Ukumiselwa Kwangaphambili Nesicwangciso Somthetho Sezigqibo Zomtshato Ezinokuthanani Nokuziphatha Okubi

Ubuqaqoba buyenye yezona ndlela zinempembelelo kodwa zidityanisiweyo ekutolikeni komGaqo-siseko kumthetho waseMelika. Kwingxoxo emalunga nomtshato ongokwamanyala, iingcinga zokuqala zimiselwe ukuba zibe lucelomngeni kwaye zikhusele ukuqwalaselwa kokulingana komtshato njengelungelo lomgaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda indlela inkqubano esetyenziswa ngayo ngqangiselwano ./ukuqonda indlela abaxhasi bayo abaphikisana ngayo ukuze baqonde indlela esemthethweni yokulawula eyavelisa izigqibo ezifana ne Obergecfell v. Hods (20) kunye namalungelo eqhubekayo engqongileyo iLBTQ.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iimfundiso ezingundoqo zobuNtloko, ukusebenza kwalo kwiSicwangciso soMgqibelo seshumi elinesine soMsebenzi woMsebenzi oBanzi noKhuselo luka-Claus, uninzi kunye neembono eziphikisanayo kwi -Obergefell[, kunye nengxoxo ebanzi yolwazi malunga nokuba imvelaphi ingaluvumela na uluvo oludityanisiweyo lwenkululeko nolulinganayo.

Ukuqonda Ubungqina Bokuqala: Umbhalo, Ukuququzela Nentsingiselo Kawonke - wonke

Ubuqaqoba asiyomfundiso enye, efanayo. Buquka iindlela ezininzi ezinxulumeneyo ezidibanisa isibopho sokulungisa intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko ngexesha lolwakhiwo. Imisonto emibini elawulayo yinjongo yokuqala kunye nentsingiselo kawonke-wonke.

Intsingiselo kawonke-wonke yantlandlolo

Injongo yokuqala ifuna ukuqonda iinjongo ezisisiseko zezikhephe kunye nezikhonkwane. Abahlalutyi baphawula ukuba le ndlela ixhomekeke kwiirekhodi zembali ezingaphelelanga kwaye inyusa iimbono zeqela elincinane eliphambili ngolwazi olubanzi lukawonke-wonke. Ubuchule bokuqala boburhulumente, ngokuphikisana, ihlola indlela umntu osengqiqweni ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo anokuba waqonda ngayo umbhalo wesiseko. Le nguqulelo, exhaswe nguJaji Antonin Scialia kunye nabaphengululi abanjengo Randy Barnett, inqanda imigibe yokuhlalutyo olusekelwe kwinjongo yoluntu xa isaqhubeka isenza utoliko lomhla osisigxilo lwembali.

Zombini ezi ndlela ziyavumelana nesiseko: intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ayiguquki ngezithethe ezigqwethekileyo. Ukuba ilungelo lalingaqondwa njengelikhuselweyo ekuqaleni, abagwebi akufunekanga balidale ngokutolika. Le nkcazelo ingqubana ngqo nokuqiqa oku [[FLT: 0]] Obergefell[.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukungatshati Kubalulekile Emtshatweni Ofanayo

ISinyuso seshumi elinesine soMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo, esagunyaziswa ngo1868, siqulethe i-Unit Process Claus (naliphi na iLizwe liya kumhlupha nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho”) kunye ne-Momeal Protection Claus (“nakanye uLandula nabani na onegunya lokulawula kwakhe ukukhuselwa okufanayo kwemithetho”). Abameli bomtshato ngokufanayo-okanye baphikisa ngelithi la mabinzana aqinisekisa ilungelo elingundoqo lokutshata nezibini ezidibeneyo. Uqobo wabuza: ngaba bawaqondisi-ratifisi boMphengululi we-145th Amendsmend bakuqonda “ok'okanye ukhuseleko olulinganayokukhusela imigaqo-dex ? Impendulo, kubaninzi lwakuqala, ayinjalo kodwa ayisosiphelo sophenyo.

Imeko yembali: Ukusuka kwiDOMA ukuya kumoya

Idabi elisemthethweni ngaphaya komtshato osisini omnye aliqalanga bergefell. Labunjwa ngamashumi eminyaka empiliso, umthetho, kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke olutshintshayo.

ISivumelwano soMtshato (1996)

ICandelo ladlulisa iDOMA ngowe-1996, lichaza umtshato njengeqhina lendoda nomfazi omnye. Icandelo 3 leDOMA lala ukuvunywa komtshato ongokwesini owenziwa ngokusemthethweni kumaphondo lawo ayewaqeshile ngokusemthethweni. Eli nyathelo layimpendulo engqalileyo kwisizathu sokuba iHawaii okanye amanye amazwe aya kuvuma ukuba umtshato ongokwamatyala afanayo kwaye axhobise iingenelo zikarhulumente phantsi kweSikhundla sokholo noCresable Claus.

[[UMTL:0] United States v. Umoya (2013)

Kwisigqibo esingu-5-44, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa iCandelo 3 leDOMA njengokwaphulwa kwemigaqo efunekayo yeNkqubo yeDemendu yesihlanu esetyenziswa kurhulumente wezwelonke. IJaji Kennedy yagxininisa ukuba injongo yeDOMA “kukwahlukana nokungonakalisa” izibini ezingokwasemgangeni, ngaloo ndlela ibeka “isestigma” kulwalamano lwazo. Isigqibo asizange sigunyazise ukuba kubekho ukunyaniswa komtshato ongokwesini, kodwa samisela iqonga elilandelayo lokwahlula.

Ii-critiques zoqobo ze- windreor ezijolise ekungabinikho kobungqina obungokwembali bokuba inkululeko yoMgaqo-nkqubo weNhlanu yayiqondwa ukukhusela ulwalamano olufanayo lobudlelane. Ukungavumelani kukaJaji Scalia kwatyhola uninzi lokuseka ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuba “abantu base-United States babengazi nokuba babekwiMgaqo-siseko.”

Obergefell v. Hodges: Isigqibo sophawu

obergefell v. Hodges, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi, ukuLandliswa kweMiqathango kweshumi elinesine kufuna ukuba onke amazwe avumele imitshato phakathi kwabantu besini esinye nokuqaphela imitshato efanayo engokwabelana ngokwesini eyenziwa ngokusemthethweni kwamanye amazwe. Uluvo oluninzi, kwakhona olubhalwe nguJaji Kennedy, lusekelwe kwiintsika ezimbini: inkqubo efunekayo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo.

Ingqiqo Ebalaseleyo Yabo

IJaji Kennedy yachaza ezine “iimvelaphi nezithethe” ezibonisa uhlobo olusisiseko lomtshato: (1) ilungelo lobuqu lokuzikhethela ngomtshato lizalwa kwingcamango yokuzimela ngokwabantu ngabanye; (2) umtshato uxhasa umanyano lwabantwana ababini olungafaniyo nezinye; (3) lukhusela abantwana kunye neentsapho; kwaye (4) lululo lwesiseko solungelelwaniso lwentlalo-ntle. Wandula ke wagqiba kwelokuba le migaqo isebenza ngokufanayo kwizibini ezingoonobufana, ngenxa yokuba “ilungelo lokutshata lilungelo elingundoqo kwinkululeko yomntu, kwaye phantsi kweMgaqo-siseko kunye noKhuselo olulinganayo lweziBiblias wesiGeneth Rempleteementation izibiers zesiNgqubo esinye sesini esifanayo.

Kwakhona inkoliso ayizange ivume ingcamango yokuba ingcaciso yomtshato kufuneka ijongwe ziinkqubo zedemokhrasi okanye ishiyelwe kumaphondo, isithi “amalungelo obuqu asenokungangeniselwa kwivoti; axhomekeke kwisiphumo sokungabikho konyulo.”

Ukungavumelani Kwamandulo

IJaji ePhakamileyo uRoberts, uJaji Scalia, uJaji Thomas, neJaji uAlito nganye yabhala iimpikiswano ezahlukeneyo. Zone zamkele ingqiqo yokuqala ngeqondo elingafaniyo.

Impikiswano yomthetho wobuJustice Scalia yayingoyena uphambili. Waphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko “akaqinisekisi lungelo lokungena kumtshato osisidibi” kuba“ akunakuqala ukufunda ilungelo lokutshata ngokulinganayo kuMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine.” Scalia wagxeka ukuxhomekeka kwabaninzi ku“ingcamango ekhululekileyo, elumkisa ukuba ibiya kubeka iNkundla kwityala kwisityholo sikarhulumente wabantu, hayi imithetho.”

Ichaphaza lika-Thomas u- yagxininisa ukuba intsingiselo yokuqala ye- “liberty” kwi-Claus yeNkqubo elindelekileyo yayilinganiselwe kukukhululeka ekuzibambeni umzimba. Waphikisa ngelithi uninzi luguqule inkululeko ibe “incwadi yokuchaza umtshato nokuba ubani ubona kufanelekile,” imbono ayibhekisa ekuphelisweni kwengcaciso yomthetho eqhelekileyo.

IJaji ePhakamileyo uRoberts yachaza ukungavumelani kwakhe ngokubhekiselele ekuthinteleni kwetyala nakwimida yemizekelo. Waphawula ukuba “ukwanda kweNkundla kwempikiswano yokuzalana komtshato onxulumene neentlobano zesini kuphawuleka kakhulu ukuba inqongophele ukuba izibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwabelana ngesondo zisengozini kakhulu kunezibini ezichaseneyo zokuzala abantwana."

Justice Alito waphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko “awuthethi kwimbambano yomtshato omnye,” kwaye umbuzo ufanele ukuba ushiyelwe kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Walumkisa ukuba esi sigqibo siza kuba neziphumo ezifikelela kude zenkululeko yonqulo nenkululeko.

Ingaba Ikhowudi yobuntsundu iyakwazi ukutshata nokwabelana ngesondo?

Ngelixesha iimpikiswano ku [[FLT: 0] Obergefell zisoloko zicatshulwa njengendawo epheleleyo yoqobo, inani elandayo labaphengululi liphikisa ngelithi uqobo "" ngokungaqhelekanga aluqondwa ngokusondeleleneyo "ukutshata okungokobuni obufanayo. Aba “bakhuseli bakuqala” be be-Obergefell[ baxhomekeke kwiimpikiswano eziliqela.

Indlela

Ezinye izazi zobuhlanga, njengoNjingalwazi uSteven Calabresi, zithi intsingiselo yokuqala yeQeqesha Elilinganayo uCelale iyalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisini. Ekubeni imigaqo esekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo isoloko inxulumene nesini, baphikisa ngelithi imithetho esusa izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo ezifanayo iluhlobo oluthile localulo lwesini. Ngaphantsi kwalo mbono, i-Compality Protection Claus ekwakuqondwayo ngaphambili ibiya kuyiphelisa loo mithetho, nokokuba abafaki bengazange bacinge ukuba bathathe ulwalamano olune-yo lwesini.

Indlela ehamba ngayo

Enye impikiswano ifumana kwintsingiselo yasekuqaleni yelithi “iQuery.” UNjingalwazi Randy Barnett, ophambili kwimvelaphi yangaphambili, uthe wacebisa ukuba ulwandiso lweNight, ludityaniswe namalungelo omntu okanye u-Immunion Claus, lukhusela inkululeko yobuqu enzulu. Ngexa uBarnett engaxhasi ngokupheleleyo [[FLT: 0]] [[FLT: 1] , ucebisa ukuba ilungelo lokutshata nomntu wokhetho lwakhe lisenokuba yinkululeko enkulu, ukuba nje ingaboniswa ukuba “ingcambulo enzulu kulembali nesithethe sohlanga."""[FLT] [FLT:] [12], uthe wawisa [FL:] u-FT] u-FT] uthelela mtshato othe ngqo ngenxa yokuba umtshato othe ncam obufanayo, kodwa ungabalulekangaluvo lwabanye abantu abaziwayo, uBar noluthi `Bar."

Ubuntsundu kunye “nomGaqo-siseko ophilayo”

Indlela yesithathu, maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba “iindlela zakudala zobuGaqo-siseko,” ikholelwa ukuba umbhalo uquka imilinganiselo ethile eguqukayo njengoko ibutho lifumana ulwazi olutsha. Umzekelo, ukwalela kwe-Eighth Amendment (ukungalawuleki) kwakuqala kwaqondwa ukuthintela isohlwayo esiphazamisa imilinganiselo egqwethekileyo. Abanye abaququzeleli bembali baphikisa ukuba inkululeko kunye nokulingana koMgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine ngokukwanjalo kuqulethe ulwimi oluvulekileyo oluza kusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezintsha. Le mbono ididaba into yokuba ubuQulhalo busoloko bungalungisileyo okanye buqalisiwe.

Ucelomngeni Neziqu Zobuhlanga Kwingxoxo Yomtshato Oneemvakalelo Ezingafaniyo

Ukugxeka izinto kwangaphambili kujongwa njengokugxeka okuphawulekayo, okuvela kwibutho elingokwasemthethweni nakumamela ezinye iindlela zokutolika.

Ingxaki Yobungqina Bembali

Abahlalutyi bathi ingxelo yembali isoloko ididane. Ukuchaza “intsingiselo kawonke-wonke yantlandlolo” okanye“ ukhuseleko olulinganayo” ngo-1868 kunzima kakhulu. Abahlohli babengenanjongo ithile ngomtshato osisini-sokuziphatha okufanayo. Abathathi bemincili abathi uHlaziyo lweMpanzi-145 lungawufaki umgaqo omnye wokuzimela, otheth ’ ukukrokra.

Ukuqala Kwangaphambili Nokuqalisa

Ubalo-magama asiyondlela yokuthetha yonke okanye yokungena. Abaninzi abaququzeleli bamkela indima yemodeli ekuzinziseni utoliko olusemthethweni. Umzekelo, uMahluleli Scalia wovota ukuxhasa Roe v. Wade phantsi kwe-scheme decisis nangona ekholelwa ukuba isigqibo sigqitywe ngokuphosakeleyo. Ukuphindwa kwe [FLT:] Obergefell[, umfundisi wakuqala ozimiseleyo angavuma ukungqubana kwesigqibo ngentsingiselo yokuqala kodwa noko ke wamkela njengomthetho olungisiweyo. Lo ngxaki ingumxholo ophindwayo kwimfundo yantlandlo.

Ukufaneleka kokuHlaliswa koMgaqo-siseko

Izazi ngentlalo-phambili zisoloko ziphikisa ngelithi ukuba ibutho labantu lifuna ilungelo elingakhuselwanga ekuqaleni, kufuneka liphelise umGaqo-siseko, ungaxhomekeki kwinkqubo yokutolika yezomthetho. Le ngxoxo ilawula ukungavisisani okukwi [[FLT: 0]] obergefell[. IJaji eyintloko uRoberts yaphawula ukuba “abaxhasi bomtshato omnye-wonke baye baphumelela kakhulu ngenkqubo yedemokhrasi” kwaye ukungenelela kweNkuntlungela kwaso yaso kunqumla loo nkqubo.

Abachasi bale mbono babonisa ukuba inkqubo yokulungisa inzima kakhulu (ukufumana kwakhona isibini sesithathu sezindlu kunye neekota ezintathu zeendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente), kwaye amalungelo amancinane aye akhuselwa ngokwembali ziinkundla naxa ayengenankxaso ethandwayo. Uxinezeleko phakathi kobuBhosari kunye namalungelo amancinci ahlala engalungiswanga.

Inkululeko Yonqulo Nemiphumo

Kusukela obergefell, ukuqiqa kwantlandlolo kuye kwabhencwa kwiimeko ezilandelayo ezibandakanya ukungavumi ukungenela umkhosi wonqulo. Isikhonkwane se-Mastickhop, Ltd. Colorado Comvil Commission Rights [ [2017], iNkuphembelela inkundla esezantsi yomlo, endaweni yoko ilawula ukuba ugunyaziso lubonise ubutshaba elunqubeni. Iimpikiswano zoqobo zicinezelwe kwimicimbi ebandakanya imithetho ye-lokhwela ne-Free Execrence Claus. Ukuqhubeka kokuvavanywa kwamalungelo afanayo kunye namaqabane onqulo aqhubeka nokuba ngaba lunokuqhubeka naxandulo ukuba ukuvavanyanisa iimbono zomthetho zahlukahlukeneyo zomthetho.

Isiphelo: Indima Yobuntsundu Kwikamva Lomgangatho Womtshato

Ingxoxo ngemvelaphi kunye nomtshato ofanayo ayiyombali nje; isoloko isebenza njengoko kuphakama imibuzo emitsha. Umzekelo, ngaba intsingiselo yantlandlolo ye-Curreate Procesme Claus ikhusela ilungelo lomntu lokutshata neentlobano zesini eziqinisekisiweyo? Ingaba i-Exlimable Protection Claus Protection iyalwalela ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini ngokwesini kwiindawo ezingaphaya komtshato, ezifana nokufumana umntwana, umsebenzi, okanye indawo yokuhlala?

Okuvela kuncwadi lwamandulo lucaciswe ngakumbi kunamalungelo amabini “obuGBTQ obuqhelekileyo ayawulwa umtshato ongokwabelana ngesondo” okanye“ umthetho wakudala uyawuvumela.” Le ndlela ifuna uhlalutyo locoselelo lombhalo, imbali, kunye nemizekelo. Njengoko isikolo esisemthethweni siqhubeka sicombulula ingcamango yemvelaphi yantlandlolo, isimo seLGBTQ phantsi komGaqo-siseko siya kuhlala singumthombo ongqinayo wendlela intanda-ntanda-bulumko yokulungisa amalungelo akhoyo ngaphandle kokulahla isiseko sawo. Ukuqonda ezi mpikiswano kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda imigaqo enzulu yemithetho esisiseko exhasa eyona mpikiswano yethu engomthetho.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga umGaqo-siseko ocacisiweyo kwi 144th Amendment, Justice Scalia’s 'imvume e-Obergefell[, kunye ne-Randy Barnett [[FLT]] ekwiSiphendu sakuqala nenkululeko [[FLT:]]. Iimbono ezongezelelekileyo zinokufunyanwa kuSteven Calbresi's [[FLT:]'] yeyokuqala neyokwahlukana ngokwesini [FLT] kunye noMicCColls's [FLT]