Ulwalamano phakathi kwezobupolitika zasekhaya ze-Ostreliya kunye nenkqubo yayo yasemzini kummandla wase-Asia-Pacacity luntsonkothile kwaye lunamandla. Izigqibo zezopolitiko zasekhaya, iingcamango zamahlelo, imijikelo yokhetho, kunye neembono zikawonke-wonke zonke zobume bendlela i-Australia esebenzisana ngayo nabamelwane bayo kunye namagunya ehlabathi. Ukuqonda olu nxibelelwano kunceda ukuchaza ukutshintsha kwemigaqo-nkqubo yamanye amazwe ngexesha elithile, ukusuka ekulungelelaniseni ne-United States ngexesha lemfazwe yomlomo ukuya kumgangatho othe ngqo wesenzo sale mini. Kubafundi bolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezobupolitika zase-Australia, ukuvavanyanisa oku kutyhila indlela impikiswano yangaphakathi ngamaxabiso, ukhuseleko, kunye nezoqoqosho eziboniswa ngayo ngaphandle kwicandelo lommandla.

Isiseko Sembali: Indlela Imilinganiselo Yezobupolitika Eburhulumenteni Eyayiyichaphazela Ngayo Umgaqo - siseko Wasemzini

Imbewu yomgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe wase-Asia-Pacale wamanye amazwe yaveliswa ngexesha lobuthanga kunye nemihla yokuqala yokufunyaniselwa. IWhite Australia Policy, isiseko sezobupolitika zasekhaya ukususela ngo1901 ukuya koo1970, isithiyelele ngokucacileyo ekungangeni e-Europe kwaye yadala imvakalelo yomgama wobuhlanga nowesithethe kubamelwane base-Asia. Le sivumelwano samakhaya sachaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ulwalamano lwamazwe angaphandle. I-Australia yayicotha ukungenelana nezizwe ezininzi zase-Asia kwaye isoloko ijonge uphuhliso lwengingqi yokhuseleko lweNtshona-Ntshona-1970. Inkqubo yakwanyanzelela ukukwazi kwe-Australia ukuthemba amazwe amatsha azimeleyo e-Asia emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi II.

Iziganeko Zasemva KweMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Ukuwa kolawulo lobukhosi baseBritane kwiPasifiki kunye nokunyuka kweJapan njengesoyikiso esinyanzelisa i-Australia ukuba iphinde iqwalasele kwakhona i-"%39. Ekhaya, uloyiko “lwesisongelo esizayo sase-Asia” lwasetyenziswa ngoorhulumente abalandelelanayo ukuthethelela umanyano olunamandla ne-United States. Isivumelwano se-ANZUS, esasayinwa ngo19595, sasiyimveliso yenkcaso yasekuhlaleni echasene nekhommo-mmo-mmo-ms-m, njengokuba yayiyiyo enyanzelekile ngokwenene. INkulumbuso uRobert Menzies, owathi yexesha elide wabonakalisa ulawulo oluqinileyo, wasebenza njengemithetho yokhuseleko lwangaphandle. Urhulumente wakhe waxhasa ngokukhutheleyo i-U.S. U.S. Umnqophiso womkhosi waseVietnam, inxenye yayo ukugcina umanyano kunye nenxalenye yolwando lwasekhaya.

Ukuguquka Kwengqesho Esebenzayo Ngeminyaka Yee - 1970

Unyulo lukaGough Whitlam’s Labor Government ngo-1971 lwaphawula utshintsho olukhulu lwezopolitiko lwasekhaya olwaguqula umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle. UWhittam waphelisa i-White Australia Policy, wasungula ulwalamano lwezentlalo neRiphabliki yamazwe aseTshayina (iinyanga ezisixhenxe ngaphambi kokuba i-United States yenze, phantsi kwe-Nixon), kwaye waqalisa indlela yokuzimela engakumbi kummandla. Olu tshintsho lwaqhutywa yiqonga elikhulu leMsebenzi elaligxininisa imigaqo-mthetho yezenkcubeko, idelon, kunye ne-Pronationalidealis. Izichazi zezopolitiki emakhaya zikho ngemithetho yobuhlanga kunye nemithetho ekhudlwana nemibani ephambili ye-Invalivelveie, eyafuna isikhundla sombuso welizwe lase-Australia njengegunya eliphakathi e-Asia. I-Whittalam yabonisa ukuba ukuguquka kweqela elibonakalayo kwemibutho elibonakalayo, elibonakalayo elibonakalayo elibonakalayo elibonakalayo elibonakalayo elibonakalayo elibonakalayo.

Izinto Ezikhoyo: Indlela Ewayilawula Ngayo Inkqubo Yezobupolitika YaseOstreliya

Inkqubo yeWestminster yaseOstreliya igxininisa amandla omgaqo-nkqubo wasemzini wokwenza izigqibo kumphathi-mikhosi, ingakumbi uMphathiswa oPhakamileyo, uMphathiswa weMicimbi yaMazwe Angaphandle, neSebe leMicimbi yaMazwe angaphandle neTrade (DFAT). Kodwa iipolitiki zasekhaya zicombulula le nkqubo ngemijelo emininzi.

Umgaqo-nkqubo weQela kunye nokuThintelwa koMsebenzi

Amacandelo amabini amakhulu ezobupolitika `iLiberal-National Coalition kunye ne-Australian Labor Party ·avel yahlukeneyo yenkqubo yamanye amazwe. IKholiji ithanda ukumisela izivumelwano zomanyano neUnited States, iindleko zokhuseleko, kunye namalungiselelo okhuseleko. Imisebenzi isoloko igxininisa uphuhliso oluninzi, ukudibana namaziko afana ne-ASEANEAN kunye neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kunye nendima eyomelele ngakumbi yophuhliso. Le misebenzi ayiphelelanga ````namaqela athelelane''' xa ekwimeko yokhuseleko. Kodwa anika iingongoma zokwahlula imigaqo yemithetho yamazwe angaphandle.

Iimbono Zabantu Namaqela Anomdla

Uluvo lwasekhaya lunganyanzelisa okanye luqhubele phambili inkqubo yamanye amazwe. Ngokomzekelo, ukubandakanyeka kwe-Ostreliya kwimfazwe ye-Iraq yowama-2003 kwakuyisigqibo esaqhutywa ngurhulumente kaHoward uRhulumente we-Indiya, kodwa kwakhona kwaxhaswa luninzi lwabantu base-Australia ngelo xesha. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuthandabuza kwabantu ngeemfuno zomkhosi zaphesheya kweelwandle kwenza oorhulumente balumke ngakumbi. Ngokufanayo, ukuzama ukutshintsha kwemozulu ye-Australia kunyanzelele oorhulumente belizwe ukuba balungelelanise imicimbi yemekobume eNtshona Koloni, maxa wambi bebenza baxabana namaqabane afana neUnited States okanye ne-asspostries. Impembelelo yeminerality, i-opera , umdlalo onamandla, umgangatho wesizwe, ngokufanayo, ukuchasa ulawulo lwe-Ostreliya ekuthobeni kwemisweni kwemibarhoshophu yamazwe kunye ne-othe mazwe.

Umanyano kunye nokungalawuleki kwezizwe ngezizwe

Amazwe ase-Australia kunye namangingqi akwabandakanyeka kwimigaqo yezorhwebo edlula “kwelinye ilizwe." Umzekelo, uqhagamshelwano olunamandla lorhwebo neTshayina eNtshona Australia, ukuthunyelwa kwamalahle negesi eQueensland, kunye nonxulumano lwamaphondo ne-New Southe Wales namaphondo oMzantsi mpuma Asia, konke kuphembelela indlela karhulumente karhulumente wengingqi yesivumelwano sezoqoqosho sengingqi. Ngexesha lesifo seCHOVAID-19, urhulumente waququzelela ngqo namaTshayina anxulumene nenkxaso yezamayeza, maxa wambi adala uxambuliso norhulumente wephondo lwe-China. Oku kongeza ukuntsonkompatyo kumthetho wengingqi yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi yelizwe ye-Asia-Pactie.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Iipolitiki Zasekhaya Ziyasebenza

IMpuma Timor Ingenelela (1999)

Isigqibo sokukhokela umkhosi woxolo eMpuma Timor ngo-1999 sasilixesha elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yamazwe angaphandle ase-Australia. Ekhaya, uRhulumente uHoward wajamelana nengcinezelo evela kumaqela alwela amalungelo abantu, iintlanganiso zecawa, kunye nenkcaso yeSebe lokuxhasa uvoti ye-East Timorto ye-Suharto yase-Indonesia. Ukungaqiniseki korhulumente, okwaye kwabangela ulwalamano lwe-Indonesia, ukoyiswa yinkqenkqenkqeza phambili lugonyamelo lukawonke-wonke ngenxa yogonyamelo olulandela i-antententer-nter-nter-nteum. Ukucengwa kwezenzo zoburhulumente kwabonisa ukuba uninzi luxhase umkhosi womkhosi womkhosi we-Suharto eMpuma Timor Timor (INTERET). Oku kubonisa indlela umanyano lwemibutho ye-ndaba, uluntu olusebenza ngoluntu, kunye ne-bianfalfantral ekholiyo oluluyilwayo olulukulwayo oluluyilwayo olulukulwayo.

I-Asylum Efuna Ulawulo

Iinkqubo zokufuna indawo yokhuseleko zase-Australia ziphenjelelwe kakhulu ziingxoxo zezopolitiko zasekhaya, kwaye zineziphumo ezingqalileyo zenkqubo yamanye amazwe. “Pacific Solution” yokuqhubekeka konxweme, eyaphunyezwa nguRhulumente weHoward emva kowama-2001 Tampa comkie, yaba yimpendulo kuloyiko lwasekhaya ngokhuseleko lomda. Oku kuye kwaphazamisa ulwalamano lwe-Australia nolokufuduka, kwaye kuye kwabangela ukuchasana nenkqubo yokufuduka kweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kunye namaqabane ephondo afana ne-Indonesia. Iimbono zikawonke-wonke zixhasa ngamandla amanyathelo, okwenza ukuba naluphi urhulumente angakwazi ukutshintsha indlela yokufikelela komda omntu. Oku kuye kwaphazamisa ulwalamano lwe-Australia no-Indonesia, oluye lwabangela ukufuduka, kwaye lwakhokelela ekuchaphazelweni yinkqubo ye-New Zealand e-Ibralbanslance. Iinkqubo zangaphandle zenkqubo zamazwe angaphandle zinikela inkcukulelo kumazwe angabantu, njengoko kuvavanywa ngokuvavanywa ngokuvavanywa kumalungelo kumazwe oluntu.

Isivumelwano Sezopolitiko Nengxoxo Yasekhaya

Ngo-2021, i-Australia yavakalisa i-AUKUS, intsebenziswano yokhuseleko ethathu ne-United States kunye no-United Kingdom equka ukufunyanwa kwenkwili zenyukliya. Isigqibo saqhutywa luvavanyo lweNkundla kaRhulumente kaMorrion lweTshayina kunye nemfuneko yokudibanisa ubugcisa bezixhobo zobuChwebini benqanawa zemfazwe ukusuka kwisivumelwano sokhuseleko lweFrentshi. Ekhaya, isivumelwano safumana inkxaso enamandla kwi-bipartistan ukusuka kwiBhalition kunye neMvutho, sibonakalisa ukuvumelana okunqabileyo kwesikhundla sobungangamshonga se-U. P. Noko ke, ingxoxo yamakhaya iye yajikeleza ijikeleza kwiindleko, ihlala i-fule e-Australia, kwaye nokuba ngaba ikho ubuchule bokugcina i-mijulvi. Ukurhoxiswa kwesivumelwano sobuGrantshiya ne-European Union ibonisa njani ukumayelana kwe-US.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu

Ukuhla kwezopolitiko zelizwekazi ngenxa yemozulu yengingqi isoloko iyenza yanzima inkqubo yelizwe lasemzini eOstreliya. Ukusuka ekungavumi kukaRhulumente kaHoward ukuguqula iKyoto kuMgaqo-siseko we-Abott we-carbon karbott, inkqubo yemozulu ye-Australia isoloko iqhutywa ngamadabi angaphakathi kunakwimicimbi yengingqi. Okwangoku, amazwe asePacific Island afana neFiji, Tuvalu, neVanuatus (* ngokuyaya ibiza ngamandla ngakumbi ukuthatha inyathelo lokukhupha i-gronantswana. URhulumente ka-2021 ukuzinikela kokukhutshwa kwenethi-zeko ngo-2050 ngokuyinxenye ngengcinezelo yelizwe ukusuka kwiLiberal kunye neSizwe sobuzwe kukholo lwamazwe asekuhlaleni kakhulu kwemozulu e-Alban, ukuphuculwandisa kwemigroma kwe-Pasi ye-Pasi, uksi ebonakalisa ulwalamano sobupolitis.

Iingxaki Eziphambili Zeengingqi Eziphenjelelwa Lizobupolitika Zasekhaya

Umgaqo - siseko waseChina: Ukulungelelanisa Urhwebo Nokhuseleko

Ulwalamano lwe-Australia neTshayina luye lwanentsingiselo enkulu yolwalamano lwezibheno zemali kwi-Asia-Pacific, kwaye luchaphazeleka kakhulu kwezobupolitika zasekhaya. Iinzuzo zezoqoqosho zorhwebo zisoloko zixhaswe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu, kodwa ukuxhalatyiswa okungakumbi ngenxa yokhuseleko , ingakumbi emva konyaka ka-2018 wokugxany wohlohlolo lwamazwe angaphandle, lubangele ukungathembani kwezopolitiko. Umthetho ophantsi kukaScott Morrison wathatha umgca onzima eChina, ukuvalela uHuawil kwinethwelo lokuphazamisana kwemibutho laseTshayina, ukuphelisa imithetho echasene norhwebeneyo. Umsebenzi uye waxhasa iingteleka ezininzi zezinye iingxoxo kodwa ugxininiso kuthelekele ukunga iTshayina. Ngokunjalo uluvo lwasekhaya luye lwabonisa ukuxhasa urhwebo lwasekhaya yaye lugxeka amalungelo abantu. Oku kuthintela nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo ekwaneegro yezo yezo yezo shishino yezo shishino.

Ukubandakanyeka EPasifiki: “INtsapho Ebalaseleyo” Ingenamsebenzi

Inkqubo ye-Australia ejongene neziQithi zePasifiki iye yavuselelwa phantsi koRhulumente we-Albanise, oye wandisa uncedo lophuhliso, wavula kwakhona i-Kiribati i-ant yokhuseleko, wasayina isivumelwano sokhuseleko neTuvalu. Ezi zenzo ziyinxalenye yempembelelo ekhulayo yeTshayina kulo mmandla, kodwa zikwabonisa ukubala kwezobupolitika: uluntu lwase-Australia lubonise inkxalabo eyongezelelekileyo ngotshintsho lwemozulu kunye nendima ye-Ostreliya njengeqabane elisebenza kunye ne-Pasifiki. Ingxelo yentsapho yePacific ekhutshwe nguMphathiswa-Ontalinye waseMasivie Wang − ama-aims ukulungisa ukuthemba kukarhulumente ongaphambili kwimozulu. Lo mgaqo-mcimbini uqulu wenziwa kwimiqathango yezo yezonganiso yezobume zendalo, ibonisa ukuba inkqubo yangaphandle ye-Australia inokuba lingumfuziselo esithe ngqo kwi-Pasi-Pasi.

Ilizwekazi Diplomacy

Inkqubela yakutshanje kukufakwa kweZiqithi zoMdabi neTorres Strait kwiimbono zobuGaqo-siseko sasemzini. Ingxelo ye-Ulu esuka kwiNdebe ifuna ukuba i-ofisi yokuqala yezizwe eCanberra kwaye iqatshelwe kwilizwe lonke. URhulumente wase-Albanise usungule i-Infrigion Diplomacy kunye neSivumelwano kwaye umisela i-Ofire yezizwe zokuqala. Lo mbutho wezopolitiko wasekhaya ojongeneyo ukumanyaniswa kwe-Australia nommandla, ingakumbi nezizwe zePasifiki ezabelana ilifa. Umzekelo, ngoku i-coponsfersssss izigqibo kumalungelo e-I1 kwi-UN kwaye uthatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi wenkcube neKovani yaseFiji. Oku ngumzekelo obalulekileyo wokukhuthaza imfuno yemixongo yangaphandle kwelizwe lasemzini.

Utyekelo Lwangoku Neenkcazo Zexesha Elizayo

Njengokuba iOstreliya ihlola iAsiya ephikiswa kakhulu, indima yezobupolitika zasekhaya iza kuhlala inzima. Izimo ezininzi ziyabonakala.

Ukwanda Kokwandiswa Kolwimi Lwangaphandle Nokutshintshwa Kwemigaqo - siseko Yamanye Amazwe

Ukwanda kokuthatyathwa kweepolitiki zase-Australia ."driven nge-cudio yezentlalo, i-media ye-adist, kunye nokukhula kwamaqela amancinane ."kungakhokelela kunyuselo lwe-SANCOM kumgaqo wamanye amazwe. Ukuba oorhulumente bajinga-jinga phakathi komngxube wokulwa nokungena komngxube eTshayina kunye nonyulo ngalunye, amaqabane engingqi angajonga i-Australia njengomdlaleli-mali ongenakuthenjwa. Unyulo lwama 20222 lwabona i-Orthor ephumelela kwiqonga lokuzinzisa, ngokwethulo lokuphikisa iimbono zokungalelwa kwetyala phantsi korhulumente ongaphambili.

Impembelelo Yemilinganiselo Yoorhulumente BaseOstreliya

Uhlolisiso loluvo lukawonke wonke lweLowy Institute lubonisa ukuba abantu base-Australia bayawaxabisa amaziko anxulumeneyo nedemokhrasi yase-U.S. kodwa kwakhona baxhasa inkqubo yezobuzwe ezimeleyo kunye nokuganana ne-Asia. La maxabiso adala umgaqo ophakathi oyamkelwa ngoorhulumente abaninzi. Noko ke, kwimibandela ethile enjengokusebenzisa imali yokuzikhusela, ukufuduka, okanye isenzo semozulu, ukungqubana phakathi kwenkqubo ephakamileyo kunye nokhetho lukawonke wonke kungabangela ungquzulwano.

Indima YeBhunga Leentlokoma NeeMPI EZIZIZELEYO

IBhunga leNtsimbi lase-Australia kunye namalungu akhulayo azimeleyo nanamacandelo amancinane epalamente angaphembelela inkqubo yamanye amazwe ngemibuzo yekomiti, iindleko zamalungu angawabo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-odoli yoluntu. Umzekelo, i-crossbench ityhalele ukubonakala okungakumbi kwizixhobo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nakwezomeleleyo kwingxaki yeMyanmar. Ngelixesha urhulumente egcina isithethi sokugqibela, la mazwi asekhaya angabumba udweliso lwezicwangciso kwaye azise ingqalelo kwimibandela engahoywa.

Ukuxhathisa kwezoqoqosho

Izilangazelelo zezoqoqosho zamakhaya .*. Ngokuphawulekayo imigodi, ezolimo, kunye neecandelo lemfundo ziyaqhubeka ziphembelela. Ulwalamano lorhwebo neTshayina lusafuneka, kodwa ukumiliselwa ngeendawo eziziimarike ezifana neIndiya, i-Indonesia, neVietnam kuyinto ephambili echazwe kuwo omabini amaqela. Izobupolitika zasekhaya ziza kugqiba isantya nomlinganiselo wolo tshintsho, ingakumbi xa lubandakanya amacandelo achukumileyo kwezobupolitika njengolimo okanye ubuncwane.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwezopolitiko zasekhaya zase-Australia kunye nenkqubo yamazwe asemzini kwi-Asia-Pacific asiyonto nje yemfundo ephambili; yinto eyinyaniso esebenzayo eguqula ukuma kwelizwe kummandla. Ukusuka ekuphelisweni kwe-White Australia Policy ukuya ekusayineni kwe-AUKUS, ukutshintsha kwezobupolitika zamakhaya kuye kwavelisa utshintsho olubonakalayo kwindlela i-Australia edibana ngayo nabamelwane bayo. Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo kunceda abafundi kunye nabafundisi-magcisa baqonde ulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, hayi njengenxalenye eyahlukileyo yesigqibo esiphambili, kodwa njengolwandiso lwempikiswano yangaphakathi ngokwazi ukuba zize, impumelelo, nokhuseleko. Njengokuba ummandla ulo mazwe umi wasemzini, inkqubo yelizwe lasemzini iza kuqhubeka ubonise ukhetho olunokwenziwa ngabemi bawo nabameli babo abanyuliweyo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya, bona iParliamentary Library yendlela yokuhlola inkqubo yangaphandle ye-Australia, i[FLT:] i-[FLT]] Lowy Institute yophando lwe-Australia kwizimo zengqondo zelizwe [[[[FLT:]], kunye [[FLT:] nenkcazo yemiba yamazwe angaphandle kunye noTractar[FLT] [[FLT:]] i-Australia] ukwenzela iinkcazelo zangoku. Umsebenzi wemfundo zakutshanje kwimithombo yemiqathango yelizwe yasemzini yase-Australia ingafunyanwa kwiZiko le Asia [[FLT][FLT][FLT]]