Ukwazisa

Ukwazi amalungelo akho enkundla akuyonto nje yengcamango esemthethweni; kuyimfuneko ukuguqula iziphumo zetyala lakho. Ukuba ungummangalelwa, ingqina, okanye ummangalelwa, inkxaso efakwe kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu uphathwa kakuhle phantsi komthetho. Le ndlela ikhokela ihamba kwicala ngalinye eliyintloko oliphethe njengommi ngexesha lenkundla, ichaza oko likuthethayo, xa isebenza, nendlela yokuyisebenzisa kakuhle. Ukusukela ekunene ukuhlala uthe cwaka ukuya ekubhenceni kwisigqibo esiphosayo, ukuqonda ezi mpawu zifanelekileyo ukuze uqhube inkqubo yokusesikweni ngentembelo.

Ilayini esuka kwilayini ye Marcus

Ilungelo lokumelwe ligqwetha lelinye lawona angundoqo okhuseleko kumthetho. Ukuba umangalelwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho olunobungozi bokubanjwa, inkundla mayikunike igqwetha ukuba awukwazi ukufikelela enye. Eli lungelo lamiselwa ngokuqinileyo yinkundla ePhakamileyo [FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainwr [1963], ebambelele kwimithetho efuna ukumisela icebiso kubamangalelwa kwityala lefeliji. Umgaqo unyuselwe kwityala eliphosakeleyo elibandakanya ixesha lokwenene lentolongo.

Xa Iziqhoboshelo Ezisekunene

Ilungelo lakho lokumela ngokusemthethweni liqala ngexesha oqala ngalo ukukrokreleka entolongweni. Akudingeki ukuba ulinde de ubekwe ityala elisesikweni okanye usiwe kwityala. Ukuba ubanjiwe, unelungelo lokuthetha negqwetha ngaphambi kokuphendula nayiphi na imibuzo. Amagosa omthetho kufuneka akuxelele ngalaa lungelo phantsi kwe isilumkiso. Ukuba awunalo igqwetha, omnye uya kumiselwa ngaphandle kwendleko ngako ngako nayiphi na into enokuthi ikwenzele ukuvalelwa entolongweni.

Icebiso Lobuqu Nomthetheleli Kawonke - wonke

Ungaqesha igqwetha lobucala ngeendleko zakho, okanye ungacela umkhuseli kawonke-wonke ukuba uhlangabezana nemilinganiselo yokungafezeki kwemali. Amagqwetha obuqu asoloko enikela ixesha elininzi nengqalelo yobuqu, kodwa abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke bangamava asingatha ubuninzi bamatyala kwaye bayayazi inkqubo yenkundla yasekuhlaleni ngokusondeleyo. Lukhetho lungaqinisekisa ukuba unomxhasi oqeqeqeshiweyo onokucel ’ umngeni ubungqina, ukuxoxa ngokwenziwa kwezicelo, kunye neempikiswano ezikhoyo ngenxa yakho.

Oko Inyathi Yakho Ikukwenzela

Umelo olungokwasemthethweni ludlulela ngaphaya kokukuthethisa nje enkundleni. Igqwetha lakho liza kuhlola izityholo, lihlole ubungqina, lichonge iimpazamo zesithethe, linxibelelane namangqina, lize likucebise ngekhondo elingcono. Bangafaka iifayile ukuvala ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, amangqina aphikisanayo, kwaye liqinisekise ukuba urhulumente uhlangabezana noxanduva lwalo lokungqina. Ngaphandle kwegqwetha, usengozini kakhulu yokuphosa ukhuseleko olungokwasemthethweni oluchaphazekileyo okanye ukwenza iimpazamo ezingokwamvelo ezinokulonakalisa imeko yakho.

Ukujamelana Netyala Elifanelekileyo

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala elifanelekileyo lisiqinisekiso esibanzi sokuba kukho iinkuselo eziliqela ezikhethekileyo. Iqinisekisa ukuba ezi zingqiniso ziqhutywa ngokungakhethi, ukuba amacala omabini anethuba lokunikela ityala lawo, nokuba isigqibo sisekelwe kuphela kubungqina nomthetho. Eli lungelo likhuselwa yiSindululo seSithandathu soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kwaye libophelele iinkundla zorhulumente nowephondo ngoMgaqo-siseko we-14.

Ingcamango Yokungabi Nanto

Wonke umntu otyholwa ngetyala ucingelwa ukuba umsulwa de agwetywe enetyala ngokungenakuphikiswa. Lo mthwalo uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwityala; akufuneki ukuba ungqine ukuba awunatyala. Ukucingela ukuba abachopheli-tyala baqala ngokucinga ukuba awunatyala, kwaye umtshutshisi kufuneka anikele ubungqina obuqinisekileyo bokuphelisa loo mbono. Ukuba ubungqina bushiya nayiphi na into esengqiqweni, abachopheli-mgamsheli-tyala kufuneka bakufumanise ungenatyala.

Ilungelo Lokunikela Ubungqina

Unelungelo lokubiza amangqina ngenxa yakho, ukwazisa amaxwebhu nobungqina obubonakalayo, kwaye ungqinela ukhuseleko lwakho ukuba ukhetha ukwenjenjalo. Inkundla ayinakukuthintela ngokuphandle ekunikeni ubungqina obufanelekileyo obuxhasa ityala lakho. Noko ke, ubungqina kufuneka bubhalwe phantsi kwemithetho yobungqina, intsingiselo kufuneka bufanele ukuba bufaneleke, buthembeke, kwaye bungagxekwa kakhulu. Igqwetha lakho liya kukunceda ukwazi ukufumanisa nokulungiselela ubungqina obucacileyo.

Amalungelo Okuchasana NamaNgqina Ahlola Umnqamlezo

IsiHlanziso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokujamelana namaNgqina ngakuwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba ungawabona kwinkundla evulekileyo, kwaye igqwetha lakho lingawavavanya ukuba avavanye ukuthembeka kwawo, lityhile ukungangqinelani kwawo, lityhile nayiphi na imbono okanye intshukumisa yokuxoka. Ubungqina bendlebe obuyi-̬ iingxelo ezingaphandle zekhonto ezithenjiswe ukungqina inyaniso yento i̬ idla ngokuba ayinakusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuba ibekwe phakathi komahluko oqwalaselweyo, kanye ngenxa yokuba ayinakunganqamleza.

Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Ngokukhawuleza

Awunakubanjelwa ngokusisigxina xa urhulumente elungisa imeko yakhe. IsiHlanziso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuvavanywa okukhawulezileyo, okuthe ngokuqhelekileyo kuthetha ukuba ityala kufuneka liqale ngexesha elifanelekileyo emva kokubanjwa okanye ukugwetywa. Okuba sengqiqweni kuxhomekeke ekuntsonkothweni kwemeko nakweziphi izizathu zokulibaziseka. Ukuba urhulumente ubangela ukuba kulibazise kakhulu ngaphandle kwesizathu esihle, izityholo zingarhoxiswa. Umthetho weFreveral umisela imida yexesha elithe ngqo phantsi koMthetho we-Prinety Trial Act ka- 1974.

Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Kwetyala

Kwizono ezinzulu zolwaphulo-mthetho (abo bathwele isigwebo senyanga engaphezu kwesithandathu bevalelwe), unelungelo lokuba ityala lakho ligqitywe ngabachopheli-tyala boontanga bakho. Abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka bangakhethi buso, bakhethwe kwinkqubo evumela omabini amacala ukuba acel ’ umngeni abo banokugwetywa ngekhethe. Kwiimeko ezininzi zasekuhlaleni, ilungelo lokuchotshelwa likwakho, nangona lisenokungavunyelwa ukuba ityala lebheri lichotshelwe phambi komgwebi yedwa.

Ukukhuselwa ekuzichaseni

UMthetho wesihlanu wokuHlaziya ukukukhusela ekunyanzelweni ukuba unikele ubungqina ngetyala lolwaphulo - mthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba akunakunyanzeleka ukuba ume umelane nobungqina uze uphendule imibuzo enokukutyhola.

Oko Kugutyungelwa Lilungelo

Ilungelo elichasene nokuzimela ngokwakho lisebenza kubungqina obungqinayo, iintetho ezithetha ngamazwi, ukuvuma okubhaliweyo, okanye nasiphi na isenzo sokuthetha esinokutyhila ulwazi lobutyala. Ayibugubungeleli ubungqina obubonakalayo obufana noofinyams, iDNA, okanye i-explars. Kufuneka unxulumanise ilungelo; kodwa ukuhlala nje uthulile kusenokunganele ukuthintela urhulumente ekusebenziseni ukungathethi kwakho nxamnye nawe kwiimeko ezithile. Indlela ethembekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo limiselwe ngokucacileyo: i̴ I i-Premigmentalgation yam yesihlanu icela ukuba ihlale ithule. ”[FL:1]

Xa Ukwazi Ukuvelisa Ilungelo

Ungalicela ilungelo lakho ukuba limelane nokuziphikisa nangaliphi na ixesha lokuncinwa kwetyala, ngexesha lokubekwa kwetyala, okanye kwisikhundla samangqina ukuba ubungakuchanaba kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuba ukhetha ukungqina, ulisebenzisa ngokubhekiselele kwimicimbi othetha ngayo ngokungqalileyo, kodwa usenokungavumi ukuphendula imibuzo engaphaya kwengxelo yakho.

Ukuthula Njengobungqina

Urhulumente akanakusisebenzisa isigqibo sakho sokungathethi ngexesha lokuncinwa kwamapolisa okanye ukungavumi kwakho ukungqina ityala. Abatshutshisi abavumelekanga ukuba bathethe ngokuthula kwakho kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala, yaye abachopheli-tyala bayalelwa ukuba bangathathi nxaxheba kuyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenzisa ilungelo lakho lomgaqo-siseko akuthethi ukuba unetyala.

Ukwazi Ityala

Unelungelo lokwazi kakuhle oko utyholwa kuko phambi kokuba kuqalwe naziphi na iinkundla. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka anikeze uxwebhu olusemthethweni oluchaphazelekayo, olufana netyala okanye ulwazi, oluchaza ngokucacileyo amatyala athile, izintlu ezingomthetho ezimele ukungqinwa, kunye nesiseko esiyinyaniso sezityholo. Ityala okanye izityholo ezicacileyo ziyayichasana inkqubo efunekayo kuba zikuthintela ekulungiseleleni ukuzikhusela okwaneleyo kwaye zingakubeka engozini ephindwe kabini ukuba urhulumente kamva uzama ukukumangalela ngesenzo esifanayo.

Kuwe, inkundla iza kufunda izityholo uze ubuze indlela omangalela ngayo. Eli lithuba lakho lokuva izityholo ezichanileyo nokungena kwisibongozo setyala, ungabi natyala, okanye ungabi namdlalo. Ukuba ezi zityholo azicacanga, igqwetha lakho lingenza intshukumo yomthetho wento ethile, onyanzela umtshutshisi ukuba anikele iinkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Ilungile Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu neseshumi elinesine siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uya kuphulukana nobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho. Lo mgaqo ubalulekileyo ufuna ukuba imicimbi engokwasemthethweni iqhutywe ngokusesikweni, ngokungaguquguqukiyo, nangokuvisisana nemithetho emiselweyo.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkcazelo igxininisa ekubonakaliseni ubulungisa beenkqubo zomthetho ngokwazo. Kufuneka ufumane isaziso esaneleyo sezo ziganeko, ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa, kunye noMenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi buso. Oku kuthe kwathetha ukuba kufuneka uxelelwe malunga nemihla yenkundla kunye nexesha elimisiweyo, kufuneka uvunyelwe ukunikela ubungqina neempikiswano, kwaye ijaji okanye abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka bangagwebi. Ukuba ijaji inomdla wobuqu kwisiphumo okanye iye yaphenjelelwa luxinzelelo lwangaphandle, ungacela ukubuyiselwa.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo ephantsi ekukhuseleni kwisenzo sorhulumente esizikhetheleyo okanye esicinezelayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo. Imisela urhulumente ̱ amandla olwaphulo-mthetho lwehambo ethile ngaphandle kokuba kukho inzala karhulumente esemthethweni nemithetho ayicacanga ngokugqithisileyo okanye ingaphaya kwendlela. Umzekelo, umthetho oyenza ibe ngumthetho ukwenza into ngaphandle kokunikela isilumkiso esifanelekileyo ngoko kwalelweyo, uya kwaphula inkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi.

Ukukhuselwa Kwizinto Ezingekho Sikweni Nezingekho Mthethweni

UHlomelo lwesine lukukhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni okubangelwa ngurhulumente. Kwinkundla yenkundla, eli lungelo lidla ngokuvela xa umtshutshisi efuna ukuveza ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokukhangela umntu wakho, ikhaya, inqwelo-mafutha okanye izixhobo ze-elektroniki. Ukuba uphando luye lwenziwe ngaphandle kwemvume yaye alungeni kwimvume engaziwayo (ezifana neemeko ezikhoyo, okanye imbono ecacileyo), ubungqina busenokungapheliswa.

Igqwetha lakho lingabhala inyathelo lokucinezela ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Ukuba inyathelo livumelekile, ityala alinakusebenzisa ubungqina ekuchotshelweni kwetyala, nto leyo esenokubenza buthathaka ngokuphawulekayo. Umthetho wokuzikhulula usebenza njengesithintelo kukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo akho okuLandlwa kweMithetho yesine awaphulwanga ngaphandle kokuzisohlwaya.

Ukuya Kumbheno

Ukuba ugwetywa uze ukholelwe ukuba kukho impazamo engokwasemthethweni eyenzeka ebudeni betyala lakho, unelungelo lokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Le nkqubo yokubhenela asilotyala lesibini; kukuhlolisisa le ngxelo ukuze kubonwe enoba inkundla yetyala yenza iimpazamo ezichaphazela iziphumo.

Iziseko Zomtsalane

Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokubhena ziquka iimpazamo ekuvunyweni okanye ekususweni kobungqina, imiyalelo engachananga yenkundla yabachopheli-tyala, ukuziphatha okubi kwabatshutshisi, uncedo olungaphumeleliyo lwesiluleko, okanye isigqibo esichasene nobunzima bobungqina. Awunakubhena kuba nje ungavumelani nejaji i’ isigqibo; kufuneka uchonge impazamo ecacileyo esemthethweni. Inkundla ye-appellate iza kuhlola ingxelo, kuquka iirekhodi kunye nemifanekiso ebhaliweyo, kwaye iqwalasele imifutshane ebhalwe macala omabini.

Inkqubo Yezibheno

Ukuphawula isibheno kufuneka kubekwe ngokuqhelekileyo kwixeshana elifutshane emva komgwebo, iintsuku ezingama-30 kwinkundla karhulumente. Kuza kufuneka ungenise impikiswano emfutshane ebhaliweyo yokuba kutheni inkundla yetyala iphambuke, kwaye ityala liya kufaka ifayile yempendulo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, inkundla ye-appellate iza kuva iimpikiswano zomlomo ngaphambi kokukhupha uluvo olubhaliweyo. Inkundla ingaqinisekisa ukumangalelwa, iguqulela, okanye ilungise ityala elo lityala ngetyala elitsha. Ukuba ulahlekelwa kumgangatho ophakathi, ungakwazi ukubongoza inkundla ephakamileyo kwilizwe lakho okanye kwinkundla ye-U.

Isicwangciso sokuLungisa

Ukuba inkqubo yezibheno iphelile, ungaqhubeka usukela isiphumlisi sasemva kokuququzelelwa ngesixhobo sokukhupha i-habeas corpus okanye intshukumo yokushiya isigwebo. La mayeza alinganiselwe ekuthetheni ukuba yimithetho egqwethekileyo yomgaqo-siseko okanye ubungqina obutsha obungenakuvela ekucinyweni. Iziphumo zesiphelo zingqongqo kakhulu kunezicelo ezithe ngqo, kwaye amaxesha okumiswa kwemini asoloko engqongqo kakhulu.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okukhusela Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kusisiqingatha sedabi. Kufuneka wazi ukuba ungawasebenzisa njani ngokunempumelelo. Nawa amanyathelo aluncedo onokuwathabatha ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo akho akhuselwe kuyo yonke inkqubo engokwasemthethweni.

  • Ungapheli de ube negqwetha. Musa ukuxubusha ngetyala lakho nomnye umntu ngaphandle kwegqwetha lakho, kuquka amagosa omthetho, amabanjwa odwa, okanye abahlobo. Urhulumente wobuqhetseba, i-̴ ndifuna ukuthetha negqwetha lam kuqala, i” ndize ndingathethi nto ngokubhekele phaya.
  • Bhala yonke into oyikhumbulayo. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba uvalelwe okanye imbonakalo yenkundla, bhala phantsi iinkcukacha ngexesha zisanda engqondweni yakho. Quka amaxesha, imihla, amagama, namagama achanileyo asetyenziswa ngamagosa okanye abatshutshisi. Le ngxelo inokuba luncedo kwigqwetha lakho.
  • Gcina iikopi zawo onke amaxwebhu. Gcina onke amaphepha anxulumene netyala lakho, kuquka ukunyanzela amaxwebhu, izinto zokufumana, imiyalelo yenkundla, kunye nonxibelelwano. Zifake kwincwadi yesandla okanye kwiqhina kwaye wabelane ngawo negqwetha lakho.
  • Musa ukuwalahla amalungelo ngaphandle kwecebiso lomthetho. Ungasayini umchasi wamalungelo akho, vuma ukuphendla, okanye vuma isibongozo ngaphandle kokubuza igqwetha lakho lokuqala. Xa uthe wawarhoxa, amalungelo amaninzi akanakuhlawulelwa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Buza imibuzo enkundleni. Ukuba awuqondi into eyenzekayo, buza igqwetha lakho. Musa ukoyika ukufuna ingcaciso; inkqubo esemthethweni intsonkothile, kwaye abagwebi balindele amagqwetha ukuba akhokele abaxhasi babo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Yenza igqwetha lakho nakweyiphi na imbambano. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwe, xelela igqwetha lakho ngoko nangoko. Bangenza into, njengokufaka intshukumo yokucinezela okanye ukuphakamisa ityala lokuziphatha okubi komtshutshisi.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo achazwe kweli sikhokelo asisiseko senkqubo yokulawula enenjongo yokuphatha wonke ummi ngokufanelekileyo, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yakhe okanye uhlobo lwezityholo abekwa kuzo. Ukususela kwixesha odibana nalo nomthetho ukuya kutsho kwiqondo lokugqibela lokubhena, ukhuselwa zisiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko sokuba uqingqe igunya likarhulumente kwaye ukhusele umntu ngamnye. Ukuqonda la malungelo nokuyazi indlela yokuwasebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo kukukhusela kwimpatho engekho sikweni. Ukuba unokuzifumana ujongene nomthetho ofanelekileyo, ukhusele umelo olusemthethweni, uhlale ulufundile, kwaye ungaze uthandabuze ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko oluvelayo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, qwalasela uphando lwezibonelelo kwi yeMelika yeSikolo soLuntu soMgaqo-siseko we-, i-[FLT] iMelika Bar Association, kunye ne [[[FLT:] Icandelo lolwazi loMthetho weSikolo se-Cornell . Le mibutho inikela inkcazelo entsonkothile ngamalungelo akho nohlaziyo kwimithetho yenkundla ebalulekileyo echaphazela inkqubo yokusesikweni.