Ulwalamano Phakathi Koorhulumente Basekuhlaleni: Intsebenziswano Nengxabano

Umboniso phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni umela olunye lobuhlobo obunamandla nobuneziphumo eziphambili kulawulo lwaseMerika. Olu lwalamano, olusekelwe kwinkqubo karhulumente wase-U.S., lubumba yonke into ukusuka kwimali yeklasi ukuya kwimpendulo yongxamiseko. Ngoxa le migaqo mibini ineenjongo ezifanayo zokunceda abemi, intsebenziswano yabo idla ngokuquka phakathi kwentsebenziswano esebenzayo kunye nengxabano ekhawulezileyo. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, nabemi abatshateneyo, babamba ezi zenzo zibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela enyanisweni yokufikelela abantu.

Isiseko sembali solwalamano lwe-Rhulumente-efikeleleka

Isithethe solawulo lwangaphakathi lwangaphambi komGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Iidolophu kunye nezibalo zobuRhosa zasebenzisa igunya elithe kratya phambi kokuba oorhulumente benziwe ngokusemthethweni. Noko ke, emva kokuzimele, amazwana athatha ubungangamsha kwizinto zoluntu ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko nangezenzo zowiso-mthetho. Imfundiso esemthethweni eyaziwa njenge I-Dillon's [, ecaciswe nguMgwebi John F. Dillon ngo1868, emisele ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazizidalwa zesizwe, ezinikwe kuphela yimithetho ecacileyo ngumthetho-omatilo. Lo mgaqo uyaqhubeka ubandakanya ulwalamano olusemthethweni, nangona amanye amaphondo efumene amalungiselelo omthetho anika ulawulo lwasekhaya olunike i-Elgromagest.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umlinganiselo uye watshintsha. Inkulungwane yama-20 yabona ukwanda kokucinywa kwegunya lasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kwimimandla yezomgaqo-nkqubo enjengerhafu, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, nempilo kawonke-wonke. Namhlanje, ulwalamano lusasoloko lukho phakathi kwecala likarhulumente kunye noziqulu-luvo lwasekuhlaleni.

ISicwangciso esingokwasemthethweni sikaRhulumente noorhulumente bengingqi

Ulwakhiwo olusemthethweni olulawula indawo ehlala kuyo luntsonkothile. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uchaza isakhiwo namandla oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ngelixa izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zikhupha imithetho echaza igunya labo ngokubhekele phaya. Akukho mzekelo mfana wohlanga; ishishini ngalinye lorhulumente liyilwakhela ulwakhelo lwalo. Olu didi ludala ulwakhiwo olutyebileyo lonxulumano lwezorhulumente kulo lonke ilizwe.

Umgaqo wolawulo lukaDillon uphikisana nolawulo lwasekhaya

Iimfundiso ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo zomthetho zibumba ulwalamano. uMthetho we-Dillon umi ngelithi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangasebenzisa kuphela amandla agunya abekwe ngokucacileyo ngurhulumente. Naliphi na igunya elisombululiweyo lisombululwa ngokuxhasa urhulumente. Lo mthetho usebenza malunga nama-39 kumgangatho othile. Ngokuchaseneyo, [[FLT:] umthetho wekhaya [[FLT:]] usebenza phantsi kokuzinika amandla okuzilawula, okuqhelekileyo ngokwesivumelwano sesixeko. Phantsi komthetho wasekhaya, imibutho iyakwazi ukusebenzisa naliphi amandla angathintelwanga ngokucacileyo ngumthetho. Amazwe alishumi anika umthetho wasekhaya obubanzi [[FLT] umthetho wemizi nakubalwa-madolo.

Umzekelo, u-Ohio unika oomasipala igunya lolawulo lwasekhaya phantsi kweQumrhu XVIII lomgaqo-siseko walo, uvumela izixeko ezifana noColumbus noCleveland zidlulise imithetho yasekuhlaleni kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, naxa umthetho karhulumente uthulile. Noko ke, xa umthetho worhulumente ucinezela inyathelo lasekuhlaleni, urhulumente uyakwazi ukuphelisa. Olu ngquzulwano phakathi komthetho wasekhaya kunye nokukhutshwa komgaqo ngumthombo ozinzileyo wempikiswano.

Ukucinezelwa kweGunya lasekuhlaleni

Imeko yenzeka xa indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe ithintela okanye ithintela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ekulawuleni kwindawo ethile. Ukukhululwa kungaboniswa (ngokucacileyo kuchazwe ngomthetho) okanye kuchazwe (kususwe kwinjongo karhulumente yokuhlala kwibala). Imimandla eqhelekileyo yokukhulula iquka:

  • Umyalelo we-Firemar-marker
  • Umlinganiselo womvuzo omncinci kunye nowomsebenzi
  • Amasiko okuqesha okwethutyana (umz., Airbb)
  • Ukuvalwa kwebhegi yeplastiki kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo
  • Intsebenziswano yoluntu

NgokweNgqungquthela yesizwe ye-Ofisi ye-, inani letyala lokukhulula eliye laveliswa ngonyaka liye lanyuka kakhulu ukususela ngo-2010, libonisa uxakxak' olukhulayo phakathi koorhulumente bezixeko abahambela phambili kunye nezindlu zolawulo ezingqongqo.

Intsebenziswano Phakathi Koorhulumente Basekuhlaleni

Ngaphandle kwemilo ephambili engqubanayo, urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisana imihla ngemihla kwimisebenzi emininzi. Le ntsebenziswano isoloko igunyaziswa ngumthetho okanye ikhutshwa ngemali. Intsebenziswano ephumelelayo phakathi korhulumente iphucula ubuchule, iphephe ukwenziwa, kunye nobuchule bokuxhathisa kuwo omabini amanqanaba.

Intsebenziswano yezemali: Uncedo lukaRhulumente kunye nolwahlulo lweNgeniso

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kakhulu kwinkxaso karhulumente ukuze banikele iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo.

  • [[FULT:0] I-Formula inika inkxaso-mali: esasazwe ngokusekelwe kubemi, ekubhaliseni, okanye kwezinye ii-metric (umz., K-12 inkxaso-mali yemfundo)
  • ukwabelana: Inxalenye yengeniso yerhafu karhulumente ebuyiselwe kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni enemiqathango embalwa
  • IPass-ethunywe yimali yesizwe: Ama- States anika iinkqubo zesizwe kwaye anikezela ngemali kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni

Ngokwe U.S. uvavanyo lonyaka lweBreau yeBhunga loRhulumente noRhulumente woMmandla wengingqi , uncedo lorhulumente lufumana malunga nesithathu semali yorhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngokwelizwe. Kwamanye amazwe, elo nani lingaphezulu kwama-40%. Eli qondo lemali lidala intsebenziswano zombini (xa ukuhamba kwemali kuthe kwaqikelelwa) kunye nongquzulwano (xa imali ithe yasikwa okanye idityaniswa neemeko zenkqubo).

Inyathelo elidityanisiweyo kwimpilo yoluntu nokhuseleko

Ungxamiseko lwempilo kawonke-wonke, ukusuka ekuqhambukeni kwezifo ukuya kwiintlekele zemvelo, kufuneka umanyano olusondeleyo. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, amasebe empilo karhulumente asebenza kwii-ofisi zonyango lwengingqi ekuvavanyweni, ekuxilongweni, nasekugonyamelweni. Ngexesha ukhuhleko oluthile luvela kwimiyalelo yokusebenza kwesigqubuthelo sobuso kunye nokuvalwa kwesikolo, umanyano lokusebenza lwande. Ngokufanayo, iinkqubo zokuphendula kwintlekele zixhomekeke kumasebe ombane kunye nakumaziko asekuhlaleni, kunye norhulumente enika uncedo kunye nezinto eziluncedo ezifana ne-Emergencyternameter Management [.

Ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa zokuthutha kunye

Imisebenzi emikhulu yesiseko idla ngokufuna umanyano lwelizwe. Amasebe ezothutho alawula uhola weendlela kunye namazwe angaphandle, ngelinye ixesha oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphatha izitrato kunye neendlela. Kodwa imisebenzi emininzi inqamleza imida. ICalifornia-Speeting Rail Adminigment[, umzekelo, isebenzisana nemithetho yobulali yesikhululonke ekuhlaleni ekuhlaleni nasekusebenziseni umhlaba. Omnye umzekelo nguMennesota weSebe le-Organizery ye-Urty ye-Urty Active Actrigion [[[FLTLT]], edityaniswe nesixeko ukuqhuba i-mingxube-e-e-equattingstings, kunye nophuhlisoo-omatiko.

Ungquzulwano Phakathi Koorhulumente Basekuhlaleni Noorhulumente

Ukungavisisani kuyinxalenye engokwemvelo yayo nayiphi na inkqubo karhulumente esekelwe kwisiseko. Ukungavisisani kwiingcamango zobupolitika, izinto eziphambili, nemilinganiselo yoluntu kunokubangela ungquzulwano. Xa imithetho karhulumente ilawula izigqibo zasekuhlaleni, uxinezeleko luyanda, maxa wambi ukuya kumadabi enkundla.

Iimbambano Ezibonelelayo Neengcinezelo

Enye yezona mithombo zingapheliyo zemfazwe yinkxaso-mali. Ngokufuthi oorhulumente bomhlaba baphikisa ngelithi, ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho zimisela imithetho ngaphandle kokunika oovimba abaneleyo bokuyizalisekisa. Ezi miyalelo ezingadibanisiweyo [ zingaquka izifuno zeenkqubo ezintsha zokunika ingxelo, iinkonzo zemfundo ezikhethekileyo, okanye ukuthobela imeko-bume. Kwimpendulo, ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zidlulise imithetho efuna ukuhlawulelwa intlawulo ezithile, kodwa ziyatshintsha. Umzekelo, udweliso lwenkqubo ye-rhafu ye-ntengiso ye-NTYUS, ye-New York ye-NTSP kodwa inika izikhuthazo zolawulo ezithelweyo zezolawulo lwezikolo kunye ne-omatilasi, ii-ontaliti, ii-oyile.

Ukulungisa, Ukusebenzisa Umhlaba, Nomgaqo-nkqubo Wezindlu

Umhlaba osetyenziswayo ngumsebenzi wasekuhlaleni, kodwa oorhulumente bamazwe baya bengenelela ngokukhulayo ekulungiseni izindlu ezinokufumaneka kunye nokungabinamakhaya. utshintsho lwendawo olugqithiseleyo ngo-2019, ngokunempumelelo luvumela i-suplexes kunye nezithathu emhlabeni zamakhaya akhiweyo ngaphambili, amaziko alawula amakhaya amakhaya ahlukeneyo. Izenzo ezibangela ukuchaswa okugqithisileyo [[FLT]] California [ (SB 9 ne-SB 35) imvume yokuhlala kunye nomlinganiselo wemisebenzi emininzi yasekuhlaleni. Le misebenzi ibangela ukuchaswa okugqithisileyo kwengingqi yengingqi yengingqi neyamabungingqi.

Inkcubeko eNyanga

Imfazwe phezu kwezixeko ezingcwele ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo. Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho asekuhlaleni akwizixeko ezifana ne- uFrancisco, iChicago, neNew York amkela iinkqubo zokumisela intsebenziswano neZiko-mthetho ezilawula intsebenziswano neNqaku ze-Exroctivement (ICO). Kwimpendulo, iindlu zowiso-mthetho kurhulumente , Florida, kunye noIowa-Iowa zakhupha imithetho ekwalela imigaqo ekwayalelweni nemali. Iimfazwe ezisemthethweni ziye zafikelela kwiinkundla zolawulo lwamazwe azimeleyo, ngokuxhomekeke ekucacingisisweni kweshumi loMmiselo kunye neSudy Claus Claus. Inkundla ephakamileyo yeNkundla yeNkundlalo ye-US ixhasa igunya loluntu kwigunya lasekuhlaleni lomthetho wolawulo lwezwe lonke, kodwa ikhuphiselwa ngokukhuphiselwa kakhulu.

Ukhuseleko oluncinci lwemali

Enye indawo eflash ngumvuzo omncinci. Amanye amadolobha, ingakumbi kwimimandla ephezulu enjenge Sittle, Los Angeles, ne Washington, D.C., acwangcise imivuzo ngaphezu kwezwe okanye imigangatho karhulumente. Ezinye izikhululo zemithetho-mthetho ziphendule ngokudlula kokudlula kwemithetho yokukhutshwa kwemeko-bume ethintelayo ethintela i-demokhrasi nexabiso lengingqi. Njengo-2024, nokokuncinane zichaza iiregi zangaphambili zomcimo. Abaxhasi baphikisa oku benza ishishini elifanayo; abachani bayazihlutha idemo-demo-demokhrasi kunye nexabiso lokuhlala.

Impembelelo Yomanyano Lwamazwe Nolwalamano Lwasekuhlaleni

Umanyano lusisiseko somgaqo-siseko esisasaza amandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe. Kodwa oko kuchaphazela kuhla koorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngokufanayo. Phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abakhankanywanga; bonke baphakathi kwemiqathango yamazwe. Oku kwenza ulwalamano lwesizwe lommandla lube yimimiselo esezantsi yolawulo.

Ulwenzo lokwehla nolwezo lwangaphakathi

Umkhosi ukhuthaza ukwenziwa kulungelelwaniso, ukuvumela uvavanyo lwenkqubo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Igama elithi "ubuchule bedemokhrasi”, eliyilwe nguJaji Louis Brandeis, alisebenzi nje kumazwe kodwa nakwizixeko kunye nezixa. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangavavanya iinkqubo zobuchule obuthile . Ngokufana noqingqo-mali, abaqhubi bebhaywa ngokweebhaso lwemali, okanye umhlaba (ukungafuni ukuba urhulumente uthengelwe-in.)

IiNgxelo zoManyano neMpahla yoNyaka

Umgangatho ophezulu wemali udla ngokuza neemeko ezihla zihla kwi-orhulumente basekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, UMthetho wamanzi acocekileyo ufuna amazwe ukulungiselela iinkqubo ezilawula ulawulo lwezityalo ezilahlwayo kunye neenkqubo zamanzi oqhwithela, ezithi ngokulandelayo zimisele iimfuno kwizinto eziluncedo zasekuhlaleni. Ngokufanayo, inkxaso yezothutho yezwe ilawulwa ngurhulumente DOTS, edlulisela imali kumaqumrhu asekuhlaleni okuthutha kunye nobalo. Esi sakhiwo sisenqanawe singenza umxokelelwano wokuziphendulela kodwa kwakhona ingquzulwano xa izinto eziphambili zasekuhlaleni zahlukile kwiinjongo zikarhulumente okanye zorhulumente.

Izifundo zetyala lentsebenziswano nengxabano yengingqi kaRhulumente

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ibuyisela ezi ntshukumo ebomini. Ngezantsi kukho uphando lwemizekelo emithathu olubonisa iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zolwalamano.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala 1: Ukuvuselelwa Kwamantombazana EColorado

Xa uColorado wagunyazisa ukuzonwabisa umya ngo-2012, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni babenokukhetha ukungazivumeli iivenkile zokuthengisa ngokwemida yabo. Urhulumente wamisela inkqubo yokuzinzisa kodwa washiya i-intwalating kunye nendawo kuomasipala. Le ndlela yentsebenziswano ivumele Denver[ ukuthatha ingeniso yerhafu, ngelinye ixesha ] ithelekisa ishishini lentengiso. Ilungiselelo lisebenze ngokuyintloko ngenxa yokuba ulawulo oluhlonelwa ngurhulumente oluhloniphekileyo nolunikezelwe lukhokelo olucacileyo lokusebenza.

Isifundo Setyala 2: Isixeko saseKansas nedabi Lokutshatyalaliswa KwaseMissouri

Ngo-2019, ibhunga lesixeko lesiXeko, iMissouri yakhupha umthetho oyalela abaqeshi ukuba banikezele ikhefu lokugula. Indlu yowiso-mthetho yaseMissouri yaphendula ngokumisela umthetho wokukhulula ekwaphula umthetho wesixeko kunye nokuvala imithetho ehlawulwayo. Isixeko siphendulileyo, siphikisa urhulumente ukuba aphule umthetho wasekhaya weMissouri. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ekugqibeleni yaphakamisa igunya lerejini, ichaza indlela ulawulo lwe-Dillon's. Le meko ibalase ngayo ukuba izixeko zasekhaya zinokulawulwa ngokucacileyo.

Isifundo Setyala 3: Ukusabela Kwintlekele EFlorida

Inkqubo yokuphendula yenkanyamba yaseFlorida yimodeli yentsebenziswano yengingqi. Florida Division of Emergency Management inxibelelana namaziko ongxamiseko kwingingqi ngexesha lezaqhwithi. Emva kwenkanyamba Ian ngo-2022, urhulumente kunye nabasebenzi basekuhlaleni basebenza kunye ukususa ukungcola, ukubuyisela amandla, kunye nokunikezela indawo yokufihla. Ngelixa ezinye iingxabano zavela kwiinkqubo ze-FEMA ezihlawula imbuyiselo, umanyano lomsebenzi lwayo lwayo lwayo lomelele. Urhulumente wakwalungiselela inkxaso ephambili kurhulumente basekuhlaleni ngenxa yokulungiselela ukulungiselela, ukunciphisa ingxabano.

Utyekelo Lwexesha Elizayo Nezixakekiso Zabenzi Benkqubo

Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni alumi ngamaxesha athile.

Umsebenzi Wokuphela Owandileyo

Ukukhutshwa kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni kuyaqhubeka kunyuka. Ngokwengxelo yeNtlanganiso , amadabi okukhulula akhula ukusuka kwiindawo zesithethe njengolawulo lwemipu ukuya kwimixholo emitsha efana nobundilele benethi, ukukhwela imimiselo elawulayo, kunye nezogcino-lwazi. Le ntsingiselo isenokukhula njengoko ukwenziwa kwemimandla yezobupolitika kuyakhula kwaye umazwe afuna ukubeka imigaqo efanayo.

Ulawulo lwezolawulo

Iingxaki ezininzi . "njengezothutho, umgangatho womoya, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho"omda kamasipala. Izakhiwo zolawulo, njenge metropolitan ucwangciso lweziqu zamazwe ngamazwe [ kunye ne-[FLT] councils zoorhulumente (iii-COGS)[FLT], ziya zisanda. Ezi ziququzelela intswana phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwaye zisoloko zibandakanya ulawulo lombuso.

Ucelomngeni Lwemali Oluzayo

Impilo yemali yoorhulumente basekuhlaleni ihlala ingomelelanga. Iimpahla zerhafu, ukukhukuliseka kwerhafu ngenxa ye-ecommerce, kunye nokunyuka kwexabiso lomhlala-phantsi kubeka uxinzelelo kuqingqo-mali lwemali yasekuhlaleni. Amazwe angafuna ukutshintsha indlela yawo yoncedo okanye anike iindawo ububhetyebhetye-bhetye obungakumbi ukuze aphephe ukunqanda iinkonzo. Amazwe aManyano eMatiko eNtshona Koloni abiza ulwakhiwo olutsha lwamazwe oluno-lulo lwasekuhlaleni lwendawo-fizi

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wasekuhlaleni sisenzo esiqhubekekayo sokulungelelanisa. Intsebenziswano iyanda kwiindawo ezifana nenkxaso-mali yemfundo, ukusabela ngentlekele, kunye nezibonelelo, apho iinjongo kunye nezikhuthazo zemali zihambelana. Ungquzulwano lubangelwa kukucinywa, inkqubo yezindlu, kunye nemicimbi yenkcubeko, apho amaxabiso nezinto eziphambili zithe zaphelelwa. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano lufuna uxabiso lwemfundiso esemthethweni njenge-Dillon’s Game, ubuchule bokuxhasa urhulumente wesizwe, kunye neenyaniso zezobupolitika zoluntu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Abafundi noomfundi, bafunda ezi mandla aphambili ngendlela ulawulo-demokhrasi olusebenza ngayo emhlabeni. Njengoko abantu belizwe besanda kumgangatho ophezulu kwimimandla yezentengiso kunye nemiqatha, ukuphakama komgangatho wolwalamano lwezwe-zwe-lonke kuya kukhula ngokubaluleka.