Imvelaphi Yokungavisisani Kolawulo Loburhulumente KuMthetho WaseMerika

Ukhuseleko lwezolawulo lwesizwe senye yezona mfundiso zidala nezinesiphumo esiphambili kumthetho wesigebengu waseMelika. Ilandelela umnombo wayo ngqo ukuya kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, apho ukumkani engenakumangalelwa kwiinkundla zakhe ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. Xa amathanga aseMerika ophulwe eNgilani, aye aphatha lo mgaqo kunye nawo, awufake kwisiseko solawulo lukarhulumente. Imfundiso ithi urhulumente ukhuselekile kwiinkundla zamakhaya ngaphandle kokuba anike imvume ecacileyo yokumangalelwa. Oku akuyonto yobuchule okanye inqwelo-mafutha engekho mthethweni esemthethweni ecacileyo; kukukhusela okuthi kulungele indlela abasebenza ngayo, indlela abaqokelela ngayo oovimba babantu, nendlela abemi abafuna ngayo ukuchatshazwa kakubi ngenxa yesenzo sikarhulumente.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ukukhuselwa kweSithintelo solawulo lwesizwe sisodwa singumgaqo wenkqubo yethu yorhulumente. uHans v.Louisiana [134 U.S. 1890], iNkundla ibambelele kwelokuba uLawulo lweNguquko lweshumi elinesixhenxe luzinzisa ukuthintelwa okubanzi kunombhalo walo kuphela ocebisa, ukukhusela kwii-atrasts eziziswa ngabemi bawo kanye nangabemi bamanye amazwe. Olu toliko luye lwaxhaswa luze luqiniswe kwimithetho elandelayo enjenge Ald [52].[FLT] u-U.[70.S.6, 1999, apho iNkuqinisekiswayo inkundla elawulayongalinganiyo, ezingoomthetho zenkundla zenkundla yezomthetho. Ezingongomanekileyo ezilawulayo.

ISinyusi-Mpanzi seshumi elinesi-11 ngokwaso sifutshane ngokukhohlisayo. Sifundeka ngolu hlobo: "Amandla eeJaji eUnited States akazukuthathwa njengokwandisa nayiphi na isambatho somthetho okanye sokuphatha, aqaliswe okanye abekwe ityala elinye lama-United States yi-Citizens of the State, okanye yiMinizers okanye iziBanegator okanye iZixholo zayo nayiphi na iLizwe Lasemzini. Kodwa iinkundla zilufunde ngokupheleleyo olu lwimi. Ngoku imfundiso ikhusela kwiinkundla ezininzi zabucala, kuquka nabo bafuna imali, ekuhlawuleleni uncedo, nakolunye unyango. Ngaphandle kolu khuseleko, zingarhuqelelwa enkufutshane kwintwano yayo yonke into ekwindawo ekwindawo enzima eyingozi, ekwazi ukukhusela amandla awo okulawula ngokunempumelelo.

Isizathu sokuba kubekho uBuzwilakhe: IFiscal kunye nokhuseleko

Isizathu sokunika amaphondo ukhuseleko kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni asikokuchaphazeleka ngokwembali okanye ngokwesithethe; kusebenza imisebenzi eluncedo. Urhulumente ulawula uqingqo-mali oluninzi oluxhasa imfundo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, ezothutho, kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa nguwonke-wonke. Ukuba ummi ngamnye olahlekelwe yinkonzo enxulumene nentsebenziswano karhulumente angafaka ityala, ukuchanabeka kwemali kungamangalisa. Ukuwa kwebhulorho, umzekelo, kungavelisa amawaka ezinto ezifunwayo zokonakaliswa kwempahla, ukulahlekelwa yingeniso, kunye nomonakalo wobuqu. Ngaphandle kolawulo oluphezulu, amazwe aya kufuna ukuba agcine imali eninzi ukuze ahlawule iziphumo ezinokwenzeka, ukukhulula imali kwiinkonzo zikawonke.

Ngapha koko kuqukunjelwa kwengxoxo yetyala, kukho umlinganiselo wokusebenza. Amasebe karhulumente kufuneka enze izigqibo ezinzima malunga nolwabiko lovimba, ugcino-mali lwezibonelelo, kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Ukuba ezo zigqibo zisoloko ziqhutywa kwinkundla yamakhaya, inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo iza kuba nzima ngenxa yoloyiko lokulingwa. Ukhuseleko lolawulo luvumela oorhulumente ukuba babeke iimfuno zikawonke wonke ngaphandle kokusoloko becinezela isisongelo. Idala igumbi lokuphefumla ukwenzela isenzo sikarhulumente, iqonda ukuba iqondo elithile lomngcipheko kawonke lingenakuthinteleka nokuba urhulumente akamele abe ngumfaki-mali wengozi okanye ukungaphumeleli.

Oku akuthethi kuthi amaphondo akafikeleleki. Ukuphendula kwezobupolitika ngonyulo, ngoogxa babalawuli, nangenkqubo yohlolo lolawulo zinika uvavanyo kwisenzo sikarhulumente. Ukhuseleko loburhulumente lusuka nje luziphendulele kwiinkqubo zokuphendula kwiingxoxo zamakhaya, ezisele zichaphazelekile yimiqulu ephakamileyo yeempikiswano zangasese. Le mfundiso iyavuma ukuba ukuthobela imithetho efanayo ebekek ’ ityala njengemithetho efana neyomntu ngamnye engayigqwetha inkqubo kawonke wonke kwaye ithob

Ukukhusela izibonelelo zikarhulumente ezimanqam

Enye yezona zicelo zibalulekileyo zokhuselo oluphezulu lwemeko-ntle karhulumente kukukhusela izibonelelo zikawonke-wonke. Iindlela, iibhulorho, amadama, izikhuseli-manzi, iinkqubo zokuthutha uwonke-wonke, kunye nemigca esetyenziswayo yezobugcisa ibalulekile kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nomsebenzi wezoqoqosho. Ezi nkqubo zezezobumnini, zisetyenziswa, okanye zilawulwa kakhulu ngurhulumente. Xa zingaphumeleli, iziphumo zingaba yintlekele kwimibandela yabantu nakwimali.

Qwalasela isiganeko apho uhola wendlela karhulumente evelisa umngxuma oyingozi obangela ingozi yemoto. Ngaphantsi kwemigaqo yomthetho eqhelekileyo yetort, iqumrhu elijongene nokugcinwa kwendlela linokuba yimfuneko kwingozi. Noko ke, ukunqanda ukulawulwa kwelizwe kusoloko kukhusela urhulumente kwiimfuno ezinjalo ngaphandle kokuba ikhuselekile ngokupheleleyo ekulondolozeni imoto. Ngokufanayo, ukuba idama elithenjiswe ngurhulumente liphuke kwaye likhukuliselele abantu abahlala kulo, abemi banokufumana amandla abo okufaka urhulumente ekusikelweni kwemeko enzima. Ngokusisiseko imfundiso ibuza enoba urhulumente, usebenza kumandla awo, kufuneka ube netyala elifanayo njengomnini wempahla yobuqu. Kwimeko ezininzi, impendulo ayinjalo.

Olu khuselo lunwenwela kwizinto ezininzi ezinxulumene nezibonelelo. Izikolo zikawonke-wonke, izibhedlele zikarhulumente, izibhedlele, izibhedlele zokulungisa, kunye nezakhiwo zeofisi zikarhulumente konke kuwela phantsi kwesambulela sokhuselo lwezolawulo lukarhulumente. Undwendwe olutyibilikayo luze luwele kwisakhiwo se-capitol yesizwe lungangabi nambheno nxamnye norhulumente ngaphandle kokuba ikho umxhasi othile osebenzayo. Inkampani enezixhobo ezonakeleyo xa isebenza kwiprojekthi yeso sokhuselo lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko oluchaphazelelwe kukungalali. Le mfundiso isebenza ngokuphandle, kwaye iziphumo zayo zinokuvakala ngaphaya kwecandelo ngalinye apho urhulumente udibana nabemi kunye namashishini.

Imizekelo yeeNgxelo zoLawulo ezivaliweyo

  • Imposiso kunye neziphene zohola wendlela: izibhengezo zomonakalo wesithuthi okanye umonakalo wobuqu obangelwa ziimeko ezingezizo ezihamba ngendlela zisoloko zivalwa ngaphandle kokuba itort yesenzo inika umcumfucu.
  • Ukusilela kwemali eluncedo: Ukuba isityalo samandla okanye inkqubo yamanzi karhulumente iyangaphumeleli, okuphumela ekonakalisweni kwempahla okanye ukuphazanyiswa kweshishini, ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lungathintela ukululama.
  • ibhiriji kunye nokuwa kwamadama: Ukungaphumeleli kwesiseko somzi obangela umonakalo ogqugqisileyo ushiye amaxhoba engenayo ikhambi lamakhaya nxamnye norhulumente ngokwawo.
  • Iingozi zokwakha i-Public: Iingqaqambo ezenzeka kwizakhiwo ezizimeleyo zikarhulumente ngenxa yeemeko ezingakhuselekanga azinakunyusa intengo elungileyo ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uvume ukufaneleka.
  • Iingozi zesixokelelwano sokurhweba: Izimo ezibandakanya iibhasi ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente, izitimela, okanye iintsimbi zisoloko ziphantsi kwetyala elilinganiselweyo phantsi kwezixhobo zokukhusela ukulawulwa kwenqanawa.

Le mizekelo ibonisa isizathu sokuba ukukhusela ukulawulwa kolawulo kungabi ngumgaqo nje ongekho ngqiqweni kodwa ibe yimfundiso enemiphumo ecacileyo, yemihla ngemihla. Kubantu nakumashishini aphulukana nezixhobo zikarhulumente, ukufumaneka koncedo olusemthethweni kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekubeni urhulumente uye wakhetha ukuphelisa ukhuseleko lwawo lohlobo oluthile lweli tyala.

IimPazamo Nemilinganiselo: Xa Ukungalungelelani Okusebukhosini Kungasebenzi

Phezu kwazo nje izikhuseli eziphangaleleyo ezinikwa ngumthetho olawulayo, le mfundiso ibalulekile. Akukho rhulumente unandipha ukukhuselwa ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke iisuti. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oorhulumente borhulumente noorhulumente baye bamisela imithetho echaza iimeko ezithile apho ukuthintelwa komzimba kuthintelwa, kwaye iinkundla ziye zawachaza amabinzana omgaqo-siseko angenakuthintelwa yile mfundiso.

ISixeko soMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe

Kumgangatho wesizwe, I-Federal Tort Act (FTCA) inika umxhasi omsikelayo wezokhuselo lwesizwe lukarhulumente lwezokhuselo lwezolawulo lwengingqi ze-tort ezisuka ekungakhathalini kwabaqeshwa abasebenzi abasebenza ngexesha lomsebenzi wabo. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imimiselo esesikweni, ebizwa ngokuba ngurhulumente ukuba athethe izenzo okanye asebenze izenzo zokuzikhusela. Le mithetho ivumela abemi ukuba bazise ngokuchasene nomthetho wokwenza okubi komntu ngamnye, umonakalo wempahla, okanye ukufa okuphosakeleyo, kodwa asoloko emisela imiqathango engqongqo.

Imiqathango eqhelekileyo kwizenzo ze-start iquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Imihla yokugqiba epheleleyo: Abafaki-mali banokuba neentsuku ezingama 90 ukuya kwi-180 kuphela ukulayisha isaziso sento ethile, esifutshane kakhulu kunomthetho wommiselo oqhelekileyo wesithintelo kwizenzo zetort zabucala.
  • Izixhobo ezininzi zilinganisela ixabiso lemali ephumeleleyo, maxa wambi elingaphantsi kwe R150 000 okanye R120 000 ngentengiso nganye.
  • Intengo yezenzo zobuchule: Ama-odolo asoloko egcina ukhuseleko lwezigqibo ezibandakanya ugwebo lwenkqubo, njengalapho ayakhe khona indlela okanye indlela yokulondoloza uqingqo-mali.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Ukukhutshwa kweentlobo ezithile zezinye izimvo: Eminye imimiselo iyakunqanda ngokukhethekileyo ukuvela ekulawuleni umkhukula, kwiingozi zempilo kawonke-wonke, okanye kwiintlekele zendalo.

Oku kuthetha ukuba naxa urhulumente ewuyekile umzimba wakhe, umchasi usoloko enciphile kwaye engqongqo. Abo bathenjiweyo kufuneka bathabathe inyathelo ngokukhawuleza, bahlangabezane neemfuno zezithethe ngokungqalileyo, baze bamkele ukuba kungenzeka ukuba umonakalo uncitshiswe xa kuthelekiswa noko banokukufumana kummangalelwa wabucala.

Amanyathelo omGaqo-siseko kunye nokunyanzelwa komthetho olawulayo

Omnye umahluko obalulekileyo kumthetho wokuzikhusela ekuzimela ngokwasemthethweni uvela kwimeko yokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Phantsi kwemfundiso emiselwe ku Ex e Young (209 U.S. 123, 190), abantu bangamangalela amagosa karhulumente kumandla awo asemthethweni ukuze balindele ukuphelisa ukuphulwa okuqhubekayo komthetho karhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa ungenakukwazi ukumangalela urhulumente ukuba afumane ilahleko, ungafuna umyalelo wenkundla efuna urhulumente ukuba athintele umthetho ongawunyangekiyo okanye athobele izimfuneko zomthetho.

Ukongezelela, iBhunga lingazikhusela kwilungu lorhulumente elilawulayo xa lisebenza phantsi kwamagunya athile omgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi icandelo 5 loMphetho-siseko weshumi elinesine. I-Cornell Legal Information Institute yokwamkeleka kokhuselo lwezikhundla zokhuseleko oluphezulu[ ichaza ukuba iBhunga limele livakalise injongo yalo kukhuselo lwesizwe olukhuselweyo lwemeko-yomthetho ngokucacileyo kwaye limele lisebenze ngokusemthethweni lisebenzisa i-pulsupulsussu kugunya elisemthethweni. Umzekelo, i-Congresskorrent inesi solawulo sombuso solawulo solawulo oluphezulu kucalulo oluthile lwemisebenzi kunye nemithetho ekhubaza amalungelo ethintelayo, ivumela abantu ukuba batshaye baphumele iinjongo zokwaphulo-mthetho zemithetho yomthetho karhulumente.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibikhusela ngokukhulayo ukukhusela ulawulo lukarhulumente kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, isithintela amandla eBhungane ukukuphelisa. Florida Pretary Educational PostSecondary Practive Board v. College Savings Bank[[FLL:1] [527] U.S.67, 1999), iNkuNkundla yawisa ukuzama ukukhusela urhulumente phantsi komthetho wePaten Remety Act, ibambe into yokuba uLawulo lweMiqathango lwe 1450 aluzange lugunyazise ukuvuselelwa kolu hlobo olubanzi. Oku kubonisa ukuba umthetho uthetha ngokuchasene nemfazwe egawulweni ngaphandle kokuba umthetho wenziwe ngokucacileyo ukuba ulwe ngokufanelekileyo ukugcinwa komthetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho.

Phumeza I-Applet kaRhulumente

Kwakhona amazwana angakhetha ukuphazamisa ukhuseleko lwawo ngokuzithandela. Amazwe amaninzi enze njalo ngomthetho othile ogunyazisa iisuti ngokuchasene nesizwe ngeenjongo ezithile. Umzekelo, urhulumente angamisela umthetho ovumela izalathisi ukuba zinikezele urhulumente ukuze zaphule isivumelwano, okanye angenza izibhengezo eziphumeza iintlobo ezithile zentelekelelo ngaphandle kwenkqubo yenkundla. Ezi zikhatywa ngokumxinwa kwaye zicaciswa ngokungqongqo ngokuchasene nomntu ozibangayo. Ukuba urhulumente akavumanga ngokucacileyo ukugweba, i-glottement ihlala isebenza.

Amanye amaphondo asebenza iinkqubo ezisebenza njengonyango lolawulo kunokuba kugwetywe ityala. Ummi onomonakalo nxamnye norhulumente angafuneka afake ifayile ngebhodi yesizwe okanye igunya phambi kokulandela nayiphi na inyathelo lenkundla. Ezi nkqubo zolawulo zisoloko zinemigangatho ecacileyo kwaye azivumeli ukuvavanywa kwejaji, kodwa zinokunikezela ngohlobo olukhawulezileyo, olungabizi mali eninzi lokucombulula iimbambano ezithile.

Abaququzeleli babucala nokhuselo lorhulumente womQhaphi-zincwadi

Umahluko obalulekileyo ubakho xa amazwe evumelana nezinto ezizimeleyo zokwakha okanye ukugcina izibonelelo. Ukuzikhusela kolawulo jikelele akubhekiseli kwizindlu zabucala, okuthetha ukuba inkampani yabucala esebenzela iphondo isenokumangalelwa ngokungakhathali okanye ngokuphulwa kwesivumelwano. Noko ke, iintkompathi-mali zisenokucela ikontraka karhulumente kwiimeko ezithile, ziphikisa ukuba zazilandela iingcaciso zikarhulumente yaye azinakubekwa tyala kwizigqibo okanye inkqubo eyenziwe ngurhulumente.

Umgca phakathi kwesenzo sikarhulumente nesenzo sobuqu kunokuba nzima ukuzoba. Xa inkampani yabucala isebenza isiziko esizimeleyo, njengentolongo okanye indlela yokubulala, umbuzo wokuba ngaba ukukhusela ulawulo lwezikhuseli kuxhomekeke kumgangatho wokulawula kwesizwe nakuhlobo lomsebenzi owenziwayo. Iinkundla zijongile ukuba umsebenzi ngumsebenzi karhulumente wesithethe okanye umsebenzi we-propritary onokwenziwa yinto ekhoyo yabucala. Lo mba wokwahlula imicimbi ngenxa yokuba imisela ukuba inkampani inokuthi ukhuseleko lukarhulumente lungalukhusela okanye kufuneka ikhusele isuti yayo.

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Kwabasebenzi

Kumntu wonke ocinga ukuba umbandela wokuzimela ngokuchasene norhulumente wesizwe, ukukhusela ukulawulwa kolawulo ngumqobo wokuqala nowona unzima. Le mfundiso isebenza njengombuzo onzima omele uphendulwe ngaphambi kokuba ityala licombululelwe. Ukuba ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo luyasebenza, inkundla ayinagunya lokuphulaphula ityala, yaye ityala limele liphetshwe kungakhathaliseki ukuba zinamandla kangakanani na izibakala ezikhoyo.

Le nto ingumthwalo obalulekileyo kubaphathi becangci. Phambi kwesuti yefatyi, umntu osenokuba ngunobangela wento efuna ukusetyenziswa kufuneka:

  1. Qonda enoba urhulumente uye waluthintela kusini na ukhuseleko lwakhe lohlobo oluthile lwento ebandakanyekileyo.
  2. Qhinelana nazo naziphi na iimfuno zesaziso okanye iimfuno ezingokwesithethe ezibekwe ngumthetho karhulumente.
  3. Zazi enoba eli bango lichanile kusini na, njengokuchaswa komgaqo - siseko okanye ilungelo likarhulumente.
  4. Qwalasela ukuba amagama amagosa karhulumente kunokuba imo ngokwayo isebenzise ngcono Ex ee Young ukunxaxha kwempumlo engaphakathi.
  5. Hlola ukubakho kolunye unyango, olufana neengxelo zolawulo okanye iinshorensi.

La manyathelo afuna uhlalutyo olululo olusemthethweni kwaye ngokufuthi afuna ukuba kubonwe igqwetha elinamava okuzikhusela ekuzikhuseleni. Ukungawufumani ummiselo wexesha lokugcina into okanye ukungafumani umenzi womonakalo kungaphelisa intetho elungileyo.

Iingqwalasela ezifanelekileyo zabaKhuseli

Kurhulumente, ukukhusela ukulawulwa kwemiqathango kukusisixhobo esinamandla sokulawula umngcipheko wokuzikhusela. Amagqwetha aseburhulumenteni asoloko egxininisa ukhuseleko lobungangamsha njengozikhusela ngokusemthethweni njengendlela yokuzikhusela kwimpahla yoluntu, ngokufuthi athatha iintshukumo zokukhupha izithuba kwinqanaba lokuqala lokuzidityanisa. Xa ephumelela, le ntshukumo yokulahla izinto ngaphandle kokufunyanwa okanye ukuvavanywa, igcina urhulumente umlinganiselo othe kratya ityala kwaye aphephe ingozi yesigwebo esiqatha.

Noko ke, amaphondo kufuneka avavanye iziphumo zezobupolitika kunye nobudlelwane noluntu ngokuzikhusela. Ilizwe elicela ukhuseleko lobungangamsha ukuze liphephe amaxhoba okudilika kwebhulorho okanye ukuqhushumbisa kwentolongo lisenokujongana nolwaphulo-mthetho olunzima. Kwezinye iimeko, izikhululo zendlu yowiso-mthetho zingagqiba ukuphelisa ukukhusela ukhuseleko ngokungenamsebenzi kwisiganeko esithile, livumela imbuyekezo ngentengiso ekhethekileyo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwentengiso. Esi sisombululo sezobupolitika sinika isivalo sokhuseleko esivumela ukuphendula iimeko ezingaqhelekanga ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo lwegobeko lwenkosi.

Uhlalutyo lweNkonzo yophando olukwiNkqutyana enguNxaso-ntle yezokhuselo oluPhezulu lukarhulumente lunika ushwankathelo olunzulu lwemeko-bume egqwethekileyo, kuquka izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neempendulo zemithetho zakutshanje. Lo mnikelo uxabisekile kubagwebi abasemthethweni nabenzi benkqubo abafuna ukuqonda imeko yangoku yale mfundiso.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Nemikhwa Yexesha Elizayo

Umthetho wokuzikhusela kulawulo lukarhulumente awumi ngamaxesha onke. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zicombulula le mfundiso ngokuphendula kwiingxaki ezintsha zomthetho nokuguqula ulindelo loluntu. Izimo ezininzi zifanele ukuphawulwa nabani na olandela lo mmandla womthetho.

Okokuqala, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibonise utyekelo oluzinzileyo lokwandisa kunokudibanisa ukhuseleko lombuso. Abaninzi beNkundla ababambelele kwimigaqo-siseko baye banovelwano lokuba ukukhusela ukukhusela urhulumente nokuzimela ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yesizwe. Oku kuyabonakala kwiimeko ezifana ne- Allen v. Cooper [589 U.S. _, 2020), apho iNkukhongozelo ibambelele ukuba iNkundla yeNkundla ikhuselekile ukuba i-Rhulumente ayikhange ikhusele ukhuseleko lwezomthetho phantsi komthetho we-Confidictive Clatiation Act, ithintele abanikazi abangenamfaneleyo kumaphondo okuchasana. INkundla yabonisa uphawu lokuba ukuba ukuba uCoverent ayifuni i-projectivereal ifuna ukukhusela ukukhuthulwa kokhuseleko, kufuneka yenze ngegunya elicacileyo nolwimi olucacileyo olucacileyo.

Okwesibini, kukho ingqwalasela ekhulayo ekudibaneni kokhuseleko lwezikhuseli-mthetho kunye nobugcisa obuvelayo. Njengoko amazwana emkela izibonelelo zamanani, kuquka iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi, izixhobo zokukhusela ikhompyutha, kunye namaqonga enkonzo ye-intanethi, kuphakama imibuzo yokuba ukukhusela ukuthintelwa kuyasebenza kusini na kwizibhengezo ezisekelwe ekuphulweni kogcino-lwazi, ekungaphumelelini kwemithetho-siseko okanye kwiimpazamo ze-software. Le miba isenokuvelisa ukudityaniswa kwemiqathango kwiminyaka ezayo, ingakumbi njengoko abemi befuna ukuphendula kwiinkqubo zamanani ezisebenzayo okanye ezibangela umonakalo.

Okwesithathu, isibetho se-COVID-19 senza ukuba ukhuseleko lolawulo oluphezulu lujoliswe ngqo njengoko amazwe ejamelene neengxelo ezinxulumene nemiyalelo yempilo kawonke-wonke, imigaqo-nkqubo yamakhaya anyamekela abalupheleyo, kunye nokusasazwa kwemithi yokugonya. Amanye amazwe amisela ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko lokwexeshana lwabasebenzi bezonyango namashishini, ngoxa amanye ejamelene nokuvavanywa komngeni-mali ongxamisekileyo. Le ngxaki yesifo se-ara ivavanya imida yezokhuselo lolawulo lukarhulumente kwaye isenokuphembelela indlela imfundiso esetyenziswa ngayo kwimiqathango yempilo kawonke wonke kwixesha elizayo.

Ukumisela ulungelelwano phakathi kokunikwa ingxelo-ngxelo nomsebenzi kaRhulumente

Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwesizwe ekugqibeleni luyimfundiso yolungelelwano. Lubonisa umgwebo omele ukhuselwe kubunzima obupheleleyo bobugcinoloji ukuze kulondolozwe amandla abo okulawula ngokunempumelelo. Kwangaxeshanye, le mfundiso iquka umahluko owenziwe ngenyameko onika amathuba okulungisa izinto kwiimeko zokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko, ukwaphulwa kwemithetho okucacileyo, kwaye ichaza abachaphazeli bokhuselo.

Olu lungelelwano alusoloko lwanelisa abo babandezeleka ngenxa yezenzo zikarhulumente. Intsapho enekhaya elizaliswe yindawo engalungelelananga ngenxa yokungakhuselwa kwedama karhulumente ingakufumanisa kuyinto engekho sesikweni ukuba ukukhusela ulawulo kubathintele ekufuneni imbuyekezo kurhulumente. Kodwa enye into enokwenziwa ingaba lihlabathi apho urhulumente ajongana nokuzinziswa okuzinzileyo, apho zonke izigqibo zesiseko zendalo zenziwa ngeliso elijongene netyala, nalapho oovimba boluntu bephambukiswa kwiinkonzo ezigciniweyo.

Isisombululo kule ngxaki sixhomekeke ngokwenxenye kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Abahlali abanganelisekanga yimithetho yokhuseleko lombuso karhulumente bangaxhasa iinguqu zomthetho, abaxhasi abathembisa ukwandisa ii-creaders, okanye ukunyanzela ukusungulwa kweenkqubo zembuyiselo zolawulo. Amanye amazwe aye amkela izindululo eziphangaleleyo ezinika intlawulo ebanzi yokufumana imbuyiselo ngoxa besagcina imida esengqiqweni. Abanye baye bamisela imali yembuyekezo yembuyiselo yengozi ethile, enjengokwenzakala okuphosakeleyo okanye ukuchasana, okusebenza ngaphandle kwesithethe sobuxhaka.

Ukukhusela izibonelelo ngokukhethekileyo, eyona nto ilungileyo ekukhuseleni ingezizo ezona zinto ziyingozi asikuko ukukhuselwa kodwa kukukhuselwa okuqinileyo kogcino-mali, ukhuseleko, nokuzinziswa kokhuseleko. Ukuthintelwa kolawulo oluphezulu kungalinganisela iziphumo ezisemthethweni zokungaphumeleli kwezezibonelelo, kodwa akuziphelisi iindleko zabantu nezoqoqosho. Amazwe atyeshelayo iindlela, iibhulorho, kunye nezikhuthazo ajongene neziphumo zokujongwa kwibhokisi yebhoti nakwezoqoqosho, kwanokuba akanakunyanzelwa ukuba ahlawule ilahleko kwinkundla yasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo

Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwesizwe yimfundiso entsonkothileyo nesekelwe ngokunzulu engokwasemthethweni ephumelela umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokukhusela oorhulumente kuxanduva lwamakhaya olungenasiphelo. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwisiseko sombuso kubaluleke kakhulu, ukukhusela amaphondo anokuthi ngenye indlela aphazamise ukusebenza nokugcinwa kweendlela, iibhulorho, izinto ezisetyenziswayo, kunye nezinto zikawonke-wonke. Le mfundiso ayiphelelanga ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ngaphandle komthetho-siseko, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho-mthetho wesizwe, kunye nokuchanaba ukuthintelwa komzimba. Noko ke, intelekiso-mthetho jikelele ihlala ingekho nto imele ingeniswe ngaphandle kwemvume yabo.

Kumthetho, kubenzi bemithetho, nakubemi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indlela yokuzikhusela kwenkundla yolawulo lwesizwe kubalulekile ekunyatheleni izinto zikarhulumente ngokuchasene nemikhosi yasekuhlaleni. Imfundiso eme ngeendlela zokuyila, imisela ubukho bonyango, kunye nempembelelo kwindlela amagunya anika ngayo ubuncwane beenkonzo zophuhliso neenkonzo zikarhulumente. Njengoko ummandla osemthethweni uqhubeka uguquka ngezigqibo zenkundla kunye nezenzo zowiso-mthetho, ulungelelwano phakathi koxanduva lwamazwe nozinzo lukarhulumente luya kuhlala lunenkxalabo ephambili kumthetho waseMerika.