Ukwazisa

Iingcamango zenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokusesikweni kwentlalo aziyoenjongo zomthetho ezingekho ngqiqweni, ``eziintsika ezibini apho ibutho labantu likhiwa khona ngokusesikweni nangokulinganayo. Kubenzi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi abathembileyo, ukuqonda indlela le migaqo edibene ngayo, ibalulekile ukuze kubekho ubuchule obusebenzayo, ubumi obunolwazi, nokuqhubeka kufunwa kokulingana. Ngoxa inkqubo efunekayo ilungiselela ukukhusela abantu kwisenzo sobulungisa esizimeleyo, ifuna ukuba iziphumo zeso siseko silungelelanise kuwo onke amaqela. Eli nqaku lihlola ulwalamano olunzulu phakathi kwenkqubo kunye nokusesikweni, ukuvavanyanisa kwabo, iinkxwabo, iingxabano eziphakamayo, kunye nendima yemfundo ephambili kuwo omabini.

Ichaza iNkqubo elindelekileyo: Imilinganiselo esesikweni nesezantsi

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifakwe kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine, oqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu oya "kukhutshwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho." Lo mgaqo unamalungu amabini ahlukeneyo kodwa ahlobene.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo ibhekiselele kwi yesenzo sikarhulumente. Ifuna ukuba xa urhulumente ethatha isenzo esihlupha ubomi bomntu, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ilandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Ezi nkqubo ziquka isaziso esaneleyo, ithuba lokuva, isigqibo sokungakhethi siso, umakhi-sichongi, nelungelo lokunikela ubungqina kunye nokunqamleza ii-extransmine. Iimeko zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezifana no . Amathes v. Eldridge [ umisela uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo lokulinganisa inzala yangasese, umngcipheko wokungaboni, umngcipheko wokungalungiswa, , nomdla worhulumente. Iprojective iprotoodrol, iprogne, iprogrations, i-option, i-opt.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo esezantsi idlulela ngaphaya komgaqo-nkqubo wokukhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kunjani na ukusesikweni kwenkqubo esetyenzisiweyo. La malungelo aquka ilungelo lokutshata, ukuba nabantwana, ukusebenzisa ukuthintela inzala, nokuzilawula ngokwasemzimbeni. INkundla ePhakamileyo ikwamkele ilungelo elisisiseko lokuzifihla phantsi kwenkqubo esezantsi, njengoko iguqukela kwiimeko ezifana [Grislold v. kunye [FLT] ne- v. Texas. Abaxhasi bezentelligement basoloko bejika kwinkqubo efunekayo ebangela ukuphazakala okungaleleka, ukuphikisa imithetho enjalo ephazamisayo engokwabantu ngokobuqu.

Ukuqonda Isigwebo Sentlalo: Ukusuka Kukulingana Kuya Kukulingana

Imbono yentlalo yembono yokuba wonke umntu ufanelwe kukulingana kwezoqoqosho, kwezobupolitika, nangamalungelo kunye namalungelo entlalo. Kufuna ukuba ukwabiwa kobutyebi, amathuba, namalungelo kwibutho labantu kungabi nabulungisa kwaye imiqobo elungele ukulingana. Ngoxa eli gama libalasele kwinkulungwane ye-19 ngeencuba nangeenkonzo, ingcamango yokusesikweni yale mihla ixhomekeke kakhulu kwisithandi sobupolitika sezobupolitika uJohn Rawls, owayethi ibutho elinobulungisa linokuba lelinye elinoncedo oluncinane kulo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Isigwebo sentlalo sisoloko sisetyenziswa ngokweengcamango ezimbini ezingundoqo: ubungalingani kunye [FT:2] nomzekelo, inkqubo efanelekileyo enika igqwetha elinye, ithetha ukuphatha wonke umntu ngokufanayo, ukuqinisekisa amalungelo kunye namathuba afanayo. Noko ke, iqonda ukuba abantu abahlukeneyo baqala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye bangafuna oovimba okanye inkxaso eyahlukileyo ukuze bafumane iziphumo ezifanayo. Umzekelo, inkqubo efanelekileyo enika igqwetha elinye linokuba lilingana ngokusesikweni kodwa ngokulinganayo kodwa ngokungenakulinganiswa ukuba ubutyebi bunqanda ezinye iimeko ezikhoyo kumangqina okanye uphando.

Ukudibana Kwenkqubo Elindelekileyo Nokusesikweni Kwentlalo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokusesikweni kwezentlalo luntsonkothile kwaye lunamandla. Ngokutsho kwendlela ephambili esemthethweni apho imicimbi yezentlalo ihambela phambili khona. Xa amaqela aphantsi efuna ukunyanzelisa amalungelo awo, axhomekeke kwimigaqo esesikweni enkqubo efunekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amazwi awo avalwa kwiinkundla, kumaqumrhu olawulo, nakumava eenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ngokuchasene noko, imibutho yobulungisa iye yaqhubela phambili ukwandisa amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo kumaqela angaphambili adityanisiweyo, njengamabanjwa, angengomabanjwa, nangabantu abaneziphenemiqobo.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Enye yezona zinkulu izinqamlezi zibalulekileyo kukufikelela kubulungisa. Esi sigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yonyaka ka-1936 singummiselo wetyala lesizwe Gedeon v. Wainright wakholelwa ukuba uLawulo lweSithandathu lweSindululo siyasebenza kurhulumente wabamangalelwa abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula igqwetha. Esi sigqibo sasilulolo olukhulu lwezobulungisa bentlalo-ntle, kwaye siqonda ukuba ubuhlwempu abufanele bumisele ubunjani bokukhusela umntu. Kodwa emva kwamashumi eminyaka, iinkqubo zikawonke wonke zikhuselwe phantsi kwemiqobo, kwaye abamangalelwa abaninzi basajongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo yokufumana intengo esebenzayo. Idinga le nkqubo elungileyo kunye nokufikelela kwenkquluko yoluntu kuhlala inkxalabo yoluntu.

Izilingo Ezifanelekileyo Neentombi Ezingakhethi Buso

Inkqubo elindelekileyo iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni, kuquka ilungelo lokuququzelela abachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo abathathiweyo ukusuka kwi-octalàgatement of quant. Abameli bentlalo babonisa ukuba ukukhetha ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lokukhetha ityala lokucima ityala ngokungekho mthethweni `````Inkundla'''. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yenze ukuba iphumelele. [FLT:] Batson v. Kentucky [1986] [86]) izama ukunqanda ucalulo lohlanga kukhetho lwabachopheleyo, kodwa uphando lubonisa ukuba ucelomngeni olukhoyo lungaphumelela. Umnqamlezo-ngquzulwano utyhilalo woluntu kuphela awuna ngokomthetho ngaphandle kolawulo olusebenzayo kunye nenkqubo yolungiso lwezo.

Uhlolisiso Lwembali Ngetyala: Izifundo Ezivela Kwinkqubo Yasemthethweni YaseMerika

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala aphawulekayo kucacisa indlela okufanelekileyo ngayo nokusesikweni kwentlalo okusebenzisana ngayo — ngamanye amaxesha ngemvisiswano.

Amakhwenkwe AseScottsboro: Ukusilela Kwenkqubo Efanelekileyo Nokusesikweni Kwentlalo

Ngo-1931, abakwishumi elivisayo abasithoba base-Afrika batyholwa ngokudlwengula amabhinqa amabini amhlophe e-Alabama. Bafumana ityala elikhawulezayo, icebiso elingafezekiyo, kunye nenkundla yabagwebi yabamhlophe bonke be-"% 322. Phezu kwako nje ukuntuleka kobungqina obuthembekileyo, abasibhozo bagwetyelwa ukufa. Ityala laya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kabini: okokuqala Powell v. [FLT] [FLT] [F] 35] [1932] [1932], eyayikholelwa ukuba ilungelo lokucebisa kwiimeko ezimanyumnye umgangatho wokhuseleko. Ngoxa inkundla yezomthetho inceda i-Scott, kamva i-octro eluncedo kwimeko ephambili, [[Foctives].[Foctive: 35] [iced , [1935], eyafumanisa ukuba i-melwa ngokusesikweni kwendlela yoluntu i-Atlantial .

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo: Inkqubo elindelekileyo njengesixhobo sobulungisa

Isigqibo so 1954 Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo isoloko ibonwa njengoloyiso lobulungisa bentlalo, kodwa ikwaxhomekeke kwinkqubo efanelekileyo yokuqiqa. INkundla yathi izibonelelo zemfundo ezigwetyelweyo azilingani, ukuntywilisa abantwana base-Merika ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho eqinisekisiweyo yinkqubo yeGawulayo. Ngelixesha ulawulo lungabheki ngokucacileyo inkqubo efunekayo, ingcamango yokuba urhulumente umele aphathe bonke abemi ngokufanelekileyo, qhakuva ukuba umgaqo ongundoqo wenkqubo efunekayo. Brown ibonisa indlela okufunwa kokusesikweni okunokubuyiselwa ngayo ukuchazwa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo nokufikelela komgangatho ofanelekileyo.

UGidiyon . Wainwright: Ukugweba Amalungelo Emveli kunye neNtlalo

Clarence Earl Gideon, indoda eluncedo ehlwempuzekileyo evalelwe ngokuqhekeza nokungena, edume ngokumbhenela ekuvumeni kwakhe ngenxa yokuba wayekhatyiwe yigqwetha. INkundla ePhakamileyo yavumelana ngamxhelo mnye yagqiba kwelokuba ilungelo lokucebisa libalulekile kwityala elilungileyo kwaye lisebenza kwiinkundla zikarhulumente zisebenzisa iGazamente le-14th Amend Amendment. Esi sigqibo siphambili siphambili ngokuqinisekisa ukuba kwanabamangalelwa abangamahlwempu banelungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni. Noko ke, isithembiso [[FLT: 0] [FLT] [FL:1] [ideon[[FL:]] izixobo] azizaliseki, iinkqubo ezininzi zokhuselo zikawonke zihlala zingazaliseki kangangokuba zingakwazi ukunikela uncedo olusebenzayo phakathi komthetho nokuqhelisela imigaqo-mthetho.

Ucelomngeni Kwindawo Ekude: Ukungahlaliseki Neengxaki Ezingaconjululwanga

Ngoxa inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokusesikweni kwentlalo kudla ngokomelezana, zisenokungavumelani. Inkqubela elindelekileyo isoloko igxininisa ekugxininiseni kwayo ekuhlaleni rhoqo; inika ixabiso kuzinzo, imizekelo, kunye nokuyila. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imibutho yokusesikweni, ngokwentlalo, ifuna utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwenkqubo yokulungisa okungekho sikweni okungokwembali. Olu ngquzulwano lungabonakala kwimimandla emininzi.

Ucalucalulo Olulawulwa Zinkqubo

Uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba abantu abamnyama nababhila-bhabhayo bajamelene nokuvalelwa okunzima ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, izigwebo ezinde, kunye nemiqobo emikhulu yokufumana ubuncwane obusemthethweni kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe. Kwanaxa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zingobundilele, ukucalula okungacingiyo kungayi kusingela iziphumo. Abaxhasi bezentlalo-ntle baphikisa ukuba inkqubo efunekayo ngaphandle koqwalaselo yokungalingani kwezakhiwo ayisoze ivelise iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Ucelomngeni kukulungisa iinkqubo zokulungisa ucalulo olucwangco-lulo, umzekelo, ngokuguqula iinkqubo zokungalingani kwemali ezithi ngokungenalusini phambi kokuvavanywa.

Ubuhlwempu Bungumqobo Kwinkqubo Efanele Iqhutywe

Indleko yokumela okusemthethweni, amangqina obuchule, kunye nezibongozo zidala inkqubo yokusesikweni edityanisiweyo ezimbini. Abamangalelwa abafumileyo bangakwazi ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo amalungelo abo afanelekileyo; abamangalelwa abangamahlwempu basoloko bemangalelana ngetyala kungakhathaliseki ukuba abanako ukulwa. Le nto ikhokelela ekubizeni "ilungelo lokucebisa" kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni ezisisiseko zeemfuno ezifana nezindlu, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nokufuduka. Ezinye iindawo, ezinjengesiXeko saseNew York, ziye zaqalisa iinkqubo zokuqhuba inqwelo-moya ezinika isiluleko somthetho esikhululekileyo sokufumana abaqeshishi bendlu ephantsi kwe-24in ejongeneejojo egrov /a umgudu othe ngqo kwimicimbini ephambili yendlela esetyenziswayo kunye nobulungisa.

Ukungahambelani Okufanelekileyo Nokubekwa Ityala Kwamapolisa

Imfundiso efanelekileyo yokukhusela ukukhusela amagosa karhulumente kwityala lasekuhlaleni, emiselwe ngaphandle kokuba aphula umthetho "owenziwe ngokucacileyo", iye yagxekwa njengomqobo wokusesikweni kwentlalo. Isoloko ithintela amaxhoba okuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa ekufumaneni iintengo zokuzithethelela, kwanaxa amalungelo afanelekileyo okwaphulwa. Le mfundiso yayinenjongo yokuqala yokulinganisela imfuneko yokuphendula imfuneko yamagosa ukuba enze ngaphandle kokoyika ukumangalelwa okungenamsebenzi. Kodwa abaninzi baphikisa ukuba iye yaba likhusikhuselo lokuziphatha okungavumelekanga. Imigudu yotshintsho kuwo omabini amagunya nemigangatho efuna ukunciphisana nokukhuselwa okufanelekileyo, ibonakalisa ukuvuma kokusesikweni okufanelekileyo okuquka ukuphendula okunentsingiselo.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuwiseni Yomibini Imigaqo

Imfundo sisixhobo esinamandla sokuhambisela phambili inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokusesikweni kwentlalo. Xa abafundi bewaqonda amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kunye nemizabalazo engokwembali yokuwakhusela, bayakwazi ukuzixhasa ngokwabo nabanye. Uqeqesho oluphezulu lwemfundo yezentlalo lufanele luquke kungekuphela nje umbhalo wezindululo kodwa kwanemibutho yentlalo eyabenza baba nentsingiselo.

Uphuhliso lweCurricuum

Izifundo zesikolo kufuneka zidibanise izifundo kwiimeko zenkqubela-phambili, ezifana ne Miranda v. Arizona, kwiGault (injongo efunekayo kwinkqubo ehambelanayo kulutsha), kunye "Obergefell v. Hodges (ukwamkeliswa kwe-Gault[FLT] kwinkqubo encinci). La matyala anika imizekelo ecacileyo yendlela iinkundla ezilungelelanisa ngayo amalungelo hlukeneyo kunye nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente. Ukongeza, izicwangciso zezentlalo-octo, ukuvocapa, ukuvola, kunye nokusesikweni okusingqongwe ngokwendlela yokukhusela okufanelekileyo.

Ubuchule Bokucinga Nobokucinga Okuqatha

Ngapha koko, imfundo kufuneka ikhuthaze uhlalutyo olubalulekileyo lomahluko phakathi kweenjongo ezisemthethweni kunye neziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi. Abafundi bangahlolisisa isizathu sokuba ukukhusela kwezithethe kungasoloko kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezilinganayo kwaye iimeko ezicwangcisiweyo ezifana nobuhlwempu, uhlanga, kunye nenzululwazi yendalo ziphembelela ukusetyenziswa komthetho. Ukuqhelisela inkundla yenkundla, iingxoxo, kunye nemibutho esekelwe kwingingqi yoluntu kunganceda abafundi ukuba bahlakulele ubuchule bokuxhasa utshintsho oluhambela phambili kwinkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokusesikweni kwentlalo.

Ukungalingani Kwemfundo Njengembambano Yokusesikweni Kwentlalo

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukufikelela kwimfundo yomgangatho wemfundo yoluntu lukhulu yingxelo yobulungisa bentlalo. Izikolo kwimimandla efumileyo zisoloko zinika umthetho owomeleleyo onxulumene neenkqubo, ngeli xesha izikolo ezingaphantsi komqukumbelo zisenokungabi nazo izinto ezisisiseko kumGaqo-siseko. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba bonke abafundi , ngaphandle kwekhowudi ye-zip./ukufunda ngamalungelo abo kubalulekile kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo.

Isiphelo: Kwinkqubo Esebenza Ngaxeshanye

Ulwalamano phakathi kwenkqubo efanelekileyo nokulunga kobulungisa bentlalo asingomdlalo wezeroהsum; kunoko, yinkqubo esebenzayo efuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo kunye nolungiso. Inkqubo enika isiseko somgaqo wokungalungisi okulucelomngeni, ngelixa intsebenziswano yentlalo inika ulwalathiso lokuziphatha kwinkqubo esemthethweni, iwuqhubela ekubeni uvele ngaphaya kobulungisa obusesikweni kwi-ethential ephezulu. Ezona nkqubo zisebenzayo zezomthetho ziyakwazi ukuqaphela ukudibana kwazo/ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngexesha uthetha ngokugxatya okungalungelelanisiweyo.

Kubemi nabameli, umsebenzi untlu - mbini: ukuhlala uphaphile ekufuneni ukuba amalungelo enkqubo afanelekileyo ahlonelwe wonke umntu, nokuqhubela phambili utshintsho oluphelisa umsantsa phakathi kwezithembiso ezisemthethweni kunye nezinto ezenzekayo. Ukuba ngoxhase inkxaso yemali yabakhuseli boluntu, ukuphelisa ibheyile yemali, okanye ukwandisa ukufikelela kwisiluleko kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, umgudu ngamnye womeleza inkqubela efunekayo kunye nokusesikweni kwezentlalo. Ekugqibeleni, ibutho elizenzayo kwinkqubo efunekayo ngaphandle kokulungisa okusesikweni lingaxhasa iinkqubo zoburhulumente boburhulumente boluntu ngexesha loqhubekeko; uluntu olusukela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho-mthetho yentlalo ngaphandle kwenkqubela ephambili yenkqubo yokunikezela ngamalungelo oluntu. Ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kuphela ngokusukela kwimeko yodwa kwi-55% [FFF] kunye ne-Effective .[2]