Ukuqonda Ulwalamano Phakathi Koorhulumente Basekuhlaleni Noorhulumente

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayadlelana ngolwalamano oluntsonkothileyo noluxhomekeke kubomi bemihla ngemihla kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Ukusukela kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke ukuya kwiinkonzo zongxamiseko, ukulondolozwa kweendlela ukuya kwimpilo kawonke-wonke, izigqibo ezenziwa kula manqanaba mabini karhulumente zichaphazela izigidi zabantu baseMerika. Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente bengingqi kunye noorhulumente abadibana ngayo/ kwaye maxa wambi bayangquzulana.

Lo mcaba uhlola iziseko ezisemthethweni, iindawo zentsebenziswano, imingeni eqhubekayo, kunye namaqhinga asebenzisekayo achaza amandla phakathi koorhulumente bongingqi noorhulumente. Ngokuhlola zombini izakhiwo ezisesikweni kunye nentsebenziswano yokwenene yehlabathi, abafundi baza kufumana umzobo ocacileyo wendlela amandla noxanduva olusasazwa ngayo kula manqanaba mabini karhulumente.

Ukuchaza Iindima Zoorhulumente Basekuhlaleni Noorhulumente

Oorhulumente banegunya elikhulu kwimicimbi echaphazela onke amazwe, kuquka imigangatho yemfundo, imibutho yezothutho, imimiselo yezonyango nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe, indlu yowiso-mthetho, irhuluneli, kunye nenkqubo yeenkundla. Kwakhona oorhulumente bakwavelela ukudalwa nokusebenza koorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwimida yabo.

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usebenza kumgangatho ophezulu weendawo, ugxininisa kwiimfuno ezikhawulezileyo zezixeko, iidolophu, imimandla nemimandla ekhethekileyo. Iimbopheleleko zabo ziquka amapolisa, ukukhusela umlilo, ukuhlahlela, ukulungiswa kweendlela, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, kunye nepaki. Ukwakhiwa negunya lorhulumente basekuhlaleni kuyahluka-hluka kakhulu ngokwelizwe ngalinye.

  • Izifundo zephondo zisebenza njengamacandelo angaphantsi alawulayo karhulumente, ngokufuthi esingatha iinkonzo zengingqi ezinjengeenkundla, iintolongo, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke.
  • Izakhiwo ezi- (izixeko, iidolophu, iidolophana, iidolophana) zinikezela ngeenkonzo kwimimandla yedolophana okanye yamadolophana echaziweyo, kuquka amapolisa, amanzi, kunye nogutyulo-gutyulo.
  • Izithili ezikhethekileyo zijolise kumsebenzi omnye, ofana nezikolo, amagunya amanzi, okanye abameli bothutho.

Ngoxa oorhulumente belizwe beyimikhosi elawulayo phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-United States, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazizidalwa zikarhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba amandla abo, izakhiwo, kwanobomi babo buxhomekeke kumthetho karhulumente.

Isiseko esisemthethweni soManyano lweSizwe

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. awukhankanyi ngqo oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Endaweni yoko, ugcina amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente kurhulumente phantsi koMthetho weSihlaziyo weshumi. Amazwe agqiba ngoko indlela yokulungelelanisa nokunika amandla oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kummandla wawo.

Umthetho we-Dillon ngokuphikisana nomthetho wasekhaya

Iimfundiso ezimbini eziphikisanayo zomthetho zibumba igunya loorhulumente basekuhlaleni kulo lonke elaseUnited States.

[[FLT: 0] Umthetho we-Dillon umi ngelithi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangasebenzisa amandla agunya agunyaswe ngokucacileyo ngurhulumente, aboniswa ngala mandla, okanye ayimfuneko ukuphumeza iinjongo zawo ezichaziweyo. Nawaphi na amathandabuzo malunga nokuba urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unamandla athile asombululwe ngokuchasene nayo. Lo mthetho ugcina igunya lasekuhlaleni limxinwa kwaye liphantsi kolawulo.

Umthetho wasekhaya , ngokwahlukileyo, unika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni inkululeko ebanzi. Phantsi kolawulo lwasekhaya, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni angasebenzisa nawuphi na amandla angayalelwanga ngokucacileyo ngumthetho karhulumente. Amazwe amaninzi amkele ulawulo lwasekhaya kwimithetho-siseko okanye imimiselo yawo, avumele izixeko kunye nobalo ukuba zilawule imicimbi yazo ngokwahlukileyo.

Uxinzeleko phakathi kwezi mfundiso zimbini ludlala kuzo zonke iimeko. Amanye amaphondo anika izixeko ezinkulu igunya elibanzi lolawulo lwamakhaya ngeli lixa egcina ukulawula ngokunamandla koomasipala abancinane. Ezinye zisebenzisa uMthetho ka Dillon ngokufanayo, zifuna urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukuba afune imvume karhulumente kwizenzo ezininzi.

UMgaqo-siseko weRhulumente kunye neGunya eliLawulayo

Umgaqo-siseko worhulumente ngamnye umisela inkqubo yesakhiwo sikarhulumente kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni. Olunye umgaqo-siseko worhulumente uquka amalungiselelo achaza iinkcukacha malunga nemida kamasipala, igunya lokuhlawula, nemida yamatyala. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zikwamisela imithetho jikelele esebenza kubo bonke oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye nezenzo ezikhethekileyo ezijolise kwizixeko okanye ubalo.

Ezi zigwebo zimisela imida yegunya lelizwe kangangeminyaka.

Iindawo Zongenelelo Phakathi Koorhulumente Basekuhlaleni noorhulumente

Ezinye zezona zinto zibalulekileyo zibandakanya imfundo, ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, ezothutho, ezonyango nezokusebenzisa umhlaba.

Imfundo

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo ngumzekelo ophambili wokwabelana ngembopheleleko. Oorhulumente bamisela imilinganiselo yemfundo, imiyalelo yokuvavanya, nokuhambisa inkxaso-mali kwizikolo zasekuhlaleni. Ngeli xesha, iibhodi zesikolo zoluntu, zilawula imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, ziqeshe abafundisi- ntsapho, ziphuhlisa izifundo zesikolo, zize ziphumeze iimfuno zoluntu lwasekuhlaleni.

Olu lwahlulo loxanduva lungakhokelela kulwahlulo olubalulekileyo phakathi kweziphakamiso ezizizityebi namahlwempu. Iinkqubo zemali zeli lizwe zizama ukulingana kwezibonelelo, kodwa iimali zerhafu yempahla zasekuhlaleni zidla ngokudala izithuba kwimali nganye. Amazwe aye ajamelana nokumangalelwa kwiinkqubo zenkxaso-mali ezingalinganiyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiinguqu kumazwe amaninzi.

  • Oorhulumente bamisela imfuneko yokuphumelela nokuvavanya okuqhelekileyo.
  • Imimandla yasekuhlaleni ilawula iikhalenda zesikolo, umfundisi - ntsapho oqeshiweyo nokhetho lokufundisa.
  • Izigunyaziso zesikolo esitshatileyo zisenokuvela kumgangatho wesizwe nasekuhlaleni, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiimbambano ezilawulayo.

Ukhuseleko

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko kuxhomekeke kulungelelwano phakathi kwamaziko engingqi kunye namagunya karhulumente. Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni aphatha oomatiloshe beenqwelo-ndlela kunye nophando olukhulu, lo gama amasebe asekuhlaleni elawula ulawulo lwamapolisa oluseluntwini kwaye ephendula xa kufowulwa. Ngokuyintloko amasebe omlilo asekuhlaleni, kodwa amasebe karhulumente anika imigangatho yokuqeqesha, inkxaso yezixhobo, kunye nokusebenzisana koncedo ngexesha longxamiseko olukhulu.

Iintlekele nongxamiseko lukawonke-wonke zifuna ukuba kwenziwe inyathelo elidibeneyo. Abalawuli bakarhulumente bangavakalisa izinto zikaxakeka zikarhulumente ezivula oovimba belizwe ukwenzela imigudu yokusabela yasekuhlaleni. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagcina ii-ofisi zolawulo longxamiseko ezinxulumene namaqumrhu omgangatho karhulumente afana nombutho wolawulo lwemeko kaxakeka.

Uthutho

Iinkqubo zothutho zifuna umanyano oluqhubekayo phakathi koorhulumente bengingqi kunye noorhulumente. Amasebe karhulumente ezothutho adwelise iindlela zokuhamba nokugcina iindlela eziselubalazweni, iindlela zikarhulumente, neebhulorho ezinkulu. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balawula izitrato zesixeko, iindlela zengingqi, imiqondiso yeemoto, kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha abantu.

Ukuxhasa intlawulo yezothutho kuvela kumxube werhafu karhulumente, karhulumente, nemithombo yasekuhlaleni. Iirhafu zegesi zikarhulumente kunye nezothutho zikarhulumente zinika intlawulo kumasebe karhulumente, anikezela ngemali kwimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho ingqwalaselo ephambili apho kufuneka ingqalene nemigaqo karhulumente norhulumente ukuze ixhaswe

ISebe lezempilo

Impilo kawonke-wonke yenye imbopheleleko ekwabelwe yona. Amasebe ezempilo karhulumente amisela imimiselo kwizibhedlele, amakhaya anyamekela abalupheleyo, kunye neengcali zezempilo. Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni anikela iinkonzo ezingqalileyo ezifana nokugoma, ukujongwa kwezifo, imfundo yempilo, kunye nokuhlolwa kweevenkile zokutyela.

Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, ulwalamano phakathi kwamagosa ezempilo asekuhlaleni nawaseburhulumenteni lwancitshiswa kakhulu. Amanye amazwe alawula imiyalelo yempilo yasekuhlaleni, ngoxa amanye aye abekelwe ingqalelo kwizigqibo zomgangatho wengingqi. Le milo yabalaselisa ukuxinana phakathi kokungaguquguquki kwemeko kunye nobuntu kumgaqo-nkqubo wempilo kawonke-wonke.

Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba nokuzingela

Ulawulo lwelizwe lusetyenziswa ngokwesithethe, izixeko kunye namaqumrhu alawula indawo, imvume yokwakha, kunye nemvume yokuphuhlisa. Noko ke, oorhulumente belizwe baye babandakanyeka kakhulu ekusebenziseni izigqibo zomhlaba, ingakumbi ekufumaneni izindlu ezisemgangathweni, ekukhuselweni kwemekobume, nasekucwangcisweni kwezithuthi.

Amanye amazwe aye amisela imithetho emisela igunya lokumisela izakhiwo zasekuhlaleni ukukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwezindlu. Amanye amisela iimfuno zokuhlola imeko-bume egqugqisile imvume yasekuhlaleni. Oku kubonisa ukuqatshelwa okukhulayo kokuba izigqibo ezithathwa kumhlaba wasekuhlaleni zinempembelelo yengingqi neyomhlaba wonke.

Ulwalamano olumandundu phakathi koorhulumente bengingqi noBhunga

Imali iyinxalenye ephambili yephondo elingurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Amazwe aphembelela izimali zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngokuxhasa iiprojekthi, inkqubo yerhafu, kunye nokuphatha imali.

Uncedo lukaRhulumente koorhulumente basekuhlaleni

Amazwe anikela inkxaso engundoqo yemali koorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngeminikelo, ngolwahlulo lwengeniso, nangenkxaso epheleleyo. Inkxaso-mali yemfundo yelona candelo likhulu loncedo lukarhulumente, kodwa amatyala akwanikela ngemali ukwenzela ezothutho, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, iinkqubo zempilo neenkonzo zentlalo.

Uncedo lwemeko lusoloko lubakho. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bathobele iimfuno zikarhulumente ukuze bafumane inkxaso-mali, banike oorhulumente igunya kwizigqibo zomgaqo-siseko wasekuhlaleni. Oku kunokubangela ukudideka xa izinto eziphambili zasekuhlaleni zahlukile kwiinjongo zikarhulumente.

Igunya Lokuhlawula Irhafu

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ufumana ingeniso kwirhafu yempahla, iirhafu zentengiso, neendleko ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, igunya labo lokurhafisa lilinganiselwe ngumthetho karhulumente. Amaphondo amaninzi anee-cops, imida yerhafu, okanye i-levy evumela irhafu ekhutshwayo. Le miqathango inokuthintela amandla oorhulumente basekuhlaleni okunyusa ingeniso kwiinkonzo ezifunekayo.

Ulawulo lwemali kunye nokuthatha imimandla

I-odonga lijonge imicimbi yemali yasekuhlaleni kwaye liyakwazi ukungenelela xa izixeko okanye izixanduva zijamelene noxinezeleko lwemali. Kwiimeko ezimandundu, amatyala aye alawula oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abalwayo, atyumba abaphathi bexesha likaxakeka okanye iibhodi zolawulo lwemali.

Imizekelo iquka umthetho kaMasipala weMichigan wexesha likaxakeka kunye nolawulo lwePennsylvania lwezixeko ezixinezelekileyo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ungenelelo lukarhulumente lukhusela abahlawuleli berhafu luze lubuyisele ukuzinza kwemali. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ijongela phantsi idemokhrasi kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni.

Iingxabano Eziqhelekileyo Phakathi Koorhulumente Basekuhlaleni Noorhulumente

Ukungavisisani phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni noorhulumente kuyinxalenye eqhelekileyo yezobupolitika zaseMerika.

Ukucinywa kweMithetho yasekuhlaleni

Imeko yenzeka xa umthetho karhulumente ugqitha imithetho yasekuhlaleni kumbandela omnye. Ukuhlangulwa kungasebenza kwimiba emininzi, kuquka ikhefu elincinane, imiqathango yemipu, imigangatho yemeko-bume, kunye nokhuseleko oluchasene nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, urhulumente usebenzise ukucinezela ukuvala inyathelo lasekuhlaleni kwimiba efana nokuvalwa kwengxowa yeplastiki, imimiselo yokukhwela inqwelo-mafutha, nemithetho eqeshiweyo emifutshane. Ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zigqithise imithetho yokukhulula ebanzi elinganisela igunya lasekuhlaleni kwimimandla emininzi yemithetho ngaxeshanye.

Amadabi okuzikhulula aphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko malunga nokuzilawula kwasekuhlaleni kunye negunya likarhulumente. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphikisa ngelithi bayazazi iimfuno zoluntu lwabo ezingcono kwaye bafanele babe bhetyebhetye ukuphendula iimeko zasekuhlaleni. Amagosa karhulumente aphikisa ngokuthi imithetho eguquguqukayo yasekuhlaleni ibangela ukudideka kumashishini, ukuthintela umanyano lwengingqi, kwaye inciphisa iinjongo zenkqubo yelizwe ngokubanzi.

Iimpikiswano Ezibonelelayo

Ukungavisisani ngemali yenye into ebangela iingxabano. Ngokufuthi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphikisa ngelithi imiyalelo karhulumente ibangela iindleko ngaphandle kokunikela inkxaso eyaneleyo. Le miyalelo ingachazwanga ingabangela uxinzelelo loqingqo-mali lwengingqi kwaye inyanzelisa ukhetho olunzima malunga nomgangatho wenkonzo.

Izigqibo ezimalunga nemali ehlawulwayo karhulumente zikwabangela iingxabano. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basenokuvakalelwa kukuba imigaqo-mali yezoshishino iguqula uluntu lwabo, ngoxa amagosa karhulumente kufuneka alungelelanise iimfuno ezikhuphisanayo ezivela kwimimandla emininzi yasekuhlaleni.

Iimpikiswano Zenkqubo

Umahluko phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni noorhulumente bangakhokelela kwingquzulwano. Xa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abalawulwa liqela elinye besenza izenzo ezichasayo ziinkokeli zikarhulumente womnye umbutho, kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho ingxabano. Olu lwahlulo luye lwabonakala kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kunye namazwana aphelisa izenzo zasekuhlaleni kwimicimbi enjengemigaqo-nkqubo yesixeko esingcwele, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo.

Imisebenzi yoNcedo oluSebenzayo

Nangona kukho iingxabano, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye noorhulumente bafumana iindlela ezininzi zokusebenza kunye ngokunempumelelo. Impumelelo yentsebenziswano ifuna unxibelelwano olucacileyo, usukelo olufanayo kunye nenkqubo yokulungelelanisa.

Iziqhagamshelanisi Zonxibelelwano Ezithe rhoqo

Amalungiselelo onxibelelwano amisiweyo anceda amagosa oluntu kunye norhulumente ahlale esazile ngezinto eziza kuqala nezixhalabisa omnye. Amaphondo amaninzi anentsebenziswano yoomasipala noorhulumente abasebenza njengonxibelelwano norhulumente. Iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo phakathi kwamagosa ombutho karhulumente kunye nabasebenzi bakarhulumente basekuhlaleni zinokuthintela ukungaqondani kunye nokwakha ukuthembana.

Ukulungiselela okudityanisiweyo nemikhosi yomsebenzi

Imigudu yolwakhiwo ekhuthazweyo ibangela ukuba abasebenzi bengingqi kunye norhulumente badibane ukuze bacombulule iingxaki. Imibutho yocwangciso lwezothutho, imimandla yophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, kunye namabhunga akhuselweyo ayimizekelo yemibutho encedayo ekwenzeni izigqibo kunye.

Amandla omsebenzi ajoliswe kwimibandela ethile enjengokungabi nakhaya, ukukhotyokiswa zizinto eziyingozi, okanye ukulungiselela intlekele anokubangela ukuba kubekho ukulungelelana okunokunceda oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakwazi ukuphumelela.

Izivumelwano zoburhulumente ezincedisanayo

Izivumelwano ezingoorhulumente zivumela amaqumrhu oluntu norhulumente ukuba abelane ngeenkonzo zoncedo nolungelelwano. Ezi zivumelwano zingahlanganisa yonke into ukusuka kwimisebenzi yokunyanzelisa umthetho odityanisiweyo ukuya kukwabelana ngenkqubo yobugcisa.

Inkxaso yeRhulumente kuMsebenzi wasekuhlaleni

Amazwe anokuqinisa ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni ngokunikela uncedo lobugcisa, iinkqubo zoqeqesho, kunye nogcino-lwazi koomasipala nakumaphondo. Ukwakhiwa kommandla kwenza kube lula ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenze kunye ngokunempumelelo.

Utyelelo Lwangoku Kwizinxulumanisi Zesizwe Sangaphakathi

Zininzi izinto ezibangela ukuba kubekho ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente belizwe nelaseUnited States namhlanje.

Uvavanyo Olukhulayo Lwemeko

Inani lemithetho yokhukuliso yesizwe liye lakhula ngokuphawulekayo kwishumi leminyaka elidluleyo. Amazwe aye aba nobundlobongela ekumiliseleni igunya lasekuhlaleni kwimibandela esukela kwimpilo kawonke-wonke ukuya kwinkqubo yezindlu. Le ntsingiselo ibonisa ukuhlahlela okubanzi kwezobupolitika nokubaluleka okukhulayo kokwenziwa kwenkqubo yomgangatho karhulumente.

Ukuthabath ’ Inyathelo Okukhulayo

Kwangaxeshanye, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baye bazama ngamandla ukulwa nezithintelo zikarhulumente. Ezinye izixeko ziye zafaka ityala elilucelomngeni kwimithetho yokukhulula, ngoxa ezinye ziye zamkela izigqibo zokuzimisela igunya lazo. Amagosa asekuhlaleni alungelelaniswe ngokuqhubekayo kwaye athethela ekukhuseleni ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Ukhuthuzo lwengingqi

Njengoko imingeni inqumla imida yesithethe, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badala umanyano lwengingqi ukucombulula iingxaki ezinjengezindlu ezinokufikeleleka, inkqubela yezoqoqosho, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni noorhulumente lunamandla kwaye lusoloko luthanda ukuphikiswa. Iimfundiso ezisemthethweni ezifana noLawulo lukaDillon nomthetho wasekhaya zinika isiseko, kodwa ulungelelwaniso lwamandla lutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha ngomthetho, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye nezenzo zobupolitika. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kunceda abemi namagosa ukuba balawule kakuhle ulawulo lwaseMelika.

Ulwalamano olunempumelelo lwengingqi yengingqi luxhomekeke ekuhlonelweni, kunxibelelwano olucacileyo, nakumacebo acwangcisiweyo okucombulula iingxabano. Xa ezi zinto zisemgangathweni, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye noorhulumente banokusebenza kunye ekunikezeleni iinkonzo, ekuphenduleni kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo, nasekuphuculeni umgangatho wobomi bebemi babo. Xa bewohloka, abantu bahlawula ixabiso ngokudideka, ukungafezeki, kunye nokuphoswa ngamathuba.

Abo bakhangeleka beqonda indlela yesizwe sabo, oovimba abafana ne- Conference yesizwe yeMasipala e-Ofisi. inikela iinkcukacha ngemithetho karhulumente kunye nezakhiwo zikarhulumente zasekuhlaleni. .S. Ingqungquthela yamaMayar inikela iimbono ezikhoyo kurhulumente wobulali. Kwimeko yembali yendaleko yendaleko, ulawulo lwelizwe [[FLT:]] izibonelelo zelizwe ezinika unikezelo kumaxwebhu esiseko. Ukhokelo olusebenzayo, [[FLT] izikombutho zolawulo [FLT]]