Table of Contents

Ukwazisa

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, owagunyaziswa ngo-1788 kwaye walungiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo amaxesha angamashumi amabini anesixhenxe ukususela ngoko, usebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Umisela isiseko sikarhulumente wesizwe kwaye, esebenzisa iBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo, ubala amalungelo asisiseko kunye nenkululeko abanayo bonke abantu. Ukuqonda ezi zikhuselo zomgaqo-siseko akuyomfuneko nje yemfundo yemfundo kuphela.

Esi sikhokelo sihlolisisa ukhuseleko olungundoqo olusekelwe kumGaqo-siseko, sihlolisisa iimvelaphi zazo zembali kunye nezicelo zale mihla, kwaye sinikela iindlela ezisebenzisekayo zokufunda okungakumbi. Nokuba ungumfundi wesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ofunda ibutho labantu okanye umfundisi-mfundo olungiselela isifundo, ulwazi olungezantsi luya kukwenza uqonde oko umGaqo-siseko ukuqinisekisayo nendlela eziqinisekisa ngayo ezi zinto ezisebenza ngayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

IBhili Yamalungelo: UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo Olishumi

Iqinisekisiwe ngoDisemba 15, 1791, iBhili yamaLungelo yayiyintsabelo engqalileyo kwinkxalabo ezichasene neFederalis yokuba umGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo awulukhuselanga ngokwaneleyo uluntu. Ezi zindululo zilishumi zihlala zisesona siseko sicatshuliweyo esininzi samalungelo abantu baseMerika kunye nenkululeko yabemi. Ngasezantsi kujongwa ngokunzulu kwinguquko nganye, kunye nenkcazelo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo eye yaguqula intsingiselo yazo yeli xesha.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala: Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nonqulo

UHlaliso Lokuqala luthintela ukumisela imithetho ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yonqulo, ukuvala inkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokushicilela, okanye ukulinganisela ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisa kunye nokucela urhulumente. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa ezi migaqo kumaphondo ukudlula kwi-145 Deminersionmentation Claus. Imeko ezinje [[FLT: 0] [[FLT]] [1] [i-West Virginia Board yemfundo v.[FLT:][2][FLT][12][FLT:] [193]] [193])) ikholelwa ukuba abafundi abanako ukunyanzelwa ukukhahlela iflegi okanye ukucaza i-Screamscreaeaeances, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yokuthetha ngasekunene kuya kuhlala. Ngokunjalo, [FTLT][5][5]

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Unelungelo lokugcina Nokuthwala Izixhobo

Impikiswano ephicothiweyo kwezobupolitika zale mihla, iSend Confection ithi: "INkundla yesibini elawulwa kakuhle yeMilitia, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Iizixhobo, ayiyi kuphazanyiswa. Kwiminyaka engamashumi eminyaka, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayiyi kuthintelwa ukutolikwa okupheleleyo de [[[FLT]] [[FLT][2][FLT][2008] [2008]] [iimeko yeNkukhusela umntu othile ilungelo lokuzidubula ngentambo yendlu, engadibaniselwanga nenkonzo yemikhosi. Inkundla kamva yasebenzisa ukuchaza okusekunene [FLT: MFT] [5] [5] [5] [iDolophulo lombini loThulu lweChic.[5] [5]

UMthetho Wesithathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamajoni

Mhlawumbi esona sindululo sincinane siphenduliweyo, isiHlamli sesithathu soMphengululo salela urhulumente ekunyanzeleni abaninimakhaya ukuba bawanyanzelise amajoni endlu ngexesha loxolo ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Nangona kungafane kubhedwe, sibandakanya ukungathembani kwaBaseki bemikhosi emileyo kunye nokuzibophelela kwabo kumalungelo empahla yangasese. Inkundla yeZibheno zeSibhedlele sesibini ijonge intengo enqabileyo yeSiThathu soMquluko engblam v. Carey (1992), ichaza izindlu zamajoni ekwalawulweni lwe-Rhulumente ngexesha lohlaselo lwezigwebo lwezi, kodwa umgangatho wesi-Andment ihlala umxinwa.

UMthetho Wesine: Ukufuna Nokuzimela

IsiHlanzo sesine sikhusela abantu ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni okungekho ngqiqweni ngurhulumente. Kufuna ukuba imvume yokuphendla ixhaswe yisizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye ichaze indawo yokukhangelwa kunye nabantu okanye izinto eziza kuthinjwa. Ezikolweni, umgangatho usezantsi usezantsi: ngaphantsi [[FLT]] New Jersey v. T.L.[[FLT].[FLT:][12]] [1985], abaphathi besikolo bafuna kuphela "ukukrokrala" ukukhangela impahla yomfundi. Ukufika kobugcisa bamanani kuphakamise imibuzo emitsha. Umzekelo, yintoni ebangela "uphengulula" icell? [FL:][5] [FLT] [FT] [FT][6]

UHlaliso lweNtlalo-ntle: INkqubo eQhelekileyo, Ukuzitshintsha, kunye nokuTshabalalisa okuphindwe kabini

IsiHlanzo sesihlanu siqulethe iindidi ezininzi zokhuseleko olubalulekileyo. Siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uza kubanjwa kwityala elikhulu ngaphandle kokugwetywa, enokuba sengozini ephindwe kabini (kuphinde kubekwe icala elifanayo), okanye anyanzelelwe kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba abe lingqina (ilungelo lokuthula, elidla ngokubizwa ngokuba "ukuyalela isihlanu". Kukwafuneka ukuba kungabikho mntu uhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho kunye nempahla yabucala engazukusetyenziswa ekuhleni ngaphandle kwentlawulo. IMiranda--a, edumileyo, ibizwa ngokuba ilungile ukuba ihlale ithule..."""" isuka kuMfunowe-FLD, njengoko iqinisiwe ku-[FLD][F: [1][1][2][5]

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala Okufanelekileyo Nokukhawulezileyo

Abameli bamatyala abamangalelwa banandipha ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala elikhawulezayo nelikawonke-wonke liqulunqwe ngabachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo bephondo kunye nesithili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenzeke khona. Kufuneka baziswe ngesimo salo, bajoliswe kumangqina anxamnye nabo, kwaye babe nenkqubo enyanzelekileyo yokufumana amangqina alungileyo. Ngaphezu koko, banelungelo lokufumana icebiso elisemthethweni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo [FLT][FLT] [1] Gideonright v. Wainwright [1963]] [iikhulu]) ikholelwa ukuba kufunekelwe igqwetham lika-jajini ekwabagxele abamangali bengenakukwazi ukuhlawula enye kwiimeko zetyala zetyala zezaphuli-mthetho, ngokuphawulekayo ukuguqula inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwendlela Yokuzilungisa: Izilingo Zokuvavanywa Kwabemi

Kumatyala asekuhlaleni apho ixabiso lempikiswano lidlula ii-irandi ezingamashumi amabini (umqobo ongatshintshiyo nongatshintshwayo namhlanje), uMphengululo weSebentebe ulondoloza ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala. Kwakhona ithintela nayiphi na into enqunyulwayo ngabachopheli-mthetho ukuba iphinde ihlolwe nakweyiphi na inkundla yephondo ngaphandle kokuba kungokwemithetho eqhelekileyo. Le ngxelo isebenza kuphela kumatyala asemthethweni, hayi kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, nangona umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uqulethe amalungiselelo asemthethweni.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

ISimiwo sokuHlanganisa ibheyile egqithisileyo, intlawulo egqithisileyo, nengqeqesho egqithisileyo nengaqhelekanga. Ukutolikwa kwe-"FLT" kuvele ngokuphawulekayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba kwelokuba isohlwayo sokufa esisetyenziswa kubaphuli abathile ([FLT]][FLT]]] Atkins v. Virginia[[FLT]][2][FLT]]], 2002]) okanye ulutsha ( RGOR2].[FLT] v[FLT],[FLT], 2005],[5],[4],[intevolution.5], 2005.[iiiimeko olulingana nokungathwaliyo okanye ukunga kwe-Gene-Genegalelo-Genelkt.]

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesi - 1000: Amalungelo Angenazintlukwano

ISichithi seNinth IsiHlanziso sisikhumbuzo sokuba uludwe lwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko aluwakhanyi okanye aluwahluli amanye amalungelo agcinwe ngabantu. Oku kulungiswa kukhe kwakhankanywa kwiimpikiswano zamalungelo obuqu, omzimba, kunye nezinye inkululeko ezingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumbhalo. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokufumana izinto zobuqu ezibhaptiwe [FLT]] [FLT]GRILC v.Connecticut[[[FL:2][FLT] [1965]] [195]

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi: Ulawulo Olugcinelwe Amarhulumente Okanye Abantu

IsiHlanziso seshumi elinamashumi amathandathu sicacisa ukuba nawuphi na amandla anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente karhulumente, okanye angavunyelwanga nguMgaqo-siseko, agcinwe kumaphondo ngokulandelelanayo, okanye kubantu. Oku kulungiswa sisiseko sombhalo solawulo lolawulo lorhulumente, esisithintela ukufikelela kwegunya lesizwe. Kuye kwacelwa kwiimeko ezicelwha imithetho karhulumente esukela ekulawuleni imipu ukuya kumda, nangona amandla ayo exhomekeke kumgangatho wamandla olawulo lweBhunga.

Ukhuseleko olungundoqo lomGaqo-siseko olungaphaya kweBhili yamaLungelo

Izilungisi ezininzi zasemva konyaka ka-1791 kunye nezigwebo zomgaqo-siseko zandisa zaza zaqinisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye. IReconstructionon Amendments(umH.

UMthetho ohlaziyiweyo we - 1865: Ukupheliswa kobukhoboka

IsiHlaziyo seshumi elinesithathu saphelisa ubukhoboka nokungavunyelwa, ngaphandle kokuba sisohlwaywe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho. Sanika iBhunga amandla okunyanzelisa lo mthetho ngomthetho ofanelekileyo. Ulungiso lokufikelela kolu lawulo lungaphaya kobukhoboka bokoqobo; luye lwasetyenziselwa ukulwa nezenzo ezinjengobunyuko nokurhweba kwabantu. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yasilela ukusebenzisa kwayo ihambo yangasese (kuba ukupheliswa kwalo kusebenza ngqo kubadlali babucala), ngokwahlukileyo kwimfuneko yombuso we-145th Amend Amendmentmentment.

I - 14th Amendment (1868): Ubumi, Inkqubo Efanelekileyo, Nokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ilandelayo ithenjiswayo emva kokuncitshiswa kwamalungelo abantu, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine sinika bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States ilungelo lokuba babe nobumi bobuzwe, kwaye abavumeli ukuba bahlulwe nabani na ophilayo, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo inkqubo yomthetho okanye engakhuselwa ngokulinganayo. IBROP yeSivumelwano soMbutho uClaus esetyenziswa ukudibanisa iBhili yeMalungelo anxamnye namagunya, ibenza babophelele kwilizwe nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ukukhusela uClausle kuye kwaba sembini kunezigqibo ezimiselwe amalungelo abantu njengaye [[FLT:][5], [5], kunye noluvoluvo lwasemthethweni.[3] [FFF] [3]

UMthetho - siseko We - 1870: Ukungacalucalucalulwa Kobuhlanga

UMthetho weSindululo weshumi elinesihlanu uthintela oorhulumente bakarhulumente norhulumente ukuba bangalivumi okanye bavume ilungelo lommi lokuvota ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, okanye kwimeko yobukhoboka bangaphambili. Nangona lagunyaziswa, amazwe asemazantsi ngokunempumelelo ayengayiphepha ngerhafu yokhupho, iimvavanyo zobuzwilakhe, kunye nezinye iimvavanyo zobugcisa. Kwathabatha iVoting Rights Act yonyaka ka-656 ukuze ekugqibeleni kunyanzeliswe isithembiso sobugcintshi.

IsiHla - langa Se - 19 (1920): Ushenxiso Lwamabhinqa

Emva kwamashumi eminyaka esenzo sobuProfethi, uMphengululo weSityhi leshumi elinesithoba wandisa ilungelo lokuvota amabhinqa, isithi "ilungelo labemi base-United States lokuvota aliyi kukhanyelwa okanye livalelwe yiUnited States okanye lilo naliphi na iLizwe ngenxa yesondo." Laphawula ukwanda okuguqulayo konyulo kwaye lihlala lisesona siseko sokulingana kwesini.

UHlaliso lweMiqathango yama-24 (1964): Ukupheliswa kwerhafu

Oku kulungiswa kwalelwe zombini iiKhonkxa-ntle kunye namazwana ekumiseleni ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo lwerhafu yonyulo okanye nayiphi na enye irhafu. Ngoxa irhafu yokuvota yayisetyenziselwa ukushenxisa amaMelika angamahlwempu aseAfrika, intengiso yasusa loo mqobo wonyulo karhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo kamva yabambelela ekubeni irhafu yonyulo kunyulo lwaseburhulumenteni ikwayaphula i-Sult Clause kwi-[[FLT] v. Virginia Board of Evolutions[FLT] [196]

UHlahlo-Mbetho wama-20101: Ukhuphiswano lweNkcubeko

Ukuphendula kwimpikiswano yokuba ukuba ii-18-madala zinokubhaliswa ukuba zilwe eVietnam, kufuneka zibe nelungelo lokuvota, uHlomelo lweMinyaka Engamashumi amabini anesithandathu lwehla ukuya kwishumi elinesibhozo kunyulo. Kwavunywa ngokukhawuleza, yaye kwathi thathu iinyanga ukudlula ngeKhomfama.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Ngokuqhelisela

Ulwazi olunzulu ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kufuneka ludityaniswe noluqondayo indlela esebenza ngayo kwizicwangciso zehlabathi lokwenene. Ezi zimo eziqhelekileyo apha zilapha apho amalungelo omGaqo-siseko asoloko evavanywa, kunye nokhokelo lwabafundi nabafundisi.

ESikolweni Esinenkululeko Yokuthetha: Oko Kufuneka Kwazi Abafundi

UHlaliso Lokuqala lukhusela intetho yabafundi, kodwa asiyiyo yonke intetho evumelekileyo. Njengoko kuphawulwe kwi Tinker v. Des Moines, izikolo zingasibekela imiqathango intetho ebangela "ukuphazamiseka kwendalo" okanye ingquzulana namalungelo abanye. Umzekelo, intetho engcolileyo okanye engcolileyo kwindibano zesikolo ([[FLT:]]]] Bel School Distric v. Fraser , 1986) kunye nentetho ekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa okungekho mthethwenothemthethweno okuchasene nemigaqo ekhululekileyo ([[FLT:]]] [breglate], 2007) inokuqeqeshwa. Ukulungisa nokukhulula intetho enkungenelo olunzima kwi-intanethi yesikolo; unyusongelo oluqhelekileyo oluchasene nemigaqo yemfundo ekhululekileyo. Uqeqesho lufanele luchaze imigaqo ekhululekileyo ekuthetheni.

Uphando Ngesine Sokwenziwa KomHlomelo Nesikolo

Abafundi balindele ukuba kubekwe umva, kodwa abaphathi besikolo bangaphengulula izinto zabafundi ezisekelwe ekukrokreleni okusengqiqweni, hayi umgangatho ophezulu wesizathu esinokwenzeka esisebenzayo kumapolisa. Ukukhangela kufuneka kube "kusengqiqweni ekuqaleni kwayo" kunye "nobungcathu obuqhelekileyo". Umzekelo, ukuphengululwa kwebhegi yomfundi yecuba ku New Jersey v. T.L.[FL.O. kuxhaswe. Noko ke, ukuvavanywa kweziyobisi kwabafundi kwavunyelwa [iiiiindlela] [ii-FLT] [ivot:3] [iSikolo se-Filigistiki.][FLT:] [12] [12] [12] [ii-FLT], kodwa ukuthenjiswa okungakrokra kom, kodwa ukutheliswa okuthenjiswayo konke kweminxeba ye-cell. Abafundi kusenokuvunyelwa ukuba bafunde ukuba bafunde.

Ukuqhelisela Uqeqesho Lwesikolo

Xa umfundi ejamelene nesenzo soqeqesho esinzulu ````````I-FLT''''' imele ikhutshwe okanye igxothwe iintsuku ezilishumi. Inkundla Ephakamileyo kwi [FLT] Gos v. Lopez[[FLT]][197] ibambe ukuba abafundi abajongene nokugxothwa kwesikolo kufuneka bafumane isaziso esidluliselwa ngomlomo okanye esibhaliweyo setyala kunye nethuba lokunikezela icala labo. Ukuzikhulula okanye ukugxotha okuninzi okucwangciiiiiinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo kusenokufuneka. Ukuqonda oku kunceda abafundi abaqhubi besikolo ukuba baqhube incoko yesikolo.

Ilungelo Lokuhlanganisa Nokucela

Abafundi banelungelo lokuququzelela imibhiyozo yoxolo, ukwenza ii-admil, nokusasaza izibongozo ezisekholijini, ukuba abaphazamisani nenkqubo yokufundisa. Phantsi koMthetho we-Uncime Access (19984), ukuba isikolo sikawonke-wonke sivumela naliphi na iqela labafundi abakwizifundo ezingezozamva kwesikolo ukuba lihlangabeze, kufuneka livumele onke amaqela, kuquka ezonqulo okanye ezopolitiko, ukuba afikeleleke ngokufanayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuhlanganisa alikhatywa. Obafundisi-wodwa bangafaka iindibano okanye imfaniso zenkohliso ukuze babonise indlela eli lungelo eli lisebenza ngayo.

Oovimba Bokufunda Ngokunzulu

Ukuwaqonda ngokucokisekileyo amalungelo omGaqo-siseko kufuna ukuba kubekho izinto ezichanekileyo nezibandakanyekileyo. Ngeli ngezantsi kucetyiswa ukuba kubekho izinto ezilungiselelwe ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo.

IiWeb site namahlelo asebenzisanayo

Incwadi

  • IBhili yamaLungelo: Ukudala kunye nokulungisa ngu-Akhil Reed Amar — Lo msebenzi uhlola intsingiselo yasekuqaleni yeBhili yamaLungelo nendlela uLawulo lweshumi elinesine olwaguqula ngayo ukusetyenziswa kwayo.
  • Umthetho okwiCunistigation for the Changing America: Amalungelo, Inkululeko, kunye neJaji nguLee Epstein noThomas G. Walker — Incwadi efikelelekayo esebenzisa amatyala okwenyaniso ukuchaza imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Unelungelo lokuhlala ungena Innocent nguJames Duane — Isikhokelo esisebenzisekayo sokuqonda isiHlaliso sesihlanu sokuzilungisa ngokuchasene nokuziphikisa.

Amaxwebhu Neziphene

  • " UmGaqo-siseko: Leyo iDelicate Balation" — ungcelele lwe-PBS oluhlolisisa imiba yempikiswano yomgaqo-siseko ngemeko ezithelekelelwayo ziingcali ezingokwasemthethweni.
  • " INkundla ePhakamileyo" [PBS] — Ungcelele lwengxelo malunga nembali kunye nempembelelo yenkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe.
  • Iklasi yeklasi yeAnntenberg ye-"Constitution Project" — iividiyo ezifutshane kunye neeplani zesifundo ezicetyelwe abafundi besikolo esiphakathi nesomgangatho ophezulu.

Name

  • EX — "UmGaqo-siseko Obhaliweyo kaMelika" nguYale University (IProfere Akhil Reed Amar) — Isifundo esikhululekileyo, esizihambela sodwa esiphengulula umbhalo nembali yomGaqo-siseko.
  • Coursera — "Umthetho ongowamatyala" yiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania — Ifundiswe nguNjingalwazi Kermit Roosevelt, le khosi iquka iimfundiso ezisisiseko kunye neengxoxo zamaxesha angoku.
  • Iziko lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe "Thina bantu" — Ufundo lwe-intanethi olukhululekileyo olulungelelaniswe neSikhundla esiqhubela phambili sikaRhulumente wase-U.S. kunye nenkqubo yePhondo.

Isiphelo

UmGaqo-siseko asiloxwebhu oluzimelayo; luxwebhu oluphilayo olunentsingiselo ebumbelwe ziinkundla, iintlanga zowiso-mthetho, kunye nezenzo zabemi. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho esiseko semithetho-siseko linyathelo lokuqala lokuwasebenzisa ngokunempumelelo nokuwakhusela ekukhukuliseni. Abafundi kunye noothisha ngokufanayo, ababandakanyeke kwezi nkxaso ngengxoxo yeklasi, iimvavanyo zogculelo, kunye nohlolisiso lwehlabathi lwehlabathi olukhuthaza uxabiso olunzulu ngomthetho kunye noxanduva lwelungelo lobumi bedemokhrasi. Ngokuwazi umbhalo, imbali, kunye neenkcazelo ezingundoqo, abantu ngabanye banokuma ngentembelo ebuso begunya, baphucula inkululeko yabo, kwaye banegalelo kwibutho elinobulungisa. Uhambo lokufunda ngomGatho-siseko luyinto ephilayo, kodwa luqala ngokuqaqalwa ukuba lamalungelo abo bonke abantu bamele inkululeko.