesizwe usebenzisa amandla akhe okusebenzisa ukukhuthaza amaphondo ukuba amkele imilinganiselo efanayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukusela kwesizwe eneminyaka engama-21 ubudala kwagunyaziswa ngokunempumelelo ngokukhupha imali yoorhulumente kwiimeko ezingayamkeliyo. Lo ngumzekelo womanyano lorhulumente olusebenzisanayo.

Ukucel ’ Ityala Kubemi

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwemithetho yesizwe neyaseburhulumenteni asiyonto yemfundo nje kuphela. Ineziphumo zokwenene zamalungelo, iimbopheleleko, nobomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ukungahambelani Kwamalungelo Nokhuseleko

Amalungelo ommi asemthethweni angaxhomekeka kakhulu kwilizwe ahlala kulo. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokuphatha imipu likhuselwa yiSihlaziyo sesibini, kodwa amaphondo abeka imithetho yokwahluka okukhulu yokulungisa, ukuhlolwa kwemvelaphi, kunye nemithetho yesikhundla samaphephancwadi. Umntu ophethe ngokusemthethweni isixhobo esifihlakeleyo eVermont angabekwa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba bawela eNew York ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokufanayo, amalungelo okuqhomfa (angaphambili) akhuselwa phantsi kwe-Roe v. Wade/* ngoku wahluka kakhulu emva kwesigqibo seNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yama-20222 kwi-Dobs v. Jackson’S Organization, ibuyisela umbatho kwindlu yesizwe.

Ukuntsonkotha Okusemthethweni Nokungqinelana

Amashishini asebenza ngaphaya kwemigca karhulumente kufuneka asebenzise imithetho emininzi karhulumente. Imithetho yerhafu, imithetho yengqesho, imilinganiselo yezeemeko-bume, kunye neemfuno zokukhusela abathengi ziyahluka ngokwemeko-bume. Kungoko iinkampani zidla ngokuqesha icebiso elingokwasemthethweni elikhethekileyo kwimimandla nganye. Kubantu ngabanye, ukufudukela kurhulumente omtsha kungafuna utshintsho, ukuqhelanisa nemithetho emitsha yendlela, nokuqonda isohlwayo saphuli-mthetho esahlukeneyo.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Ngenxa yokuba iinkundla ezithile zikarhulumente nokarhulumente zingaphulaphula iindidi ezithile zamatyala (ngokomzekelo, ulawulo lobuhlanga), abangenisi-mthetho bangakhetha indawo yokuyila iifayile ezisekelwe kwiinzuzo ze-procedment, isantya, okanye ubulungisa obucingelwayo beejaji kunye neejaji. Inkqubo yenkundla ezibini ithetha ukuba iimpikiswano ezithile ezingokwasemthethweni zingaqhubekeka kumacala oonobangela, yaye ngamanye amaxesha zombini (ukuzenzisa umzekelo, umntu angavavanywa kwinkundla yombuso ngenxa yokuphanga okukwa kwebhanki okukwakwaphula umthetho (imfundiso yolongamo lombuso).

Indima Yeenkundla

Ijudicary yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowasezweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. inguMgaqo-siseko wokugqibela wento yokuba umthetho wesizwe ungumGaqo-siseko nokuba umthetho karhulumente uyangqubana nomthetho karhulumente. Kwiinkulungwane, iNkundla ikhulise amandla karhulumente alinganiselweyo. Izigqibo ezifana Mcloch v. Maryland [18]) yaqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe ubonise ukuba amagunya angaphaya kwalawo adweliswe ngokucacileyo, ngoxa e-United States] v. Loz[FLT] (1995])

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe zichaza umgaqo-siseko wazo wesizwe, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ezo nkcazelo zinikela ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo kunomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhalifoniya ifumene ilungelo lokuzimela umgaqo-siseko ogqitha kuMgaqo-siseko wesi-Cwene. Ngaphantsi “kwezindululo zikarhulumente ezifanelekileyo nezizimeleyo” imfundiso, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.

Imikhwa Neengxaki Zexesha Elizayo

Ukwahlulwa kwemithetho yesizwe neyaseburhulumenteni akumi ngaxesha linye. Imibandela yokuqhambuka iyaqhubeka ivavanya imida yolawulo.

  • I-Internet kunye nobugcisa: Nge-ecommerce, media, kunye ne-data yobuqu, kukho izibongozo zemigangatho yengingqi. Okwangoku, zichaza njengeKhalifoniya (CPA/CPRA) neVirginia (VCDPA) ikhokela ngemithetho yayo yangasese, yenza imfuneko yesiseko sesizwe.
  • Ukubekwa komthetho okusemthethweni: Umsantsa phakathi kokwalela komthetho nokwenza urhulumente ube semthethweni uyakhula njengoko amazwe amaninzi esemthethweni e-cannabis. Imithetho ethintela amashishini karhulumente ekungeniseni iinkonzo zebhanki yesebe, kwaye iBhunga lisezakusombulula loo ngxabano.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Inkathalo yeHealth: Umthetho we-Affordble Care Act (ACA) wadala isakhiwo solawulo lwezwe kodwa wavumela amazwe ukwandisa iMedicaid okanye ukwenza iintengiso zawo. Amanye amazwe awavumanga, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugqumeni izikhewu.
  • Utshintsho oludityanisiweyo: Ngelixesha urhulumente wengingqi emisela eminye imigangatho yokukhutshwa komphunga, urhulumente uthatha inyathelo elizimeleyo kwiinkqubo ze-cap-trade, imigangatho yezibuko elinokuvuselelwa, kunye nemithetho yokukhupha kwesithuthi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukugcinwa kolwahlulo: Abanye “bangamagunya” bachaza imida yentsebenziswano namagunya okufuduka karhulumente, ngoxa abanye benyanzela ukuba kunyanzeliswe ukwenziwa komthetho ongqongqo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuhlaziyweni kwegunya likarhulumente.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba inkqubo karhulumente lilungiselelo lokuphila, ngokuqhubekayo iphinda ikhutshwe ngomthetho, ngokukhutshwa kwetyala nangengcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda ukwahluka kwemithetho yesizwe neyamazwe kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela elawulwa ngayo i-United States. Imithetho yomanyano inikela imilinganiselo efanayo kwimicimbi yenkxalabo yelizwe lonke, ngoxa imithetho karhulumente ivumela ukusabela nokuvavanya koluntu. ISuprematy Claus iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente uhamba phambili xa kuvela iingxabano, kodwa uLawulo lweshumi loMyezo lugcina uzimele-zimele-gemfa kumazwe. Kubafundi, kubafundisi-mashishini, nakubemi abathembiseneyo, olu lwazi alungolulo nje kuphela oluthi qikelelwayo, luchaphazela indlela esiwaphatha ngayo amashishini ethu, indlela esiwakhusela ngayo amalungelo ethu, nendlela esiwakhusela ngayo oorhulumente bethu ukuba baphendule ngayo. Ngokuxabisa ukulungelenalo phakathi komanyano lwesizwe nolwahluka-zwe, sinokukwazi ukuphucula ulawulo olusemthethweni lwendawo esiphila kuyo.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, uphando lwezibonelelo ezinegunya ezifana ne U.S. ngenxa yobungangamsha bemithetho yemithetho kunye namagunya agcinweyo, Cornell Information Institute yeNkqutyana yezemfundo ePhakamileyo yeSizwe yeNkcubeko yeSizwe [[FLT]], kunye ne [[FLT:]] i-Oyez project [[FLT]] iproject yemimiselo yeNkundla ephakamileyo yesizwe elawulayongamelezwe. Ngokungakumbi, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yeSizwe [[FLT] [FLT:]] ichaza ukungavumelani komthetho kwiindawo ezingundoqo, inikeza imbono yehlabathi lemo yemo-mo yemo yemo yendlela esetyenziswa ngayo kwinkqubo yesizwe.