Umgaqo wokwahlula amagunya umi njengenye yezona zixhobo zihlala zihleli nxamnye norhulumente ophathwe kakubi kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngokwahlula igunya phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, le nkqubo ithintela nasiphi na isiko elinye ekuqokeleleni amandla angathintelwayo. Eli lungiselelo lokwakha likhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linokwenza lingaphazamisi nalinye imimandla yolawulo lolawulo. Ukuqonda indlela okwahlula amagunya, iingcambu zawo zembali, kunye nobuchule balo bamaxesha okusebenza kubalulekile ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zihlale ziqinile nxamnye notyekelo lwedemokhrasi.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nesiseko Sezifundo Zenzululwazi

Isiseko sobuchule sokwahlula amagunya savela ngexesha loKhanyiso, ixesha apho iinkcubeko zezobupolitika zacel ’ umngeni ulawulo olupheleleyo zaza zafuna ukuseka iinkqubo ezaziza kukhusela abemi ekucinezeleni. Isithandi sobulumko saseFransi uMontesquieu, emsebenzini wakhe wempumlo Umoya woMthetho [, (1748]), wachaza eyona ndlela enempembelelo enkulu yalo mgaqo. UMontesquieu waphikisa ukuba ukunikela ingqalelo kumthetho, impatho, impatho yempatho, namandla egweba kwizandla ezifanayo ngokungenakuphepheka. Uhlalutyo lwakhe lwenkqubo yeBritane yale yayiseka ukuba amasebe afuna inkululeko eyahlukeneyo ajonge iinjongo.

Iingcamango zikaMontesquieu zabumba ngokunzulu abaQinisi baseMerika njengoko babeyila umGaqo-siseko wase-U.. uJames Madison, uAlexander Hamilton, noJohn Jay bazicacisa ngezi ngcamango kwiManyano zoBukhosi bamaPhepha, eziseleyo izibhalo ezibalulekileyo zokuqonda ingqiqo esemva kwesakhiwo somgaqo-siseko waseMelika. KuMbutho onguNo. 47, uMadison walumkisa ukuba "ukuqokelelwa kwawo onke amandla, ulawulo, isigqeba, kunye nejaji, kwizandla ezifanayo, nokuba yenye, okanye yenye, okanye yeyakhe, okanye yeyakhe, ingachazwa ngokufanelekileyo ingcacingela inkcaso yegunya.".

UJohn Locke waphembelela le njongo ngokubhala kwakhe ngesivumelwano sentlalo kunye nemfuneko yokwahlula umthetho kwigunya elilawulayo. Ulonyulo lwahlula phakathi kwamandla owiso-mthetho awenza imithetho namandla alawulayo awanyanzelisayo, ephikisa ngelithi ukuphathiswa kobabini kwiqumrhu elinye kuya kudala ingxabano eyingozi. Ezi ziseko zentandabulumko zanika isakhiwo sobugqeba bolawulo-siseko ehlabathini lonke.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Isebe Elisemthethweni

Isebe lowiso-mthetho libamba amandla okwakha, ukutshintsha, kunye nokubuyisa imithetho. EUnited States, iKhomishini yeBhunga isebenza njengesakhiwo se-bimeral kunye neNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi, nganye yenzelwe ukumela ii-contituences ezahlukeneyo nezilangazelelo. Indlu, enamagama ayo eminyaka emibini, ihlala ibotshelelwe kumnqweno oqhelekileyo, ngelixa amagama eBhathene eneminyaka emithandathu kunye nomelo olulinganayo kurhulumente ngamnye inika uzinzo kwaye ikhusela kwiintloko-nkulu.

IKhunga libala amagunya aquka irhafu, ukuboleka, ukulawula imali, ukusungula ii-ofisi zeposi, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, nokuwenza umgangatho ofanelekileyo nawo onke imithetho yokuphumeza la magunya. Ngapha koko ukubekwa komthetho, iBhunga linegunya elithe kratya kwisebe elilawulayo ngokuvalwa kwekomiti, uphando, namandla emali yemali. IBhunga liqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nokuqulunqwa kwezivumelwano, liyinika indima engqalileyo ekulungiseni isebe eliphetheyo namasebe ejaji.

Isebe lowiso-mthetho likwanegunya lokungagunyazi, livumela ukuba le Ndlu ibeke ityala kumagosa karhulumente kuquka umongameli ngolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho abaphosakeleyo, liqhuba iNdlu yeeNgwebo. Eli gunya lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola umGaqo-siseko nxamnye nezigqeba eziphetheyo, nangona oko kuthetha ukuba yindlela yalo yezobupolitika isebenza ngokuyintloko kwiimeko zokuziphatha okubi kakhulu.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo liphumeza lize linyanzelise umthetho karhulumente phantsi kokhokelo lukamongameli, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente noyintloko karhulumente. Iimbopheleleko zomGaqo-siseko zomongameli ziquka ukusebenza njengenkokeli yemikhosi exhobileyo, ukuxolela, ukwenza izivumelwano necebiso kunye nemvume yeBhunga, ukumisela amagosa kunye nabagwebi bephondo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka. Isebe eliphetheyo likwaquka umxhasi womongameli, amasebe eKhabhinethi, kunye namasebe amaninzi alawulayo alawula iindawo ezithile.

Oomongameli bale mihla baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yabalawuli, imemorida, kunye nezibhengezo zokwalathisa amasebe orhulumente kunye nokuzalisekisa inkqubo ephambili ngaphandle kokulinda ukuphunyezwa kolawulo olusemthethweni. Ngoxa izixhobo ezinjalo zivumela ulawulo olukhawulezayo, kwakhona ziphakamisa imibuzo ngemida yegunya elilawulayo. Urhulumente wolawulo uye wakhula ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwixesha leNew Deal, kunye namaqumrhu asebenzisa amandla oonontlalo-ntle kunye nomatshini wokulawula ngokuyila nokwenza ulawulo.

Amandla kamongameli unika uhlolo olungqalileyo kumthetho, ifuna ukuba iBhunga liququzelele intsebenziswano engaphezulu kakhulu emagumbini omabini. Le mikhosi yamandla ikhupha izicelo zowiso-mthetho ukuze itsale izivumelwano ezibanzi, ithintele iinkulu ezimxinwa ekumiseleni amanyathelo agqithisileyo. Ilungelo lolawulo oluphezulu kunye nezicelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe ziqhubeke zibonisa ukuxinezeleka phakathi kolawulo olusebenzayo kunye nemiqathangomGaqo-siseko wamandla olawulo oluphezulu.

Isebe Eligwebayo

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho lize lihlole ubugqeba balo ngamandla okuhlola isigwebo. INkundla ePhakamileyo, emiselwe liGatya III lomGaqo-siseko, ihlala kwincopho yenkqubo yenkundla yephondo, equka iinkundla zesiphaluka zezibheno neenkundla zesithili. Abagwebi bamaPhondo bamisela ukumiselwa kobomi babo bonke ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, beyikhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika nokuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwamanye amasebe.

Uhlolo lwezomthetho lwaqinisekiswa kuMarbury v. Madison (103), xa iJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall yamisa ukuba ngumsebenzi wesebe lejaji ukuchaza oko umthetho ukuko nokuphelisa izenzo ezingqubana nomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya livumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe imithetho edluliswe yiBhunga kunye nezenzo ezithatyathwa ngumlawuli ogqitha imida yezomGaqo-siseko. Ijajiji ekwayo ikwayiso yokucombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe, ukuchaza imimiselo yesizwe, nokukhusela amalungelo orhulumente.

INkundla Ephakamileyo isebenza ngendlela elandela inkqubo yokumiselwa kweliso kwaye iqiqa, nezigqibo zayo eziphethe igunya elibophelelekileyo kwinkundla yezomthetho yesizwe. Nangona iNkundla ingenakuqalisa okanye inyanzelise imithetho yayo, inkcazelo yayo ibumba imo ngokomthetho kuwo onke amasebe karhulumente. Inkqubo yokutyunjwa, ebandakanya ukuchongwa koomongameli kunye nokuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtlalo, iqinisekisa ukuba ijaji ihlala imele amasebe ezobupolitika ngoxa ilondoloza inkululeko.

Inkqubo yeepeksi nolungelelwano olusemngciphekweni

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano lwenza ulungelelwano olunamandla apho isebe ngalinye linokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwabanye. Isebe lowiso-mthetho lihlola umphathi ngamandla alo ukuphelisa ama-veto, ukuqinisekisa amadinga, izivumelwano ze-radiv, inkxaso-mali, kunye nokulawula kunye nokususa amagosa. Isebe eliphetheyo lihlola indlu yowiso-mthetho ngamandla anamandla, ukukwazi ukubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo, negunya lokunyanzela imithetho engakhethi kwiimeko ezithile. I-judicariary ihlola omabini amasebe ngokuhlola ikomiti ngokuhlola ikomiti egweba, ivakalisa izenzo ezingahambisani nokuchaza intsingiselo yemimiselo.

Imizekelo esebenzisekayo yeengqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano kwisenzo iquka ukwaliwa kweNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso, ukubekwa kwemiqathango yomongameli kumthetho obalulekileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikhupha imiyalelo yezolawulo engaphaya kwegunya lomgaqo-siseko, kunye nophando lombutho obhenca impatho-ntele. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza ngokuqhubekayo, ukwenza ukhuphiswano kunye nokucinga okuthintela izenzo zikarhulumente ezingxamisekileyo okanye ezikhohlakeleyo.

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuyasebenza kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo. IBhankaralism ifuna ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso zivume umthetho ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba inikwe umongameli. Oku kuhlola kwangaphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuba amatyala abonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi kunokukhethwa kwegumbi elinye. Iikomiti zeNkomfa ziyavisisana phakathi kweenguqulelo zeNdlu yeNdlu, ngokubhekelenye ngokulungelelanisa umthetho wokusulungekiswa.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukwahlulwa Kwamandla Kuthintele Urhulumente Ukuba Afikelele Kakhulu

Injongo yokuqala yokwahlula amagunya kukuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekulawuleni ngokupheleleyo phezu kolawulo. Xa igunya lahlulwe, akukho sebe linokwenza ngaphandle kwentsebenziswano okanye ukuvumelana kwabanye, lidala imiqobo yokwakha kumthetho ozikhetheleyo. Abahlali bangenelwa kweli lungiselelo kuba amaqela anokufuna isiqabu kwisebe elinye xa elinye ligqitha imida yalo.

Ukwahlukana kwamandla kukhuthaza ukuphendulana ngokuhambisa iimbopheleleko kumaziko ahlukeneyo. Abasebenzi bamasebe bangavavanya ukusebenza kwamasebe awahlukeneyo ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye isebe ngalinye kufuneka liphendule kuwonke wonke ngokwendlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhetha. Umongameli ujongana nonyulo lwesizwe rhoqo kwiminyaka emine, amalungu eNdlu amela unyulo qho qho kwiminyaka emibini, kunye nabaququzeleli bajongene nabavoti qho qho kwiminyaka emithandathu. Abagwebi bomkhosi, nangona benganyulwanga ngqo, bamiselwa ngamagosa anyuliweyo naqinisekiswa yiBharti, benika ukuphendula okungangqalathiswa kwedemokhrasi.

Umthetho uxhomekeke kukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngenxa yokuba imithetho kufuneka yenziwe liqumrhu elinye, inyanzeliswe linye, kwaye itolikwa ngelesithathu. Oku kuthintela naliphi na isebe ekubhaleni ngaxeshanye, ekuphumezeni, nasekufakeni imithetho, kunye nokufaka imiyalelo enokuthi itshabalalise ukhuseleko olusemthethweni kubantu ngabanye. Imiqathango yegunya likarhulumente iba nentsingiselo kuphela xa iinkundla ezizimeleyo zinokunyanzelisa ukuba zimelane namanye amasebe. Ngaphandle kokwahlulwa kwamandla, amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko aba ngamacebiso nje afanelekileyo kunokuba abophelele.

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane kunye nenkululeko yabantu isuka ngokwemvelo kumagunya ahlukeneyo. Abaphathi bendlu yowiso-mthetho abanakukwazi ukukucinezela lula ukungavumelani xa umphathi olawulayo esenokungavumi ukunyanzelisa imithetho ecinezelweyo okanye iinkundla zingawabetha njengengavumelaniyo nemithetho esesikweni. Imfuneko yamaqumrhu amaninzi ukuvumelana phambi kokuba inyathelo likarhulumente liqhubeke livelisa iindawo ezininzi apho amalungelo anokukhuselwa khona.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Lokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Imiyalelo yegunya nesenzo esingahambisaniyo

Oomongameli bale mihla baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukuphumeza iinjongo ezingenakuphumelela kwiBhunga. Ngoxa imiyalelo yabalawuli ikwimbali ende, umlinganiselo wabo kunye nobuninzi babo buye banda kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi oku kuphazamisa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwaye kunikel ’ ingqalelo kwisebe elilawulayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba imiyalelo yegunya iyimfuneko xa iBhunga lisilela ukuthatha inyathelo lokucinezela imicimbi yobuzwe. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwemiqathango esebenzayo yokulawula kunye neyo yemithetho-siseko luhlala lungapheliswa, ngezihlandlo ezithile iinkundla ezilawula imigaqo engaphaya kwegunya lomongameli.

Ulolongo loMgaqo-nkqubo kunye noLawulo

Ukubekwa kwemimandla yephondo kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ngakumbi ukuba iNgqungquthela iphumeze umthetho, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kuvunywe umlomo kwiimbambano ezinkulu zomgaqo-siseko. Kwimpendulo, iKhomishini iye yanika igunya elithe kratya amasebe aphetheyo, iwavumela ukuba azalise iinkcukacha zemithetho ebanzi. Ezi ntshumayelo zidlulisela igunya lokwenza imithetho kumagosa anyuliweyo, ziphakamisa inkxalabo ngokuxhomekeke kulawulo lwedemokhrasi nokukhutshwa kolawulo lweziko-mthetho. Imfundiso engagunyazigunyaziyo, emisela ukugqithisela iBhunga-mthetho, ithe ingakumbi yaphelelwa kodwa iye yabona umdla ohlazinziswe kubaphengululi abangomthetho nabanye abagwebi.

Izenzo Zomthetho Nezowiso-mthetho

Impikiswano ngendima efanelekileyo yejaji iyaqhubeka kwiipolitiki zale mihla. Abahlalutyi bezenzo zokugweba baphikisa ngelithi maxa wambi iinkundla ziyawugqitha umsebenzi wazo wokuchaza ngokwenza izigqibo ezifanele zishiywe kumasebe anyuliweyo. Abaxhasi bokuthintelwa kwezomthetho baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla zifanele zibambe izigwebo zemithetho ngaphandle kokuba ngokucacileyo zichasene nemibhalo esemthethweni. Inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa kwabagwebi bequmrhu elilawulayo iye yaqalisa ukuphikisana, ibonakalisa izithintelo eziphezulu ezibandakanyekileyo ekumiselweni kwekomiti egweba naxanduva ukuba iinkundla zisebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zikawonke wonke.

Ukuvela Korhulumente Wolawulo

Imisebenzi yowiso-mthetho, yegunya elilawulayo, neyokugweba idibanisa imisebenzi ecel ’ umngeni ukwahlulwa kwemigaqo yamagunya ngokwesithethe. Imigaqo yezongxamiseko enika imigaqo enamandla omthetho, inyanzelisa loo migaqo ngokuphanda nangezohlwayo, kunye neempikiswano ezizifungo zokungqinelana ngolawulo. Oku kuququkelelwa kwemisebenzi kuye kwakhokelela ekufuneni utshintsho, kuquka iingcebiso zolawulo lombutho, ukwandisa uhlolo lwezomthetho lwemibutho, kwaye ukuvuselela imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko kwintsebenziswano. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- iWest Virginia v. [[FLT:] 202] imiqondiso ehlazisiwe kulwando olutshayo lwezomthetho kwimiqathangokwamandla, ingakumbi kwimibuzo emikhulu yezoqoqo lezoqoqosho nezobupolitika.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomgaqo-siseko zizalisekisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Iinkqubo zomongameli ezifana ne-United States zihlala zahlulelene ngokungqongqo phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo kunye nemithetho, kunye nelungiselelo ngalinye elizimeleyo. Iinkqubo zePalamente, ezixhaphakileyo eYurophu nakwezinye iindawo, zikhupha amandla aphezulu olawulo kunye nemithetho ngokuba iNkulumbuso nekhathebhsayithi yemithetho itsalwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngoxa iinkqubo zepalamente zigxininisa ngamandla angakumbi, zigcina ukwahlulwa kwamandla ngokwahlulwa ngamasebe azimeleyo eejajidikhpilisi, yaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, iinkundla zemithetho ehlola umthetho.

I-German Basic Law imisela inkqubo ngeNkundla eqinileyo yezomGaqo-siseko yeFederal yezomthetho eqhelisela uhlolo olomeleleyo logwebo. IRiphabliki yesihlanu yaseFransi idibanisa umongameli onyuliweyo ngqo nomphathiswa ojongene nepalamente, idala inkqubo edityanisiweyo eye yatshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo ehamba ixesha. Amazwe amaninzi aye amkela iindlela zomgaqo-siseko ezizimeleyo ezifana namaqumrhu achasene nobo kungabikho komthetho, iikhomishini zamalungelo abantu, kunye neeofisi zesithethe ezisongezelela ukwahlulwa kwamandla kunye namaziko anokuphendula komntu othile.

Umthetho othelekisayo womgaqo-siseko utyhila ukuba ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuyondlela enye kodwa lulwahlulo lwamalungiselelo alungiselelwe ukukhusela ulawulo lwawo nawuphi na urhulumente. Amazwe aphuma kulawulo lolawulo oluphantsi kolawulo asoloko emisela ukuzimela komthetho kunye nohlolo lomgaqo-siseko njengendlela yokukhusela ukubuyela umva. Ugcino-mthetho lwezolawulo-demokhrasi kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo lubonisa ukuba umgaqo ongundoqo (*) onamandla okukhusela inkululeko-----anokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezininzi ngoxa kuphunyezwa iziphumo ezifanayo zokukhusela.

Ukukhusela Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya Esizukulwana Esizayo

Ukugcina amagunya ehlukene ngokuqhubekayo kufuna ukuphaphanyiswa okuqhubekayo kubemi, amagosa anyuliweyo, kunye nabagwebi. Izakhiwo zomGaqo-siseko zodwa azinakugcina inkululeko ukuba abadlali bezopolitiko abala ukuyihlonela imiqathango yabo. Ukuzibamba, ukuhlonela imithetho yenkundla, nokuvuma ukulalanisa kubalulekile ukuze inkqubo isebenze ngokunempumelelo. Xa le nkqubo iwohloka, isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko siyadodobala kungakhathaliseki ukuba amagunya ahlukene njani.

Imfundo ye-CUVIC inendima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Izakhamuzi eziqonda isizathu sokuba igunya limele lahlulwe zisenokwenzeka kakhulu ekuxhathiseni izicelo zegunya elisisigxina, kwanaxa kubonakala ukuba ukunikela ingqalelo kufanelekile. Inkxaso kawonke-wonke yeenkundla ezizimeleyo, ulawulo lowiso-mthetho, nokuphendula kolawulo oluphezulu kubangela ukuba abalawuli bawuhlonele umgaqo-siseko. Ukuhlolwa kwezenzo zikarhulumente kuwo onke amasebe kunceda ukubhenca ingxengxengxezo zezenzo zobugxwayiso nokwenza ngoluvo lukawonke wonke umntu.

Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko ngamanye amaxesha ziye zalungisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, njengoko kuchazwa ngokucokisekileyo kweMithetho yamashumi mabini anesihlanu kunye noHlaziyo loBunga-mthetho olucacisa ukulandelelana komongameli kunye noLawulo oluMatshi oluMatshi kumabinzana amabini. Olu hlengahlengiso lubonisa ukuba isiseko somgaqo-siseko sinokuguquka ngoxa sigcina isakhiwo saso esisisiseko. Naluphi na utshintsho lwexesha elizayo kufuneka luqwalaselwe ngenyameko ukuze kulondolozwe imisebenzi yokukhusela enikwa ngulo lwahlulo lwamandla.

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuhlala kungumgaqo osisiseko kuba kuxubusha ucelomngeni olusisigxina: indlela yokunika urhulumente amandla okufeza iinjongo ezidibeneyo ngeli lixa enqanda ukuba alawule abemi. Akukho sisombululo sigqibeleleyo esikhoyo, kodwa ulwahlulo lwegunya phakathi kwamasebe anezilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo nemisebenzi eyahlukileyo luye lwangqineke lusebenza ngokuphawulekayo kwiinkulungwane. Ulawulo-demokhrasi olugcina ulwahlulo olunamandla lwamagunya lubonelele inkululeko enkulu, uzinzo, kunye nempumelelo kunenkqubo ezigxininisa igunya. Ukuqonda nokukhusela lomgaqo-demokhrasi kusemgangathweni ozinzileyo kusemgangathweni ozinzileyo ekulondolozeni ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nxamnye nolawulo oluzinzo oluzinzileyo.