Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya ingundoqo ekusebenzeni koorhulumente bedemokhrasi. Iyahlula iimbopheleleko namandla karhulumente abe ngamasebe ahlukeneyo ukuze kuthintelwe naliphi na isebe ekufumaneni amandla amaninzi. Lo mgaqo ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, ekhusela amalungelo abemi kwaye igcine ulawulo lomthetho. Kwixesha lokwanda kokubekwa ngokwezikhundla zezobupolitika nemibuzo engokwasemthethweni, ukuqonda indlela namandla ahlulwe ngayo nangoko phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente angazange abe ngowona abalulekileyo kubemi, abafundisi, nabafundi ngokufanayo.

Kuyintoni Ukwahlukana Kwamandla?

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kubhekisela kulwahlulo lweembopheleleko zikarhulumente kumasebe ahlukeneyo, achazwa ngokuba ngumphathi-mikhosi, nomthetho, kunye namasebe agweba. Isebe ngalinye linamandla nembopheleleko zalo, kwaye lisebenza ngokwalo. Esi sakhiwo sicetyelwe ukukhusela ukunyanzeliswa kwamandla nokukhuthaza ukuphendula. Ingcamango engundoqo kukuba akukho mntu okanye iqela elinye lifanele likwazi ukwenza, ukunyanzelisa, nokutolika imithetho yonke ngexesha elinye. Xa loo misebenzi idibene, umngcipheko wolawulo olungenazintlukwano uyanyuka ngokuphawulekayo. Ngokuwagcina ehlukeneyo, oorhulumente badala inkqubo apho amabhongo alwayo, kwaye isebe ngalinye linomdla wokwemvelo wokulinda igunya lalo nxamnye nabanye.

Eli binzana ngokwalo lidla ngokuthiwa livela kumntu osisithandi sobulumko waseFransi uMontesquieu, kodwa ingqiqo esisiseko inemvelaphi yakudala. UAristotle, kumsebenzi wakhe uPilitics, waphawula ukuba oorhulumente abalungelelanisiweyo batyekele ekubeni babenendlela eyahlukileyo yokukhulula, i-gministerial, kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo. IRiphabliki yeRoma ngokufanayo yasebenza ngeseti entsonkothile yamandla ahlukeneyo phakathi koorhulumente, iNtsimbizana, kunye neendibano eziqhelekileyo. Noko ke, ulwahlulo lwanamhlanje lwamandla lunika ezi ngcamango zakudala ezizimo zingundoqo kwidemo-devity.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Ukuqonda indima yesebe ngalinye kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kokwahlula amagunya. Ngeli xesha amagama akhethekileyo kunye nezakhiwo zahluka ngokwelizwe, uninzi lweenkqubo zedemokhrasi zilandela icandelo lesithathu elifanayo. Nantsi inkcazo eneenkcukacha yesebe ngalinye nendlela elisebenza ngayo.

Isebe Elisemthethweni

Isebe lemithetho linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. Eli sebe linepalamente okanye ingqungquthela, ephikisanayo, ilungisa, kwaye idlulisa umthetho. Kwinkqubo ze-bidamaral njenge-United States Congress, indlu yowiso-mthetho yahlulwe yangamagumbi amabini — indlu esezantsi (indlu yabameli) nendlu ephezulu (iBhunga) — ngalinye linamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye nengqungquthela. Isebe lemithetho yemithetho yesizwe libamba igunya lemali: lilawula irhafuthelo nemali echithwayo, nto leyo enika impembelelo enkulu kwimithetho. Imithetho-graslature inawo amandla okulawula, ithetha ukuba ingaphengulula izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo, libambe amatyala, linyanze ubungqina obuvela kumagosa, kwaye linyanze iinkonzo ezithile. Kwinkqubo emininzi, i-komiti yemithetho yolawulo ne-ravince, inika izivumelwano ezibonelelo-ooogractive.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokumisa imithetho. Eli sebe likhokelwa ngumongameli okanye umphathi-mikhosi, ojongele ukuphunyezwa komthetho kunye nolawulo lorhulumente lwemini-mini. Isebe eliphetheyo liquka isebe elikhulu lamasebe kunye namasebe aqhuba imisebenzi yesizwe, ukusuka ekukhuseleni kwesizwe ukuya kulawulo lwemeko-bume. Kwinkqubo zolawulo lomongameli, umphathi-ntloko unyulwa ngokwahlukileyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye usebenza ngexesha elisisigxina. Kwinkqubo yepalamente, isigqeba sikhutshwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye asinakuqinisekiswa. Isigqeba esiphezulu sigcina amandla abalulekileyo kwimicimbi yangaphandle nakunqabisekayo.

Isebe Eligwebayo

Isebe lejaji linembopheleleko yokuchaza imithetho. Eli sebe liquka inkqubo yenkundla, ecombulula iimbambano, neqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza kakuhle kwaye isoloko isebenza. Kwinkqubo ekwahluleni amagunya, iinkundla zinegunya lokuhlola ngokunamandla — amandla okuvakalisa izenzo zomthetho okanye izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ngaphandle komthetho. Eli gunya lenza ukuba isebe lejaji libe lisebe elilinganayo kunokuba libe yigunya nje elilawulayo likarhulumente. Abagwebi bamiselwa ngokusesikweni ngenkqubo ebandakanya ulawulo kunye nemithetho elawulayo, kwaye basoloko begcina izikhundla zabo ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle (ngokusisiseko ubomi) ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwingcinezelo kwezobupolitika. I-judiary ayimele ikwenze inkqubo, kodwa ukuchaza umthetho obhaliweyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo enxulumene nemithetho elawulwayo ingurhulumente.

Imeko yembali: Ukusuka eMontesquieu ukuya kutsho kumGaqo-siseko

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya inemvelaphi yayo kwixesha lokukhanyiselwa, ingakumbi kwiincwadi zezithandi zobulumko ezinjengeMontesquieu. UMontesquieu waphikisa ngelithi ukuthintela ulawulo olucinezelekileyo, amagunya karhulumente kufuneka ahlulwe phakathi kwamasebe awahlukeneyo. Le ngcamango yaphembelela kakhulu abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, ababefuna ukuyila urhulumente olungeleleneyo oya kuphepha ubuzwilane bokumkani kunye nolawulo olucinezelelayo lwabaninzi.

Isiseko se-Montesquieu

UMontesquieu's 1748 umsebenzi, Umoya woMthetho, ubeke isiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi lwangoku. Wacebisa ukuba urhulumente abe namasebe amathathu, ngalinye elinamandla ahlukeneyo elinokuhlola amanye. Ukuqonda kwakhe kwakusithi "amava amiselweyo asibonise ukuba wonke umntu onikwe amandla ufanele awusebenzise kakubi, kwaye aqhube igunya lakhe kude njengokuba liza kuhamba. Isisombululo, uMontesquieu wakholelwa ukuba, ingathembelanga kwisidima sabalawuli kodwa ukulungiselela amaziko ukuze "amandla ahlolwe amandla." Le ngcamango yayingumgaqo wokuguqula uluntu kwaye ikhokele ekuyisweni kwe-U. U. Urhulumente. Umgaqo womgaqo womgaqo womgaqo we-Gaqonga we-siseko we-Montellineugracke, xa kusenziwa iprojective, [F][2]

Iingcambu ZaseBritani Namava Amathanga

Ngeli xesha iMontesquieu yalungiselela isiseko sentelekelelo, abalawuli basebenzisa ngamandla umGaqo-siseko waseBritane namava abo okulawulwa kwawo. EBritane, igunya labelwa phakathi kweBhunu, iNdlu yeNkosi, neNdlu yamaZiko, nangona imigca yayikude kakhulu ekucocekeni. Amarhanisi aseMerika ayebone oko ayekubona njengokuphangwa kukulawulwa ngukumkani onegunya phantsi koKumkani uGeorge II, kuquka nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zolawulo lwamakoloni, nokusetyenziswa kwegunya ejajini nguRhulumente. Oku kwawenza akrokreqa kakhulu amandla aphezulu yaye elangazelela ukwenza inkqubo ecacileyo ephakathi kwamasebe. Umthetho-mthetho omthetho obhaliweyo emva kokuzama ulawulo oluzimeleyo, kwaye uphanda olululwenzileyo lwemisho lwezintlawulo olupheleleyo lwesizwe ngo178777.

Iphepha Loluhlu Loluntu Nobuchule

Ngexesha leengxoxo zokwahlula, uAlexander Madison, ebhala kwi iMaphepha oMgaqo-siseko woBukhosi , ebonelele eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokukhusela ukwahlukana kwamagunya njengoko ayequkiwe kumGaqo-siseko ocetyiweyo. KuFederal u-On. 47, uMadison wathetha ngqo impikiswano yokuba uMgaqo-siseko awuwahlulanga ngokupheleleyo. Waphikisa ukuba umgaqo wokwenyaniso wawungamele ulwelwelwe nolawulo olunolwahlulo lwezi siseko, kodwa amandla onke esebe akufunekangasetyenziswa ngezandla ezifanayo ezinamandla akhoyo. Kulwahlulo lwasebuthweni. Kuludwe lwama-105., ngokudumileyo wabhala ukuba "indawo yokulawula i-ankile" kwaye isakhiwo sikarhulumente kufuneka sinikezele oku. — Amandla alungeleneyo kodwa athetha ukuba alungelene.

Iingqiniphonelwano Nolungelelwano: Imigaqo Engqinelanayo

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano luzimo eziqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe elinye likarhulumente elinamandla kakhulu. Isebe ngalinye liyakwazi ukulinganisela amandla abanye, lidala inkqubo yokulawulana. Oku kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nokukhusela inkululeko yabantu. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kwahlula imisebenzi; uhlolo nolungelelwaniso lunika izixhobo zesebe ngalinye ukukhusela ingqukumba yalo nokuziphindezela ekungeneni kwabanye.

Imizekelo Enenkcukacha Nendlela Yolungelelwano

  • Ingqikelelo-mali yeKhabhinethi, kunye ne-arhente kuMgaqo-siseko: Ingqungquthela ingawulawula umongameli kunye nevoti yoninzi lwesithathu kuzo zombini iigumbi. IBhunga liqinisekisa okanye liyalwalela ukumiswa kwesebe eliphetheyo, kuquka amalungu eKhabhinethi, iijaji zolawulo, nee-ampere. IBhunga likwabamba amandla okungathobeli — Indlu ingasithobeli, kwaye iNdlukwano ingasusa, umongameli, umongameli, umongameli, kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente orhulumente okurhwebela, okanye amanye amatyala aphezulu kunye nee-arhentenelo ezingekho mthethweni. Ngokudibanisa, iBhunga lolawulo lorhulumente kufuneka ligunyaze ligunyaze ligunyaze lonke intlawulo.
  • Ingqikelelo-mali yomthetho: Umongameli angawuchaza umthetho odluliselwe yiBhunga, nangona iveto inokuba yi-pane. Umongameli ukwanamandla okuquluqela iiKhontekoste ezithile kwaye, kwezinye iinkqubo, ukucebisa umthetho ngedilesi ye-Union kunye nezinye imiyalezo. Isebe eliphetheyo likwanegunya lokuchaza imithetho xa isetyenziswa, nto leyo enokuthi iyenze ingqine ngendlela ephawulekayo indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo.
  • Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiMasebe Ombini: [iiNkundla zeNkundla zoLawulo] zingavakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezingamiselwanga ngamandla okuhlola ityala. Eli gunya lamiselwa kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. Ityala leNkundla imarbury v. Madison [18.3] kwaye liye lasetyenziswa kumawakawaka eeminyaka ukususela ngoko. Abagwebi beSebe babamba izicwangciso zobomi bonke ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, bewakhusela kwimpindelo yezobupolitika.
  • Ingqikelelo-mali yeeNkcubeko zeSiqendu: ingenza ingcebiso yesiseko somGaqo-siseko ukuphelisa ukuchazwa kwenkcazelo yezomGaqo-siseko. IBhunga likwamisela ubungakanani beNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye limise iinkundla ezisezantsi. ICandelo liqinisekisa zonke ii-odomnees zowiso-mthetho, kwaye iBhunga liyakwazi ukukhupha abagwebi ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga.
  • Ingxibo zeSebe eliSebenzileyo kwiJadi: Umongameli ubeka izigwebi zesizwe, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo. Umongameli ukwanamandla okuxolela nokubuyisela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni, olunokuthi lujonge iziphumo zobugxwayiba okanye ezingekho bulungisa.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Kubalulekile

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kubaluleke ngezizathu eziliqela. Kunceda ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, kukhuthaza ukuphenduliswa kwamalungelo abantu, kwaye kukhusela amalungelo abo. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla awaxhomekekanga kwisebe elinye, kukhuthaza urhulumente osabela kwiimfuno nakumalungelo abemi bakhe. Le misebenzi yomgaqo-siseko ayiyondlela yobuchule — ingumkhuseli oluncedo onokuba neziphumo zokwenene zendlela abantu abavakalelwa ngayo ngorhulumente kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.

Ukuthintela Ukucinezelwa

Enye yeenjongo eziphambili zokwahlula amagunya kukuthintela ubuzwilakhe. Xa amandla ejoliswe kwisebe elinye okanye kumntu omnye, angakhokelela kulawulo lobuzwilakhe. Ngokusasaza amandla phakathi kwamasebe awahlukeneyo, urhulumente akafane alisebenzise kakubi igunya lakhe. Oku yayiyinkxalabo ephambili yabalawuli, ababephila ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kolawulo lolawulo oluphezulu kwaye beqonda ukuba kwaneenkqubo zedemokhrasi zingaba nobuzwilakhe ukuba zingalawulwa. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kudala imilinganiselo emininzi ekwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho, kuyenza ibe nzima ngakumbi ukuba nayiphi na into efuna ukunyanzeleka abantu abaseleyo. Ngoxa oku kusenokukhokelela kwi-gridrock, oko kukuthi ngempazamo: kunyanzekile, kulalanisa, kwaye kuxhaselele phambili phambi kokuba urhulumente enze isenzo.

Ukukhuthaza ukuphendula nokubonisa ngaphaya

Xa isebe ngalinye linamagunya neembopheleleko ezahlukileyo, kuba lula ukuba abasemagunyeni bakarhulumente baphendule ngezenzo zabo. Ukuba elinye isebe aliphumeleli ukwenza imisebenzi yalo, elinye lingangenelela ukulungisa imeko. Umzekelo, ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lingaphaya kwegunya lalo, iinkundla zingasibetha isenzo, kwaye iBhunga linokuhlola kwaye lisike inkxaso-mali. Oku kuthetha ukuba abavoti banokuliqonda lula ngakumbi isebe elimele impumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli. Xa amandla ekhutshwa, abemi banamathuba amaninzi okulungisa imigaqo-siseko: banokuvotela abatsha, bacelele abalawuli abaphezulu, okanye bacel ’ umngeni isenzo sikarhulumente enkundlekweni. Oku kumelelwa kolawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi.

Ukukhusela Ubuncinane Bamalungelo Nomthetho

Ukwahlukana kwamalungelo amagunya kukhusela amalungelo amancinane ngokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho qela linye elinokulawula urhulumente wonke. Ijaji, ngokukodwa, inendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni abantu kunye namaqela amancinane kwimithetho echasene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ijaji ezimeleyo ingenza umthetho ojolise amaqela angathandwayo okanye athintele inkululeko engundoqo. Imfuneko yokuba onke amasebe amathathu amele asebenzisane ekuphumezeni umthetho obophelele — iBhunga kufuneka liwudlulise, umongameli makasayine okanye angabi namagama afanelekileyo, kwaye iinkundla zimele zingawuchaphazeli phantsi — inokwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwenza amatyala amakhulu anzima ukumisela amanyathelo anzima. Oku kuthintela amanyathelo anzima. Oku kungumqondiso, hayi isiphene, yenkqumrhu.

Ucelomngeni Lokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Nangona ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kusisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi, kujongene neengxaki eziqhubekayo. Ukulawulwa kwezobupolitika, ukuphangwa kwezixhobo, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho, nokukhula kwephondo kunokwenza ukuba ulawulo lungasebenzi kakuhle kule nkqubo. Kubalulekile ukuba abemi bahlale bephaphile yaye bebandakanyeke ukukhusela le migaqo ekukhukulisweni.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nokungagunyaziswa Komthetho

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukwanda kokubekwa kwemiba yezopolitiko kukwenze kwaba nzima kwisebe lowiso-mthetho ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo. Iimfazwe zelinye icala zingakhokelela kwiqhina lomthetho, apho kungekho mthetho ugqithisiweyo, uthintela amandla karhulumente okuphendula kwimibandela enyanzelisayo. Xa iBhunga lingenakusebenza, kukho isilingo sokuba isebe elilawulayo lisebenze ngaphandle komyalelo wemigaqo yesebe, ulawulo, okanye izivumelwano zegunya lolawulo kwiinkqubo zangaphandle. Ngoxa ezi zenzo zinokuvunyelwa ngokwemiqathango, zingayekelela umlinganiselo wamandla kwilungu eliphezulu ukuba iBhunga alilisebenzisi igunya lalo. Ukwenziwa kwezocawanyange likwachaphazela ukuqinisekiswa kwemithetho egwebayo, ngaphandle kokujamelana nenkcaso elandayo kunye nokulibaziselayo, ezinokuthi zishiye phantsi kwenkundla ezilawulayo ezisebenzayo.

Ukufikelela okungaphezulu kunye nesenzo esingasetyenziswayo

Ngamaxesha athile, oomongameli bangazama ukwandisa amandla abo ngaphaya koko kuvunyelwa ngumGaqo-siseko okanye ngomqeqeshi olawulayo. Oku kungathatha uhlobo lwemiyalelo ebanzi edala inkqubo entsha ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho, ukubekwa kwemali efanelekileyo, okanye ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi yomkhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yogunyaziso. Ezi zenzo zingakhokelela ekungqubaniseni nomthetho kunye namasebe owiso-mthetho, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umva wesinyithi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yazimisela ukumelana neziphazamisi-mandla, njengangonyaka ka1950 [FLT: 0] ulutsha olusemaphepheni e-Tube. v. [FLTY:1], nto leyo eyathi ivingceka i-scibilili ye-awee windial ye-Cergeegeeges ngexesha lemfazwe yase-Korea. Noko ke, iintele ukukhusela kwezongagononga, njengoko kusithi sesizwe sinjalo, ingunxathelk) kwaye ingakhangeli kwiBhuluneli ephambili.

Ukuvela Korhulumente Wolawulo

Olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo lokwahlulwa kwamagunya lukwanda korhulumente wolawulo — uthungelwano olukhulu lwamasebe karhulumente amisela imithetho, anyanzelisa imithetho, kunye neempikiswano ezimandundu. La maqumrhu adibanisa imithetho, impatho-mthetho, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba ngendlela eya kubaphazamisa abalawuli. Imimiselo yemimiselo exhobisayo enamandla omthetho (amandla omthetho), iphengulula ukuthobeka nokuzisa izenzo zokunyanzelisa (amandla okubulala), kunye nokugcina amatyala okucombulula iingxabano (amandla omthetho). Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhasa esi sakhiwo phantsi kweemeko ezithile, kuyaqhubeka impikiswano yokuba kuhambelana nako kwamandla angokwesithethe emigaqo-siseko. Izigqibo zakutshanje, kuquka nalawo magosa alawulayo achaza imiqathangokwawo, kunye nemithetho ebonakalisa inkcubango ehlaziweyo.

Ukuzimela - geqe Kwingcinezelo

Ukuzimela ngokwayo kwejaji kuyimfuneko ukuze kuhlulwe amagunya, kodwa kuphantsi kwengcinezelo ekhulayo kumazwe amaninzi. Xa abadlali bezopolitiko behlasela iinkundla, besongela ukungathobeli abagwebi kwizigqibo ezingathandwayo, okanye bengavumi ukuthobela imiyalelo egwebayo, balulaza amandla ejaji okusebenza njengovavanyo olunentsingiselo kwamanye amasebe. Kwamanye amazwe, abalawuli baye bafaka inxaxheba kwiinkundla ezinamagunya, ngokunempumelelo behlola ikomiti egweba. Ukukhusela ukuzimela ngokwezigwebo akufuni kuphela ukukhuselwa okusesikweni okufana nobomi beshumi kodwa kwanesithethe sezobupolitika esihlonela umthetho nolwamvo lwawo naxa bengenamdla womthetho.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Kwindlela Esemhlabeni Wonke

Nangona inkqubo yeKhomishoni ingumzekelo owaziwayo kakuhle, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kukwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Iinkqubo zePalamente, ezifana nalawo ase United Kingdom, Canada, naseJamani, zinamagunya phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo nemithetho, kunye nomphathiswa wecabha elisuka kwipalamente. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo zisenawo amandla azimeleyo kwaye zihlola amandla olawulo oluphezulu, kuquka iivoti zokungaqiniseki, iimbambano, amaxesha ombuzo, kunye neenkundla zomgaqo-siseko. Amazwe amaninzi aye amkela iinkqubo ze-projekthi ezidibanisa amalungu omongameli kunye neemodeli zepalamenti. Ukuqonda ezi zimodeli zinceda ukuba umgaqo ongundoqo — ukuthintela ulwa kolawulo — kunokwenziwa ngeendlela ezininzi. Oko kungenziwangakuko ukulungiselela inkqubo ethile kodwa nokuba ngaba imiqatha yenkqubo ingummiselo eluncedo kusini nakukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Isiphelo: Ukukhusela Ikamva Lolawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Ukwahlukana kwamagunya ngumgaqo osisiseko wolawulo-demokhrasi onceda ekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye nokugcina inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano. Ukuqonda le ngcamango kubalulekile kootitshala nabafundi njengoko bebandakanyeka kubunzima bukarhulumente nembali. Umgaqo awuyo inkqubo egciniweyo yenkulungwane ye-18 — iyinto ephilayo, isebenza kulawulo lwale mihla efuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo nokhuseleko. Ingingqi eqonda indlela urhulumente wayo alungele ukuxhotyiswa ngayo kakuhle ukuba iinkokeli zayo ziphendule ityala, ukuqaphela xa igunya lisetyenziswa kakubi, nokukhuthaza utshintsho oluqinisa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ngokukhuthaza uxabiso olunzulu ngolwahlulo lwamagunya, singaqinisekisa ukuba izizukulwana zexesha elizayo zixhasa le migaqo yedemokhrasi ebalulekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukufundisa kungekuphela nje indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo kodwa isizathu sokuba yenzelwe loo ndlela — kwaye kutheni isengozini xa ulungelelwaniso luthe lwaguquka. Kwihlabathi apho ulawulo lolawulo olungqongqo lunyuka kwaye imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi iphantsi koxinzelelo lolawulo lwezulu olumiselwe, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kufanelwe yindlela entsha yokuqwalasela njengenye yezona zixhobo zisebenzayo ezakhe zaveliswa ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu nxamnye notyekelo lwamandla olungenakuphepheka.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwimbali kunye nokusetyenziswa kokwahlula amagunya, [[FLT:] iziko lomGaqo-siseko wohlanga linikela iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha zesebe ngalinye njengoko kuchazwe kuMgaqo-siseko we-U.. U.S. iinkundla zewebhsayithi[ zinika ushwankathelo lwendima yejudicariary kwinkqubo yovavanyo nolungelelwaniso. Abafundi bengcamango yezobupolitika bangangenelwa ekuhloleni [[FLT:]MANOU] iingxoxo zokuqala[FLT] njengoko kuboniswe kwi-SCalgon Encyclopedia of Philosophy.