Ulungiso luchasene. Urhwebo lwasimahla: Ukufumana ulungelelwano olulungileyo

Ulungiso luchasene. Urhwebo lwasimahla: Ukufumana ulungelelwano olulungileyo

Uxinzeleleko phakathi komthetho karhulumente kunye nemigaqo ekhululekileyo yokuthengisa imigaqo yemeko-bume luye lwazinziwa luxanduva lwengxoxo yezoqoqosho kangangeenkulungwane. Ukusuka kuAdam Smith's Isikhundla sezizwe [ ukuya kumatshini wolwano-mfazwe wangoku kumthetho wokulwa nomthetho wezentengiselwano kunye nemithetho yokusingqongileyo, ibutho labantu lisoloko libambene nongenelelo olulungileyo. Ilasissez-faire okanye ukulawulwa kwesandla esinzima akuzange kubangele impumelelo ehlala ihleli kwinkqubo ye-dinamsmscristsssssss ngexa likhusela abemin kwizenzo zabo ezizinkcinelo.

Iingcinga: Ukulungelelaniswa kwakhona norhwebo lwasimahla kuchazwa

Kumthetho waso olula, ulawulo lubhekisela kwimithetho nemigangatho ebekwe nguorhulumente kumashishini nabantu ngabanye. Ezi zingagubungela ukhuseleko lwemveliso, iimeko zabasebenzi, ukutyhilwa kwemali, ukukhutshwa kwemekobume, okanye ukhuphiswano. Olu sukelo ludla ngokubandakanya ukulungisa ukungaphumeleli kwentengiso yentengiso.

Ngokuphikisanayo, imakethe yamahala, isebenza ngokungenelela okuncinane korhulumente. Amaxabiso, umvuzo, kunye nomgangatho wemveliso zifumaneka ngentengiso yokuzithandela nangeempembelelo zokubonelela. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ukwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezifanelekileyo, ukuphuhliswa, kunye nolawulo lwabathengi. Abahlalutyi babonisa ukuba iimarike ezingalawulekiyo zinokubangela ukungalingani, ukungaqiniseki, kunye nengozi kumaqela amathathu.

Ngokwembali, yonke inkqubela phambili yezoqoqosho isebenza njengenkqubo edityanisiweyo, idibanisa imikhosi yentengiso kunye nezithintelo zolawulo. Umbuzo asikokuyiyo ' nokuba kunjalo ukulawula, kodwa ubuninzi obu[ kunye [[FLT:]] nakweyobunjani [[FLT:] iziphumo ezikhoyo . Umzekelo, iUnited States ithe yashukuma phakathi kwamaxesha omgaqo ongqongqo omthetho (uxanduva logcino-Mabanga amatsha, ama-2008] utshintsho lwemali) kunye nokhuthulo (i 1980, i-1990s telmopling).

Ityala Lokubuyiselwa: Ukulungiswa Nezilumkiso

Utshintsho ludla ngokuziswa xa intengiso ingaphumeleli. Ngeli ngezantsi sihlola ezona zinto ziphambili zokuzithethelela ((nezo zisemva kwazo).

Ukhuseleko lorhwebo nolungelelwaniso lolwazi

Ngaphandle kwemithetho echasene nezibhengezo zobuxoki okanye iimveliso ezingakhuselekanga, abathengi bebeya kuthwala umthwalo wokuvavanya yonke imveliso. Ulawulo lweFood kunye neMichizo ye-Draw ye-U.S. ngokomzekelo, luthintela ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi eziyingozi ekufikeleleni emarikeni. I-Federal Food, Drug, kunye neCosmetic Act yabekwa emva kwehlazo elibandakanya isichiza esinobungozi esibulala abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu. Namhlanje, ukuncitshiswa kwenkqubo yokhuseleko lweFDA, nangona maxa wambi igxekwa njengecotha, iye yanciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuvela kweziphumo zeziyobisi ezinxulumene neziyobisi. [[FFFLT] [FLT] [FLD:1]]

Ubuchule borhwebo kunye nomngcipheko wenkqubo

Iimarike zemali zityekele kakhulu kwimijikelo yentsika egcina imo ephezulu. Ingxaki yehlabathi lonke yezoqoqosho yabangelwa kakhulu zizinto eziphumayo ezilawulwa ngumthetho, ukubolekisa ngerhafu, kunye nokunqisa okugqithisileyo. Kwimpendulo, u-Dodd-Flad-Frank Act yoxinzelelo loMgaqo woxinzelelo oluphezulu, iimfuno zekomkhulu, kunye noMthetho weVolcker. Ngelixa abanye bephikisana ngale mithetho ithe thamba, inkqubo yogcino-mali ihlale iqinile kumothuko olulandelayo. Uvavanyo olusuka kwi- Brooking Istition Instition phawula ukuba iimfuno zenkokhesa-mali zinciphisa ukunqaba kobugxakeko ngaphandle kokuthintela ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwezoqoqosho.

Ukukhuselwa Kwemeko - bume

Ungcoliso luyixabiso elibi eliphambili elibekwe kwibutho labantu ukuba ixabiso lingaziveli ngesiquphe. Imithetho efana noMthetho we-Ceat Air Act (1970) kunye nokulungiswa kwawo iye yanciphisa ungcoliso lomoya ongundoqo phantse ngama-70% njengoko i-GDP yanda ngaphezu kwama-200%. Iinzuzo kuhambo oluncitshisiweyo lwesibhedlele, ukuphelelwa kwemisebenzi, nokufa ngaphambi kwexesha kugqitha iindleko zokuthobela. I-Entevition Protection Agency intellication ithezamali-beneficationsss ngokuqhubekayo ibonisa ingeniso yenethi kumakhulu ezigidi zeerandi.

Ukukhuthaza Ukhuphiswano Nokuthintela Izenzo Zobuqhophololo

Imithetho elwa nokholo, enjenge-Sherman Act (1890) kunye noMthetho kaClayton (1914), ijolise ekuthinteni iinkalo zomthetho kunye nezenzo ezisetyenziswa ngumbane. Ngaphandle kwazo, ifektha ephetheyo ingabandakanyeka kwisixhobo sokuhlasela, impatho ekhethekileyo, okanye idibanisa amaza athintelayo ukhuphiswano. Amaza akutshanje achasene nomthetho omthetho ochasene noBig Tech, kuquka iSebe leMithetho yeJaji elichasene noGoogle-* (iiinjini yezomthetho nezenzo zobuGogle-ogle-illustt transties eqhubekayo yale mithetho. [[FLT: 0] IKhomishini yezoshishino yokhuphiko yezo zoshishino esetyenziswayo igxininisa into yokuba nakushishino olusebenzayo kwimizi yoshishino, ihambo oluthile lunga ukunciphisa ukhetho nokusetyenziswa kusetyenziswa ixesha elide.

Iingenelo Zorhwebo Olukhululekileyo: Ingcamango Engavisisaniyo Nenkululeko

Iimarike ezikhululekileyo zibhiyozelwa ngenxa yekhono lazo lokuvelisa impumelelo nokuziqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo. Iingenelo ezininzi ezingundoqo zixhaswa bubungqina obusetyenziswayo.

Ukubuyiselwa Ngokhuphiswano

Xa imiqobo yokungena isezantsi kwaye iinkampani zikhuphisana nabathengi, intshukumisa yokufumana ulwando. Utshintsho lobuqu lwekhompyutha, ukunyuka kwe-intanethi, kunye nemekobume ye-intanethi zonke zavela kwindawo ezingqongileyo ezingalawulwayo. Iinkampani ezifana ne-Apple, Google, neTesla zixhakamfule amacandelo apho ulawulo lwalungaphucukanga kakhulu kumaqondo okuqala. Ngokutsho kophando olusuka ku- National Bureauaument of Economicic Research[[, amaziko anemithwalo esezantsi ebonakalisa amaqondo aphezulu eendleko yokwakhela imveliso.

Ulongamo Lwabarhwebi Nokukhetha

Iimarike ezikhululekileyo zivumela abathengi ukuba bavote ngemali yabo, izibhengezo zokhetho kubavelisi. Oku kukhokelela kwintlobo-ntlobo zempahla, amaxabiso, kunye nezinto ezinokubonelela kunesazulu esinokuthi zinikezele. Ishishini lenqwelo-moya emva kokususwa kolawulo ngowe-1978 lingumzekelo wencwadi: iindleko zehla ngokuphawulekayo, ukunyuka kwesantya senqwelo-moya, kwaye izigidi ezingakumbi zabantu zaqalisa ukubhabhabha. Ngoxa ukudisana ekugqibeleni kwenzeka, ukukhuphisana kokhuphiswano kwazisa indyebo enkulu. Ithala leencwadi lezentengiso zezoqoqosho neLiberty lishwadanisa izifundo ezibonisa ukuba idegraficity isindisa abahambi iidolaydolay [205] ngonyaka ka 1990 ngonyaka.

Indawo yokuhlala yesixhobo esizinzileyo

Amaxabiso akwimarike yamarhweba akhululekileyo asebenza njengemiqondiso yenkcazelo. Xa urhwebo lusiba lunqabile, ixabiso lalo linyuka, ukukhuthaza ulondolozo kunye nemveliso echaseneyo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukunyuka kukhokelela ekuweni kwamaxabiso nokuncitshiswa kwemveliso. Olu manyano lulungelelanisiweyo, njengoko uFriedrich Hayek waphikisayo, lusebenza kakhulu kunayo nayiphi na ibhodi yocwangco karhulumente. Ukuwa kweSoviet Union kwabonisa ukunqongophala kwezoqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo, apho ukunqongophala nokuncitshiswa kwemali kuhlala khona ngenxa yokuba amaxabiso engazange abonise ukuba yinyaniso.

Ukukhula Kwezoqoqosho Nokuzinziswa

Amazwe anenkululeko eyomeleleyo yezoqoqosho, njengalawo afunyaniswe yi- Heritage Foundation of Economic Freedom, atyekele ekubeni nonyuko oluphezulu kwi-GDP nganye. Ukungena ngokukhululekileyo nokuphuma kuvumela ubuncwane ukuba buphumele kwimisebenzi yabo esebenzayo. Amaqondo e-spetroli aphezulu kulawulo oluhlisa ukuthoba i-incansing, ukuvumela, kunye nokuthobela imithwalo. Noko ke, ulwalamano alukho kumgaqo we-layini-(amalungelo, ukugcinwa kwamalungelo) ayafuneka ukwenzela ukuba kusetyenzwe kuzo zonke iimarikethi.

Ucelomngeni Lokuphinda Ulungise Imeko: Xa Iintsimbi Zokulinda Zisiba Zizibalelo

Phezu kwazo nje iimpawu zayo, umgaqo ungabeka iindleko ezibalulekileyo xa uyilwe kakubi okanye ugqithiselwe. Le migibe ilandelayo ichazwe kakuhle.

Ukufikelela nokulibazisa okugqithiseleyo kolawulo

I-Status Institute [[FLT: 1] iqikelela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-injini kubiza abasebenzi imali engamawaka ezigidi ezingama-200 zamawaka ezigidi ngonyaka kumathuba okulahleka. Ngokufanayo, ukuvunyelwa kwemeko-bume yefektri entsha kungathatha iminyaka, kwanemisebenzi eneziphumo ezincinane.

Imiphumo Engacetywanga Norhwebo

Imithetho ingenza izikhuthazo ezigqwethekileyo. Ulawulo lwe-rent, olujoliswe ukugcina izindlu zingabizi, ludla ngokunciphisa unikezelo lweyunithi zokuqesha kwaye lushenxise ukubola. Inkqubo yeswekile yase-U.S. ifaka umlinganiselo wokungeniswa kwemali kunye nenkxaso egcina amaxabiso asekhaya enziwe ngendlela engaqhelekanga, exabisa abathengi malunga namawaka ezigidi zeerandi ngelinye ixesha ngoxa ikhusela inani elincinane labavelisi. Le migaqo yaphula umgaqo wokwenza okulungileyo kunokwenza umonakalo ongaphezulu.

Iindleko Zokusebenza Nemithwalo Enzima Ebuyiselwayo

Amashishini amancinane ajongene neendleko eziphezulu ngokungenakulinganiswa ngenxa yokuba akanako ukusasaza iindleko ezisisigxina kwimiqulu emikhulu. Uhlolisiso lweNational Association of Mafectors lwafumanisa ukuba imimiselo karhulumente ixabisa i-$2,000 (R1,000) kumsebenzi ngamnye ngonyaka, xa kuthelekiswa ne-$9,000 (iii-$3,000) kwifeme ezinkulu. Oku kufaka imida, ukuqesha, kwaye kunokubulala ukunyuka ngethemba ngaphambi kokuba zifikelele isikali.

Ukutshintsha indlela

Ulawulo olunconyelweyo olusukayo (apho ishishini kufuneka liphumele imiqondiso karhulumente phambi kokukhupha imveliso . Ishishini lonyango lisoloko lichaza ukunyuka kwexabiso lokuvavanywa kwezamayeza (ngaphezu kwamawaka ezigidi zeerandi) njengendlela yokuthintela ukuvelisa unyango lwezifo ezinqabileyo. Ngoxa ukhuseleko lubalulekile, abanye baphikisana ngemijelo eninzi evumela ukuvunywa kwemiqathango nge-post projective contro, njengexabiso le-FLT i-FD’d igroughtory igrogrog [[] izama ukwenza.

Iingxaki Zabathengisi Abakhululekileyo: Xa Izandla Ezingabonakaliyo Zisilela

Ngokuchasene noko, ukushiya ezorhwebo ziphela kukhokelela kwizinto ezaziwayo eziye zaboniswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo yimbali.

Ukungalingani Nokuchanabeka kweNtlalo

Iimarike ezikhululekileyo zinika intlawulo kwikomkhulu, ubuchule, nethamsanqa. Ngaphandle kokwabelana ngeenkqubo zamathuba alinganayo, ubutyebi buxhomekeke phezulu. I-United States iye yafumana ulwando oluphawulekayo lwengeniso engenakulinganiswa ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1970, kunye nomgangatho ophezulu we-1% ekufumaneni phantse yonke ingeniso. Ngoxa iimarike ezikhululekileyo zinyusa iziphumo jikelele, ukusasazwa kwaloo mveliso kungaphazamisana nentlalo-ntle yoluntu. I-Occlipy Wall Street i-trapt ijonge inkcutheze le ngxaki.

Ukusilela Kwabathengisi: Ukungakhathalelwa, Ukuphanda Nezinto Ezintle

Ii-monopolites zokwemvelo (iindawo ezilawula indalo, iziporo zoololiwe) zingaxhaphaza abathengi ukuba azilawulwa ngesantya. Izinto ezingalunganga ezifana nongcoliso azinaxabiso ngenxa yentengiso, ezikhokelela ekuvelisweni kweempahla eziyingozi. Izinto ezintle zangaphandle (imfundo, ukugoma) ziphantsi kwenkqubo ngenxa yokuba abantu abathathi zonke iinzuzo zoluntu. Izinto zikawonke wonke ezifana nokhuselo lwesizwe kunye nomoya ococekileyo azinakusetyenziswa kwaye azinakusetyenziswa ncam kwaye zingenamiqathango--mgaqo-ji.

Ukungalawuleki Okufutshane Nokungangeneki kwezemali

Uxinzelelo lwengeniso ekhawulezileyo lungakhokelela amashishini kwi-R&D, ugcino, kunye noqeqesho lwabasebenzi. Ingxaki yowama-2008 yabonisa indlela imali ephantsi kolawulo, exhotyiswe ngayo kukuthatha inzala yomngcipheko, enokusulela uqoqosho lonke. Ngaphandle kolawulo, iibhanki kunye namafemu ogcino-mali anezikhuthazo ezigqithisileyo kuba ukuhamba ngokujongene neendawo zokuhlala ngexesha logxalaba. Imithetho esezantsi, efana nezigcini-ntloko ezibambekayo, zama ukulwa nokungangenelwa kwesimo somkhethelo esiqhelekileyo kwingeniso emfutshane.

Ukutyeshelwa Kwabemi Abanobuqhetseba

Iimarike ezikhululekileyo zinika iimpahla ezisekelwe ekukulungeleni ukuhlawula kunye nakubuchule bokuhlawula. Oko kuthetha izinto ezisisiseko ezifana nokunyamekela impilo, izindlu, kunye nemfundo zisenokungafikeleleki kumahlwempu. Kwi-U.S., i-inshorensi yempilo engalawulekiyo ye-U. Kurhwebo lobuqu ishiya izigidi zingakhange zifumaneke; ukunqongophala kwenkqubo yabucala yeenkonzo zongxamiseko kungumbutho othelekelelayo wemali, ukunyamekela abasebenzi, kunye nemithetho efuna unyango kungakhathaliseki ukuba kuphiwa njani na ukuhlawula. Inkoliso yamazwe aphucuthelwe ukusetyenziswa kwemali okanye iminatha eqinile ngenxa yokuba iimarikethe kuphela ayiqinisekisi ukufikelela ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukufumana Ulungelelwano Olufanelekileyo: Imigaqo Neengcamango Eziluncedo

Akukho fomu inye elingana necandelo ngalinye okanye ilizwe. Noko ke, abenzi benkqubo bangasebenzisa ezi ndlela zilandelayo ukulungiselela inkqubo efumana inzuzo yezorhwebo ngeli lixa belungisa amacala abo asezantsi.

Ulungiso lobulumko: Imigaqo-esekelwe, hayi eqalayo ukubhalwa

Kunokuba ichaze ubugcisa okanye iinkqubo ezithile, ummiselo kufuneka umisele iinjongo zokusebenza kwaye uvumele ubheduko. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zokukhupha igesi (icap-paste-trade) mazifumane ezona ndlela ziphantsi zokunciphisa ungcoliseko, ukufikelela amaxhoba okusingqongileyo kwixabiso eliphantsi kunemithetho yomyalelo kunye nolawulo. Inkqubo ye-European Union inciphisa ukukhutshwa komphunga nge 35% ukususela ngo-2005, ngeli xesha ivumela ukwanda kwezoqoqosho. Ngokufanayo, “ukufikelela kwe-FDA empuma enzima kakhulu” kwizixhobo zezamayeza ikhuthaza ukuphuhlisa ngaphandle kokuncamathisela ukhuseleko.

Uhlalutyo lolawulo kunye nocwangciso lwelanga

Umthetho ngamnye omtsha kufuneka uqwalasele intelekelelo enzima, ngokukhetha iinketho ezandisa iinzuzo zenethi. Ukunyanzelisa iingxelo ezizenzekelayo kunye nokuphelelwa kwemithetho ngaphandle kokuba ihlaziyiwe. Oku kuthintela ukwenziwa kwemimiselo ephelelwe lixesha okanye engasebenziyo. I-Ofisi yolwazi neMicimbi ye-Reguralgation (OIRA) ihlola imimiselo yesebe elilawulayo, kodwa abahlalutyi bayayiphikisa ukuba ayinamazinyo kunye nobungakanani obuncinci bemithetho elinganiswa ngokulandelelana.

Imbopheleleko Ejoliswe Kwiimeko Ezichasene Nexesha

Umthetho we-U.S. ujolise ekuthinteleni ukuthengiselana kwemiqathango yamaxabiso abathengi, kodwa iqonga lemivo likhuphisana kwingqalelo nenkcazelo. Iindlela ezintsha, ezifana ne-UNIGRAP’S, umthetho ocetyiweyo we-U. Ijongo lokuthintela amaqonga okugcina isango ekuzifakeleni nasekugcineni ulwazi. Isitshixo kukungenelela kwangoko ukuze kulondolozwe ukhuphiswano, hayi emva kokuba ulawulo lumiliselwe. Oku kufuna ukuba abaphathi bokhuphiswano onobuchule kunye nokuzimisela ukuqhelanisa.

Umanyano loluntu ukwenzela iinjongo ezintsonkothileyo

Iingxaki ezininzi zezentlalo-ntle .---iingxaki ezininzi zezentlalo-ntle, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zale mihla, ukuxhotyiswa kwezifo ezikhoyo, ukuxhotyiswa kweemarike kunye nokusebenzisana korhulumente. Unxulumano lobuqu lungadlelana ngomngcipheko, ikomkhulu loncedo lwabucala kwimisebenzi kawonke-wonke, kunye nokudibanisa ulwakhiwo lwemfuno-ntlalo. Umzekelo, indima karhulumente wase-U.S. ekuxhaseni uphando olusisiseko (nge-NIH, NSF, DARPA) luye lwavelisa ubugcisa obuthengiselwano lwabucala kamva, ukusuka kwi-INSGPS ukuya kwi-MRNA.

Uyilo oluphambili phezu komyalelo- kunye-Control

Kunokuba bakwale ukuvale isimilo esingqalileyo, abalawuli bangasebenzisa iirhafu, inkxaso-mali, kunye nemvume egqithisiweyo yokuphembelela iziphumo. Ngokomzekelo, irhafu yekharbon iguqula imozulu ngaphandle kokulawula ukuba buphi ubugcisa obunokusetyenziswa. Iirhafu ze-gasline eYurophu, nangona zingathandwa kwezobupolitika, ziphumelele ekutshintsheni abathengi kwiinqwelo-moto ezihamba ngepetroli kunye nokuthutha abantu. Undoqo kukuyila izihlokomiso ezicace, ezithe ngqo, nezingalawulekiyo.

Ukuxhotyiswa kwamandla okuthenga nokukhuselwa kolwazi

Xa abathengi befumana ulwazi oluthembekileyo, iimarike ezizilungisayo ukusa kumlinganiselo othile. Ukubekwa kwegama (iinkcukacha ezikhoyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukusetyenziswa kwemali yokupheka) kunceda abathengi benze ukhetho olunolwazi kwaye bavuze abavelisi abanoxanduva. Unyuko lwezihlolo ze-intanethi kunye neziqinisekiso zesithathu zikwazalisa izithuba apho imithetho yesithethe ingasayi kugqunywa. Noko ke, ulwazi lulodwa alwanelanga xa abathengi bengenawo amandla okuthelekelela okanye amandla okutshintsha abanikezeli (umz., kwimiqathango yempilo okanye kwibhanki).

Isiphelo: Injongo Yindawo Engatshintshiyo, Engenamali

Ingxoxo phakathi kolawulo kunye neemarike ezikhululekileyo ayisoze izinziswe kanye naphakade; yincoko ephilayo eguqukayo ngobugcisa, amaxabiso, kunye namava. Iinkqubo ezingcono zezo ezilungelelanisa, ezifunda kuzo zombini impumelelo nokungaphumeleli, kwaye zihlale zivulekile kwindlela yokulungisa. Imbali ibonisa ukuba ulawulo oluninzi luthintela ukuvela nokukhula, ngoxa kuncinane kakhulu okukhuthaza inkxwaleko nokuxhatshazwa. Indawo e-grayhosayo ikwisakhiwo esisebenzisa ubuchule obufanelekileyo, imigaqo esekelwe ekulungiseni ukungaphumeleli kwemarike, igcina ukhuphiswano, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba isiseko somthetho olungileyo (xa kugcinwa inkululeko, i-dnamfonski, kunye neengxaki ze-enza ibe namandla kangaka. [FLDY:0], kunye nabantu abahlala benjalo kufuneka babuze ngomthetho wobulungisa, kwaye bacothe iindleko, iinjongo ezifanayo, zinokuba zikho, kwaye zifikelele iinjongo ezifanayo zezo zobuzwe zobunyuko zobuzwivuvuvuvuvuvuvuvu?