Ukunqongophala kwamanzi acocekileyo kuyakhula emhlabeni wonke, kuqhutywa kukwanda kwabemi, iimfuno zolimo, kunye nokuguquguquka kwemozulu. Ngenxa yoko, iinkqubo zokuthengisa ngamanzi ziye zavela njengesixhobo esintsonkothileyo sokwabela ubuncwane bamanzi ngendlela elungeleleneyo. Ezi nkqubo zinceda ukuthengwa nokuthengiswa kwamalungelo amanzi, ukujongela ukulungelelanisa nokunyanzeleka kokusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kweemarike zamanzi kuxhomekeke kumgaqo onamandla okhusela ukuma kobume bemekobume bemekobume nokufumaneka ngokulinganayo. Eli nqaku lihlola indaleko yendlela yokuthengisa amanzi, iindlela zokusebenza, ukufikelela komgangatho ophantsi, kunye nocelomngeni ezihambisana nokusetyenziswa kwazo.

Ukuqonda Ubuchule Borhwebo Lwamanzi

Imisebenzi yemarike yamanzi isebenza ngokumisela amalungelo acacileyo okusebenzisa amanzi asuka kumthombo othile. La malungelo angadluliselwa, aqeshwa, okanye athengiswe phakathi kwamaqela, edala intshukumisa yezoqoqosho kubasebenzisi yokulondoloza amanzi okanye ukwamkela inkqubela phambili. Umgaqo ophantsi kokokuba amanzi . "axhaswe ngokwesithethe] njengemali eqhelekileyo efumaneka njengexabiso elibonisa ukuswela kwawo, ukukhuthaza ulwabelo lwawo lwexabiso eliphezulu lokusetyenziswa. Le ndlela yentengiso isekelwe kumgangatho ophezulu ophezulu oyahlulweyo, apho izigqibo zenziwe ngamaziko karhulumente, ngokufuthi echaphazeleka ngokungqongqo okanye ngokusasa.

Ngokwendlela esetyenziswayo, iimarike zamanzi zifuna isiseko samalungelo empahla anyanzelekileyo. Ngaphandle kogunyaziso olusemthethweni, abathengi nabathengisi abanakukwazi ukurhweba ngokuzithemba, kwaye abanikeli-mali bayathandabuza ukuxhasa imisebenzi yokulondoloza indalo. Ngoko ke amagunya amaninzi aye ashukunyiselwa ukumisela amalungelo amanzi ngemvume okanye ngemvume okanye ngemvume echaza imiqulu, izinto eziza kuqala, kunye neemeko. La malungelo ahlulwa kumgangatho welizwe, awavumela ukuba athengiswe ngokwawo. Umzekelo, entshona ye-United States, imfundiso yangaphambili yokusetyenziswa koomatshini ivumela ukuthengwa kwamalungelo amanzi athengwa aze athengiswe lo gama nje engawaliseli abanye abasebenzisi okanye ukuhamba kwemekobume.

Iimarike zamanzi zixhomekeke kumlinganiselo ochanileyo kunye nojongo. Ii-asethi zokukhupha amanzi mazifakwe imitha, urhwebo lubhalwe phantsi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kufunyaniswe ukuthintela ukukhutshwa okungagunyaziswanga. Inkqubela-phambili kwimfono ekude, izikali ezihambayo, kunye nezithinteli-mva, ziphucula ukubonakala nokuncitshiswa kwexabiso lentengiso. Njengoko obu bugcisa busiba luncedo ngakumbi, ukufumaneka kwemisitalato yamanzi, kuvula amathuba okuthengwa kwengingqi nakweminye imimandla.

Iintlobo Zorhwebo Lwamanzi

Iimarike zamanzi zingacaciswa ngokwendalo yempahla ethengiswayo. Ezona zixhaphakileyo ziquka iimarike zamalungelo amanzi, iimarike zomgangatho wamanzi, kunye neeplatfomu zorhwebo ezinceda ukutshintshiselana. Nganye isebenza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwaye ibandakanya amaqondo ahlukeneyo okuntsonkotha.

Urhwebo Lwamalungelo Amanzi

Kwezi marike, i-asethi inelungelo elisemthethweni lokukhupha umthamo othile wamanzi ngexesha elichaziweyo. Amalungelo anokuba ngasisigxina (ukuthengiswa ngokufanelekileyo) okanye (ukuqeshwa kwexeshana). Iimarike zamalungelo amanzi zixhaphakile kwimimandla enomthetho wamanzi oqolileyo, njenge-Murray-Darling Basin, Chile, kunye nenxalenye ye-United States. Intembeko zifuna ukuvunywa liqumrhu elilawulayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukufuduswa akuphazamisani nabasebenzisi abakhoyo okanye ukukhutshwa kwemekobume. Ezi marikente zinceda abalimi ukuba bathengise izahlulo eziseleyo kwimimandla yasezidolophini ngexesha lembalela, belungiselela isixhobo esithambileyo sokulawula ukubola.

Urhwebo Lwamanzi Olusempilweni

Iimarike zamanzi ezisemgangathweni, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziimpawu zokuthengisa ngamanzi, iinkqubo zokunika idilesi yongcoliso endaweni yobuninzi. Kwezi nkqubo, umlawuli ubeka ibopsi kwizinto ezikhutshwayo (umz., nitrogen, phosphorus) kwisiqu samanzi. Iimvelaphi zongcoliso ezinokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kokungcola okubiza imali ephantsi zifumana ityala lomgangatho ngamnye wokunciphisa ungcoliso. Ezi ziyakwazi ukuthengisa ezi zinconywa kweminye imithombo ejongene nexabiso eliphezulu, ivumela ukusetyenziswa kokungcola okupheleleyo kuhlangatyelelwe ngandleko-malini. Imizekelo ebalaseleyo iquka i-Nutriadriating Trading Program kwiChea Bay ehn kunye neLong Wear Nichower trans. Ezi mpahla ze-ovecutting, iindlela zokuthengisa, kunye nolawulo lwezikhuthu.

Amanzi Ahamba Ngemixube

Ukutshintshisana okulungelelanisiweyo kunikela indawo ecacileyo nengathathi-nxaxheba ekuthengeni nasekuthengiseni amalungelo amanzi. I-platform ingaba yimigangatho yokutshintshiselana okanye intengiso ye-elektroniki. I-Nasdaq Veles California Water Index, endululwe ngo-2018, isebenza njengexabiso lokuphawula intsalela yamanzi akhoyo kwiNtlambo yaseKhalifoniya. Ngokufanayo, i-Mater Exchange (Ukutshintsha) kunye ne-i-Phondo ye-Phondo ye-Phondo i-Mater Revocesworce ivumela ukuthengwa ngokulingana nabathengi nabathengi, ukukhuthaza izivumelwano eziqhelekileyo, kunye nokusasazamfako. La maqonga anyusa ukupheka, anciphisa iindleko, kunye nokuxhasa ukufunyanwa kwexabiso, kwenza amanzi angenelwe ngakumbi ekufumaneni ngexesha lokwenene kunye neemfuno zemeko.

Ukusetyenziswa kwakhona Kwamaxabiso Amanzi

Ngaphandle komthetho ocokisekileyo, iimarike zamanzi zisengozini yokuphelisa ukungalingani, ukuphelisa ukukhutshwa kwemiqathango, kunye nenkqubo ethobhliweyo yezinto eziphilayo. Iinkqubo ezisebenzayo zokulawula zithetha kwiindawo eziliqela ezingundoqo: ukuchaza nokukhusela amalungelo empahla, ukuqwalasela nokusetyenziswa, ukumisela imida exhasayo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela asweleyo akashiywa.

Ukumisela Amalungelo Okutya Okutya

Amaqumrhu alawulayo kufuneka achaze amalungelo amanzi ngendlela ekhuselekileyo, ekwazi ukuhlaziywa, nedluliselwayo. Oku kusoloko kubandakanya ukubekwa kwemali esekelwe ekusetyenzisweni kwembali, ekufumaneni komsinga, kunye neemfuno zemekobume. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, amalungelo akhutshwa njengelayisensi enexesha elisusela kwiminyaka embalwa ukuya kwixesha eliphakathi. Imithetho ecacileyo yokuhlaziya, ukuhlaziya, nokulahlekelwa iyimfuneko ukuthintela ukuqokelelwa komba obeko nokuvumela utshintsho ekutshintsheni kweemeko zemvula.

Ukugada Ukusetyenziswa Kwamanzi Norhwebo

Abalawuli bafuna ugcino-lwazi olubanzi ekukhupheni amanzi, ekubuyeni, nasekuthutheni. Oku kuquka ukunyanzelisa ukunikela ingxelo, ukuva kude, kunye nophicotho-zincwadi lweendawo. EKhalifoniya, iState Water Resources Control Board igcina i-data ye-intanethi yamalungelo amanzi kwaye ifuna imvume yotshintsho oluninzi kwinjongo okanye kwindawo yokusetyenziswa. I-Bureaustrary of Meteorology ivelisa ingxelo yokuba imiqulu yemikhondo, amaxabiso, kunye nomsebenzi worhwebo. Ngaphandle kokuvela kwemiboniso, iimarike zisengozini yolwazi olungeyo, olungeyoyayonto, nenkohliso.

Ukubeka Imida Yokuthintela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi

Iimarike zamanzi ezizinzileyo zixhomekeke kwikepisi epheleleyo ehambelana nobukho bovimba obude. I-Caps idla ngokumiswa yimodeli yenqanawa ehamba emanzini kwaye ilungiswe ngokusekelwe kwingqikelelo yamaxesha okungaphambili, intelekelelo yemozulu, kunye nemfuno yendalo. KuMrray-Darling Basin, i-Australia imisela umlinganiselo wokhupholo olupheleleyo – i-Diversion Linel - eshwankathelwe ngamaxesha athile. Iintengiso zisebenza kule cap, ngoko ke urhwebo alwandiswandiswanga usetyenziso. Le ndlela ikhusela “indawo eqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo" kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba iimfuno zokuhamba kwemekobume ziyahlonelwa.

Ukuhamba Okuhlaziyayo Kwemeko - bume Kuyagcinwa

Enye yeengozi ezinkulu zokurhweba ngamanzi yile yokuba ingaphelisa amanzi angena emilanjeni efunekayo kwizinto eziphilayo, izidalwa eziphilayo, kunye nokuzonwabisa. Iinkqubo ezininzi zolawulo ngoko zibekela bucala amanzi amaninzi ngenxa yenjongo yokusingqongileyo angenakutshintshwa. Ezinye imikhosi zikwadala “intelelo yamanzi angundoqo.” Ezi meko zinceda ukuthenga amalungelo amanzi nokuwabuyisela emilanjeni, okanye zinyanzelisa ukuba indawo yamanzi athengiselweyo ihlale ihleli kumjelo. Umzekelo, kwiDeregon’s Deschutes River Basin, kufuduswe ekulondolozeni indalo.

Iingxaki Zokubuyiselwa

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo ezinokwenzeka, iimarike zamanzi zijongene nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwabadlali abakhulu kungayigqwetha amaxabiso kwaye kunciphise ukufumaneka kwabasebenzisi abancinane. Ukungalingani komnye umcimbi: abalimi abatyebileyo okanye amaqumrhu anokufumana amanzi ngendleko yemibutho yasemaphandleni, amaqela oluntu, okanye abantu abangenayo imali eninzi. Ngaphezu koko, impembelelo yemekobume yendalo isenokungabanjwa ngokupheleleyo kumaxabiso entengiso. Umzekelo, ukurhweba ngamanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwimimandla enamanzi atheneyo angakhokelela ekuncipheliseni okungenayo kwemijelo nemifudlana. Imigaqo eguquguqukayo ebandakanya igalelo, uhlolo-hlolo, uhlolo, uhlolo olubalulekileyo ekupheniseni ezi ngxaki.

Iingenelo Zorhwebo Lwamanzi

Xa ilawulwa kakuhle, iimarike zamanzi zinika iingenelo ezininzi ngaphezu kolawulo oluthe ngqo. Zinganciphisa ixabiso lezoqoqosho lodama ngokufaka amanzi akwindawo ekwixabiso eliphezulu, njengexabiso eliphezulu lezityalo okanye unikezelo lwasedolobheni. Ulondolozo luthe nangaphezulu kuba abasebenzisi banokufumana ingeniso kumalungelo amanzi angasetyenziswayo. Iimarike zamanzi zingakhuthaza ukuphuculwa, njengokuba abasebenzisi bezonyango lwenkcitho, ukudiza, ukukhutshwa kwemali, okanye ukuphinda kusetyenziswe kwamanzi ukuze kukhululwe amalungelo okuthengiswa. Ngokomzekelo, iColoradorado River, izitya zokuthengiselwa koo, iimali zexeshananini ezisetyenziswa ngabasebenzi bezolimo zorhwebo ezingenisa ingeniso ezibiza imali eninzi zincede izixeko ngexakeka abalimi abawayo.

Ngaphezu koko, iimarike zamanzi zinika iimpawu ezibonakalisa ukunqongophala kwamaxabiso, zikhuthaza ucwangciso lwexesha elide. Abangenisi beemali zamanzi, njengemithombo yemali okanye izityalo zonyango, banokusebenzisa amaxabiso entengiso ukuvavanya ukusebenziseka kweprojekthi. Ukubonakala kwe-data yorhwebo epapashiweyo kuxhasa uphando kunye noxilongo lwenkqubo, kunceda abalawuli bacombulule iindlela zabo ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Imizekelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yabathengisi Bamanzi

Australia – Umrray- Isiziba Esirhabaxa

I-Australia ijongwa njengenkokeli ekuphunyezweni kwentengiso yamanzi, ingakumbi kwi-Murray-Darling Basin. Ukususela ngo-1990, amalungelo amanzi aye akhutshwa emhlabeni kwaye athengwa ngokupheleleyo ngaphakathi kwebhedi. Inkqubo isebenza phantsi kwesakhiwo esizinzileyo sombuso kunye neengingqi ezizimeleyo kunye ne-Murray-Darling Baxin Ague Agulention. Umqulu othambekileyo uphezulu, kwaye amaxabiso amanzi asabela ngamandla kwiimeko zembalelane. Isicwangciso seBasin, esakhiwa ngo-2012, sibandakanya umlinganiselo ozinzileyo kunye namanzi ozinzileyo aphethe. Iingxaki, eziquka inkxalabo malunga nempembelelo yoluntu kunye nokuntluntlukwano lwe-Streating ngaphaya kwemidangalayelo eyingozi.

Idilesi _Ye-imeyili:

IChile yaseka intengiso yamalungelo amanzi ebanzi emva kwemithetho yamanzi ka-1981, eyanika amalungelo amanzi azimeleyo, ahlala njalo, nangawaphucukileyo. Imarike incede ukufuduswa kolimo ukuya ekusetyenzisweni kwemigodi nakusetyenziselwe ezidolophini, kwaye iye yakhuthaza ukuveliswa koshishino lwamanzi. Noko ke, abagxeki babonisa iindleko ezinkulu zentlalo nemekobume: abalimi abangenayo kunye nabantu bomthonyamamthonyama baye balahlekelwa kukufikelela emanzini, kwaye ukuncipha komlambo kuye kwenzeka kwezinye izitya. Amava eChile abonisa ukubaluleka kokuzikhusela kolawulo – ngaphandle kokulawula okunamandla, imikhosi yezorhwebo iyakwazi ukubeka ukungabikho kobugxwayo-mali kunye nokusingqongileyo.

United States – INtshona States

I-SGMA) iqhubela imimandla kulwahlulo lwamanzi akwindawo yemida yesizwe ekwindawo edibeneyo yemithetho karhulumente. IKhalifoniya ibone ukukhula komdla kwimisika ehambayo. Iprojekthi ye-Waterfix yacebisa ukuba kubekho inkqubo yokuthunyelelwa ngokuzithandela, ngelixa i-Sstantible GroundwaterDameter Management Act (SGMA) iqhubela imimandla ekufumaneni amanzi akwimarikelweyo. I-Oregon Water Trust yenza ukuba amanzi anciphe ukuze kubuyiselwe amanzi. Nangona inkqubela yenkqubela, ukusetyenziswa kwentengiso esemthethweni, indleko ephezulu, kunye nokunqongophala kwemiqatha yemiqathango yemiqathango kwiindawo ezininzi kuyaqhubeka ukumisela ukuphuhliswa kwemarike. Inyathelo lakutshanje elisetyenziswa ngumthetho we-Reclameation’sRTRT, inkqubo yenkxaso-mali, ixhasa iziphumo zoshishino zamanzi kunye nezixhobo zakutshanje zakutshanje.

UMzantsi Afrika – Utshintsho Lwamanzi

UMzantsi Afrika ulinge iimarike zamanzi njengenxalenye yolwahlulo olubanzi lwamanzi athengiselwe ukubuyiselwa kweemfuno ezisisiseko zembali. UMthetho weNational Water Act ka-1998 uvumela ukuba kusetyenziswe amalayisensi amanzi, phantsi kwemvume. Noko ke, ukuzalisekiswa kuye kwacotha, kwaye iMater Trading Prom equality isajikeleza. Izifundo ezingundoqo ziquka imfuneko yokubeka imfuneko yeemfuno ezisisiseko zabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo, kwaye ukuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu olucekelwe phantsi kwemigangatho yezo nqanawa lunokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimarike. Imigudu yokudibanisa ukurhweba ngamazwe amaqela amaqela abonisa ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo amanzi kunye nokulungisa intlalo-ntlalo.

Iindlela Nezindululo Zexesha Elizayo

Isizukulwana esilandelayo sezorhwebo zamanzi sisenokubunjwa bubugcisa bamanani, ukungaqiniseki kwemozulu, nokukhula kolwazi lwamanzi njengasekunene komntu. Izimvo ezikrelekrele, iliso lesatellite, kunye nezivumelwano ezisekelwe kwibloko ezinamandla ezisetyenziswa ngoomatshini abasebenza ngekhompyutha zingavumela urhwebo oluzenzekelayo, zinciphise ubuqhetseba, zinikeze ubalo lokwenene lwamanzi. Umzekelo, ukuqala okufana neWatropolis nePhos kuphuhlisa izichaphazelo ezidibanisa i-IoT kunye ne-software yokurhweba, ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba barhwebe ngamalungelo amanzi ngexesha lokwenene.

Enye intsingiselo kukuvela kweemarike zokusingqongileyo, apho imibutho yolondolozo okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente athenga amalungelo okunyusa umlambo. Oku kungadityaniswa nokuthengiswa kwamanzi acocekileyo ukuze kufunyanwe iinjongo ezininzi. KwiColorado River Basin, “INkqubo yokuSingisa iPilot Program” ihlawula abalimi ukunciphisa usetyenziso lwamanzi okwexeshana, namanzi agciniweyo agcinelwe indalo. Ezi zimo ze-projekthi zified zifinyeza umgca phakathi kolawulo lwamanzi lwabucala nolwabantu.

Utshintsho lwemozulu luza kunyanzelisa iimarike zamanzi ukuba zilungelelanise nokunyuka kwemisinga. Isomiso siya sisiba sikhulu kakhulu, ngelixesha izikhukula zinokuba namandla. Iintengiso ezidibanisa izivumelwano eziphambili, izivumelwano zokhetho, kunye nemveliso ze-inshorensi zinganceda abasebenzisi balawule umngcipheko. Ngaphezu koko, abalawuli kufuneka bamisele iikepisi ezithambileyo ezilungelelaniswa neemeko zamanzi, zivumele ukukhutshwa kwexeshana elifutshane ngeminyaka emanzi nemilinganiselo engqongqo ngexesha lokoma, logama ixesha elide ukulondolozwa kuqinisekisiwe.

Ekugqibeleni, kukho uqhubo olukhulayo lokudibanisa iimarike zamanzi kunye nocwangciso lwezibonelelo ezibanzi, kuquka ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, amandla, kunye nolimo. I-nexes yamanzi isondela ekuqondeni ukuba amandla afunekayo ukumpompa nokunyanga amanzi, kwaye amanzi asetyenziswa kwisizukulwana samandla ashushu kunye namandla ahamba emanzini. Iimarike zamanzi kunye nombane zinokuvelisa impumelelo ephawulekayo, ingakumbi kwiindawo apho impompo yamanzi yasemhlabeni ingumbane omkhulu othengwayo.

Isiphelo

Iindlela zokuthengisa amanzi zinikela isiqinisekiso, indlela esekelwe ekulawuleni ukuswela kwamanzi okukhulayo. Ngokudibanisa ixabiso emanzini kwaye kusenzeka kuthengiso, ezi nkqubo zingenza ukuba ulondolozo lwendalo luphuculwe, ziphucule impumelelo, ziphucule ubuchule bezoqoqosho, ziphucule nokumelana nemeko yezoqoqosho nezorhwebo. Noko ke, impumelelo yazo ixhomekeke kumthetho onamandla omisela amalungelo empahla, ukusetyenziswa, ukuqwalasela, ukukhutshwa kokukhutshwa kwemeko-ntle, nokukhusela ukukhutshwa kwemekobume yendalo. Amava e-Australia, iChile, i-United States, kunye ne-South Africa anika impumelelo kunye nentelekelelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimarike ayiyo i-pancea. Ngaphandle kokuzilungisa nokuphatha ngonono, anokunyusa ukungalingani nokuthomalalisa indalo. Njengoko ubugcisa kunye neengcinezelo zemozulu, iimari zamanzi ziqhubeka zinika amathuba amatsha, kodwa alungele ukulawulwa kwemeko-ooma, kunye nokulungele ukulawulwa kwemeko yentlalo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kumsebenzi we-OECD kumashishini amanzi kunye nokwabiwa , i- World Bank] ingqikelelo ye-makethe yamanzi[[[FLT:]], kwaye [[FLT:] ibonelela ngokunzulu [[FLT]] i-Murray-Darming Basin Ague ukwenzela umgaqo ongcono wokwenza. [Acadetic Banks kumaphepha afana [[FLT:]] izibonelelo zemali kunye nee-ezoqoqosho