Ukwazisa: IBhuloho yoMgaqo-siseko phakathi kweLizwe neGunya eliManyeneyo

Ulwalamano phakathi kokuququzelela kunye nengcamango yamalungelo asisiseko ligumbi lomthetho-siseko wale mihla waseMerika. Ithetha ngombuzo obalulekileyo: yiyiphi ilungiselelo leBhili yamaLungelo ."eyilelwe ukumisela kuphela urhulumente wesizwe − kwaye inyanzela izenzo zikarhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni? Ngemfundiso yokuququzelela, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. i-U.S. ifuna ukuqwalasela ngokusondeleyo, kodwa asiyiyo yonke, le ntloko, kumazwe adlula kuMphetho-Mda. Le nkqubo iguqule ummandla wenkululeko yomntu ngamnye, isenza umgangatho osisigxina wamalungelo asebenza kuwo onke amaqondo karhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela okuqulungela ngayo nokufuna ukuqwalasela okufutshane kwimbali, izigqibo ezingundoqo zezomthetho, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo zengxoxo mpikiswano macala azimele.

Isiseko Sembali: Ngaphambi Kokuba Kuvumelane

Ukuqonda Kwasekuqaleni Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Xa iBhili yamaLungelo yavunywa ngo1791, kwakuqondwa ngokucacileyo ukuba kumiselwe kuphela urhulumente omtsha wengingqi, hayi amazwana. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa oku kutolikwa . Baltimore (1833), ibambe ukuba ukuthathelwa kweGama leFind Amendment amanani akuzange kusebenze kurhulumente okanye koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. IJaji eyintloko uJohn Marshall yamaLungelo yayijoliswe njengovavanyo kumandla orhulumente kuphela. Kwiminyaka eliqela elandelayo, imimiselo yesizwe nemithetho yahlala ingumthombo oyintloko wokukhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ikhokelela kwinguquko enkulu kwilizwe lonke.

IziHlalulo zeMfazwe zasemva

Ukwenziwa kwe-thth, 1450, kunye neSigqibo seshumi elinesihlanu sokulandela imfazwe yamakhaya sawuguqula kakhulu umlinganiselo wesizwe. Unyaka weshumi elinesine weSigqibo soLawulo, esamkelwa ngowe-1868, waquka iindinyana eziliqela ezingundoqo: [ ukhuseleko lukaClaus . Ngoxa injongo yokuqala yayikukhusela amalungelo ama-Afrika asandul'ukukhululwa, ulwimi olubanzi. i-FLT] i-Cetastem Clausle , kwaye [[FLT:]] i-eququal ques's's'e [ice] [ngendlela epheleleyo].[iNkube iNkungene iNkuphetho yeNt, iNt.[3]

Imfundiso yoHlahlo: ii-vs zokukhetha. Iyonke

Uthelekiso Olukhethiweyo: Ukufikelela kweCandelo

Imfundiso yale mihla yavela ngokuthe ngcembe ngothotho lwamatyala aqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Le Nkundla yamkela ukuthatha igalelo lokukhetha , ihlola ilungelo ngalinye kwiBhili yamaLungelo ngokobuqu kwaye igqiba ukuba yayingu “ucwangciso lwesiko lwaseMelika lokusesikweni” kwaye ngaloo ndlela isebenza kumazwe. Le ndlela yavumela iNkundla ukuba yandise ukhuseleko ngo-1966, isoloko ixhomekeke kwingcamango ye i-odolate [[[FLT:]]] ithetha inkululeko kwaye ithetha [FLT] kumele [FLT] [5].[55] [4], ngokuphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phindeneyo ku-kakhulu, [FT] [12]] [FT]] [127]], iKFFFFoc.]], imbono ephakathi kweyamkelekileyo yoluvo] i-G.[4]

Ukungavumelani Okupheleleyo Nokungavumelani KweJaji

Enye indlela, idibene nento ekhoyo, yaxhaswa nguJaji Hugo Black. Waphikisa ngelithi uGqibelo loMphetho weshumi elinesine okanye i-Immunity Claus enzelwe ukwenza iBhili yamaLungelo abophelelwe kumazwe. Imboniselo yobumnyama ayizange ilawule uninzi, kodwa ukuchasana kwakhe kunye nokuvumelana kwakhe kwaphembelela izigqibo zamva. INkundla ekugqibeleni yala idityaniswe ngokupheleleyo, igcina i-qulunqe njengendlela yokulawula. Nokuba kunjalo, impikiswano, igxininisa uxinzelo phakathi kombhalo wokuqala kunye nobume bamalungelo angundoqo.

Amatyala Ayintloko Enkundla Ephakamileyo Kuhambo Lokuphambukela

Inkululeko Yokuqala Yokwenziwa KomHlomelo: Oovulindlela

Ukufakwa kwamalungelo oMphetho wokuqala kwaqala ngokunyanisekileyo [[FLT: 0] Gitlow v. New York [1925]. Gutlow[, iNkundla yathi ikhululekile ukuba i Free Spee Spee Simplifice Claus isebenza kumazwe kwiMsebenzi yeMphetho weMsebenzi ka-Draunithi, nangona ukuthembeka kommangalelwa kwaxhaswa kwezinye izizathu. Esi sigqibo savula ucango lwemingxube yemeko elandelayo: [[FLT:]] Mnum.[FLT] V[FLD:5] [5]] [4] [iiiiiiivolk].ivonite nganye i-'unice.[5]

Amalungelo Ezaphuli - mthetho: INkundla yaseWarren

Owona mlinganiselo uphawulekayo wokwanda kokuququzelelwa kwenzeke phantsi kweJaji eliyiNtloko u-Earl Warren kwiminyaka yee-1960. INkundla yaseWarren yasebenzisa iinkqubo ezininzi zolwaphulo-mthetho ukukhusela amaphondo, ngokusisiseko iguqula ulawulo lobulungisa. Amatyala e-Landmark aquka:

  • Mapp v.Ohio (1961) – yaquka umthetho wesine woMgaqo-nkqubo woMgaqo-nkqubo, uvumbulula ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokuphanda okungaqikeleliyo kunye nokuxhuzula.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – yaquka ilungelo leSithandathu lokuLungisa ukucebisa kwiimeko zetyala.
  • [[NTL:0] Miranda v. Arizona (66) – Iquka ilungelo loMphengululo wesihlanu nxamnye nokuzidityanisa njengoko kusetyenziswa ekuncinwaniseni ilungelo, kufuna ngoku-fumitaar “izilumkiso ze-Manda.”
  • [[NT.0] Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) – yaquka ilungelo leSithandathu loLawulo lokwaphula umthetho kumatyala anzulu olwaphulo-mthetho.

Ezi zigqibo zaqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwayo balapho bakhuseleke ngendlela efanayo nabemi balapho, utshintsho olusanempembelelo enkulu kumapolisa nasezinkundleni zaseMerika.

Amanye Amalungelo Adityanisiweyo

Ngaphaya kweNkundla yokuHlaziya nokuQala, iNkundla iye yaquka amanye amalungiselelo. Ilungelo leSibini soMphetho-mva weSiphendu seNkundla lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo lafakwa ku Mcdold v. IsiXeko saseChicago[ (2010]), ukwandisa ukubanjwa [[FGOL:]] kwe-Gamptlervertiony [[FLT] v. [FLT:] [2008]] [2008] kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ukuthatyathwalwa kweSinyuluketho [FLT] kwafakwa [FL:] iTCURN], inguqum & symple; i-Qultlet. ingulgroupt. [iith Court))) kumele kusetyenziswe ityala ngalinye.

Amalungelo Angengabo: Oko Kungahlali Kuse ngaphandle

Asilolungiselelo ngalinye leBhili yamaLungelo eliqulethwe. Umthetho wesiThathu woHlaziyo owenziweyo awuzange uqukwe ngqo kwikota yamajoni, nangona enye inkundla karhulumente yacebisa ukuba inokuba sisiseko. Lo msebenzi weSindululo sesihlanu ubonakalisa ilungelo elibalulekileyo lokugweba ityala elikhulu: iNkundla imisela ukuba ngaba ilungelo “lisekelwe kwizithethe nakwisazela. Ulungiso lweSindululo seSeventic Reconsole kwityala lamakhaya alisetyenziswanga kumatyala asekuhlaleni. [[FL.] der[12]

Indima yenkqubo elindelekileyo

Ukusuka Kwinkululeko Yezoqoqosho Ukuya Kwizinto Zobuqu

Ukuthatyathwa kunxulumene kakhulu nemfundiso ebanzi yenkqubo efunekayo ye . Ngeli xesha ukuququzelela kusebenzisa amalungelo akhethekileyo ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kumazwe, inkqubo efunekayo iqonda ukuba ingakhuselwa namalungelo angundoqo akhuselekileyo eMsebenzi weNkqubo ka-Claus. Oku kubandakanya amalungelo afana nomtshato, ulwalamano lwentsapho, ukuthintela ukuphuma kwezibeleko. Gristold v. Connecticut[FL:] [195] [195], iNkuvolu yamkelekile ekunene kwimicimbi epheleleyo yomtshato, nangona ingenayo kuvukelo oluqhelekileyo, nangona ikhuselwe inkululeko engundoqo ye-1914. Ngokunjalo, [FLT] [freggberg] [2]

Iinkqubo ezilindelekileyo neziququzelelayo

Abahlalutyi bathi ukuququzelelwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo efunekayo kunika abagwebi ubuchule obukhulu bokwenza amalungelo amatsha okanye ukwandisa amadala ngaphaya kwentsingiselo yabo yokuqala. Abaxhasi bembali, njengoJaji wamva uAntonin Scalia, baphikisa ngelithi ukuququzelelwa kwamalungelo athe aqondwe ngokwembali njengesiseko sokwandiswa kweMiqathango ye 144 yokuTshintshwa koMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko. IJaji uClarence Thomas uncome ukuvuselela amalungelo amatshanawo okanye i-Immunion Classias njengesiseko esinesandi sokukhusela nokungalingani namalungelo. La malungelo atheth aqhubekeka ukuma ngokwemiqatha embali ngexesha lokuqulukwano komthetho-mthetho, ingakumbi njengoko ukuqanjwa kweNkundla.

Impembelelo yamalungelo asisiseko:

Ukudala Umgangatho Wesizwe Wokhuseleko

Eyona mpembelelo ibalulekileyo yokungeniswa iye yaba kukudalwa komgangatho ophantsi wesizwe kumalungelo asisiseko. Phambi kokuba kuqukunjelwe, umntu angaphiwa ukhuseleko lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwelinye ilizwe ngexa enandipha elinye. Namhlanje, uMphetho wokuqala uqinisekisa isiseko senkululeko yokuba akukho rhulumente onokuthi aphazamisane. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo leSinye soMphengululo ukucebisa liqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu unyanzelwayo ukuma ityala ngaphandle kwegqwetha. Oku kuqinisa umthetho kwaye kuqinisa ingcamango yokuba amalungelo angundoqo kuwo onke amazwe aseMerika, kungakhathaliseki imeko yawo yokuhlala.

Uxinezeleko noBuzwe noLawulo lwasekuhlaleni

Kwangaxeshanye, ukungeniswa kuncitshise amandla karhulumente okuzama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zomthetho zokufikelela kwizaphuli-mthetho kunye nenkululeko yabemi. Abahlalutyi bokwenziwa kwemithetho-siseko baphikisa ngelithi ithoba igunya likarhulumente, umgaqo-siseko othe wachaza ukuba ugcine ukuzimela okubalulekileyo ukuze ubonise amaxabiso asekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, amanye amaphondo aye avumela uphando olungagunyaziswanga kwimeko ezithile apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakwalela kamva. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokukhusela amalungelo abantu nokuhlonela ulawulo lukarhulumente kusengumba ophambili kwimiqathango yomthetho.

Imibuzo Yale Mihla Yokuthotywa Neyokungaconjululwa

Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-nkqubo weSibini kunye nelungelo lokuthwala izixhobo

Ukuqukwa koMphetho wesibini ku McDonald v. IsiXeko saseChicago (2010) sivuselele uluvo olutsha malunga namalungelo emipu. Isigqibo esifunekayo kumazwe nakumadolobha ukuthethelela imimiselo yemipu phantsi kohlolo olungqongqo olulawula imithetho karhulumente. Iinkundla ezisezantsi ziyaqhubeka ukuxabana ngemibuzo malunga nokuba yiyiphi imiqathango yemipu evumelekileyo emva kokungeniswa. Le ndawo ibonisa ukuba ukuququzelela asiyomfundiso epheleleyo kodwa ingulowo uvela njengenkundla echaza ukulandelelana kwamalungelo angundoqo.

Ukuzimela Kwamanani Nohlaziyo Lwesine

Inkqubela-phambili kwezobugcisa iphakamisa imibuzo entsha eququzelelayo. Ngelixesha ukhuseleko loMphetho-mva wesine woKhuseleko olungekho ngqiqweni lusebenza kumazwe, indlela ezi nqalo zisebenza ngayo kumajelo enkcazelo yemivo . njengeengxelo zendawo yeselfowuni, ii-imeyili, kunye nokukhangela i-Internet imbali. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sisadityaniswa Carbarter v. United States [2088], ekholelwa ukuba urhulumente usoloko efuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana ulwazi lwendawo ekuyo ekwiseli, ekhiwe ngemigaqo yeSine eququluliweyo kodwa engaphulanga mhlaba omtsha ngokwemiqatha. Noko ke, iimeko zexesha elizayo zingavavanyazisa ukuba iimfundiso ezikhoyo zinokubuthundelwe ngokwezinziswa.

IAgenda Engaphenjelelwanga: ISikhundla Esizukileyo Namalungelo Esizwe

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, imfuneko enkulu yeFind 5 Amendment ayikhange ifakwe, iintsingiselo zeemeko zingasebenzisa ezinye iinkqubo. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo leSeventic Amendmentality alibopheleleki kwiinkundla zephondo. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi ezi zinto zishicilelweyo zidala inkqubo entlu - mbini yokusesikweni, apho abamangalelwa bengingqi begunya lengingqi bafumana ukhuseleko oluphezulu kodwa abamangalelwa abasemthethweni abakhohliswayo. Ukuba iNkundla yangoku iya kwabelana nala malungelo aya kuqinisekwa, wanikwa ukuba umbhali ophambili nomhlobo wesizwe unegunya kunye nomhlobo worhulumente. Kodwa lo mbano uyaqhubeka umxholo osebenzayo wengxoxo engokwasemthethweni neyo.

Isiphelo: Imfundiso Ephilayo Yohlanga Olutshintshayo

Ulwalamano oluphakathi kokwenziwa kwamalungelo asisiseko ayiyonto engokwembali okanye ingumbandela osombululiweyo ngokupheleleyo. Ukusukela kwisigqibo sokuqala [[FLT: 0] Barron v. Baltimore kwiimeko zangoku MncDrald[ kwaye ngaphaya, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa iMfundo yeGqikelelo yeGqikelelo le 145 ukuze iqinise iSibophelele ukuzinikela kwesizwe kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Indlela ekhethekileyo yokulungisa iNkuNkundla yamaLungelo ivumele ilungisele iBhili yamaLungelo kwiimeko ezintsha ngexesha ijongeneyo isakhiwo somthetho wangaphambili. Emo ibonakalisa ukukholelwa ukuba amalungelo athile angundoqo amele akhuselwe kuyo yonke imicimbi karhulumente, nokuba yimeko-ognomentine, intsingiselo yeze yamanani asemthethweni, iqhubekeka, iinjongo ezintsha, iintsingiselo zemfundiso zomthetho, zeze kulwazi, ezingundoqo, ukuququququlwa kwemiselwa kwemisko.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa iimbono ezipheleleyo zeqhosha eliqukiweyo kumatyala Gitlow v. New York kunye Mapp v.Ohio e-Oyez, iCornell Information Institute ye-Dialogiethi ye- imfundiso yokwahlula-hlula [, kunye nengxoxo yenkqubo encinci ekwinkqubo ekwi [[FTLT:6]] i-Chonitioffion].