Ukuqonda Isiqalo: Ingqokelela Engaqondakaliyo Yezinto Ezintle EMerika

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko weUnited States simi njengenye yezindululo ezibonakala kakuhle nezineziphumo eziphambili kwimbali yezobupolitika. Ibhalwe ngo1787 ngabathunywa kwiConvention yezomGaqo-siseko ePhiladelphia, le ntshumayelo yama-52-egama imisela isiseko sentanda-bulumko yoxwebhu lonke olulawulayo olulandelayo. Isiqalo asiniki gunya okanye sidala naliphi na isakhiwo sikarhulumente; kunoko, ichaza injongo kunye nemigaqo ekhokelayo umGaqo-siseko eyayilwa ukuyilwa. Ukubekwa kwayo kwasekuqaleni kwesiseko sombhalo osemthethweni wohlanga kuchaza ukuba ezi njongo azikho emva kokuba ziqwalaselwe kodwa izizathu ezi zikhona kwindawo yokuqala.

Ibinzana lokuqala " Thina bantu simela ukunduluka okugqithisileyo kumaxwebhu angaphambili alawulayo. Ngokungafaniyo neZicwangciso zeKhomishini, ezaqala ngoluhlu lwamazwe azimeleyo, umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukuba igunya likarhulumente wesizwe lifumaneka ngqo kubemi base-United States. Le ngcamango yolawulo oluqhelekileyo yayineenguquko ngexesha layo kwaye ihlala iyimbombo yengcinga yezopolitiko yeMelika. Ulwimi lweSihloko luthi ngebom silwahlulele igunya loobhishophu okanye i-magromasticity, endaweni yoko unyanzelela ukuba urhulumente osemthethweni uxhomekeke kwimvume yokulawulwa. Oku kumgaqo weSindululo-Sivume sokulawula umthetho-Rhulumente uthi ufumana amandla awo ekwakhelweyo, ukwenziwa kwentandabulumko phakathi kwamaxwebhu amabini okusungulwa.

Isiqalo sibala iinjongo ezintandathu ezahlukileyo zomGaqo-siseko: ukwenza iManyano egqibeleleyo ngakumbi, ukumisela uBulunga beMithetho, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwasekhaya, ukulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zeNtshukumo yethu kunye nePosi yethu. Nganye kwezi njongo ibonisa izikhalazo ezingqalileyo abaQinisi ababenazo phantsi kolawulo olugqibeleleyo nobuthathaka obuthe babubona phantsi kweMigaqo-nkqubo yokuKhuthalela. Bathatha kunye, bakha umbono ocacileyo ngoko urhulumente ophumelelayo weRiphabliki emele ukukufeza kubemi bayo. Umyalelo wezi njongo ukwangunokubaluleka, ngokusesikweni okuvela ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba kumemelwe i-Uni egqibeleleyo, ebonisa ukumanyana kwayo kulawulo olulungileyo.

Imeko Yembali Yokusesikweni Nokulingana Ekusekelweni Kwaso

Ukuqonda oko isiqalo sasithetha kona uJaji olumiselweyo" ngo1787, kubalulekile ukuhlolisisa umongo wembali apho umGaqo-siseko wabhalwa khona. IMvukelo yaseMerika iye yalwa ngokwenxenye ngokuchasene noko amarhamncwa agqalwa njengokhankanyiweyo kokusesikweni yiBritane. Isindululo seSindululo seSindululo sowiso-mthetho esibekwe ngokuchasene noKumkani George III, kuquka ukunqikela abachopheli-mthetho, ukuwa ngaphaya kweelwandle ukuze kuvavanywe, nokungavumi ukuseka amagunya ekomiti. Ezi zizikhalazo zityhila ukuba abaqululeki balumkela okusesikweni bakuqonda njengengcamango engaqhelekanga kodwa njengesiseko sokhuseleko esingomthetho kodwa njengesekwenziweyo sokhuseleko nenkqubo.

Isithethe somthetho saseBritane, ingakumbi iMagna Carta kunye neBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo, zaphembelela ngamandla abaQaphi bokuqonda okusesikweni. Ingcamango yenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, ukukhusela ekuvalelweni ngokungekho mthethweni, kunye nomgaqo wokuba kwanomlawuli kufuneka athobele umthetho zonke zamiselwa kwiphondo lamaNgesi phambi kokuba zifakwe kwingqiqo yomthetho-siseko waseMelika. Abaqululeki bafuna ukudala inkqubo esemthethweni eya kukhusela abantu kwisenzo somthetho esingekho semthethweni somthetho ngelinye ixesha begcina ulungelelwano lwentlalo nolo lothutho lwesizwe lungaguquguquki. [[FLT.0]] uGciso lweSizwe lwathilonke luthi `[FLTG:1] [igrac.] ukuba umGwalksi womthetho umisele umGaqo wokulawula ulawulo-mthetho-mthetho-genti (igenti) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ulawulo olulungele ukusetyenziswa ngokulinganayolo lonke ilizwe.

Noko ke, kuyimfuneko ukuvuma imiqathango enzulu yokungalungisi nokulingana njengoko kwakuqondwa ngowe-1787. UmGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo wabalela abantu abangamakhoboka njengamalungu amathathu eenjongo zomelo, awalelayo iBhunga ekupheliseni urhwebo lwamakhoboka asuka kwi-Atlantic de kowe-1888, kwaye wafuna ukubuyiselwa kwamakhoboka abalekeleyo kubaphathi bawo. Abafazi babengenakuvota okanye babambe isikhundla sikarhulumente, kwaye kumazwe amaninzi, abafazi abatshatileyo babenamalungelo alinganiselweyo impahla phantsi kwemfundiso yokufihla. AmaMelika amaIndiya ayengafunwa kakhulu kwibutho lezobupolitika eladalwa ngumGaqo-siseko. Ezi zinto zimbali zidala ukuxabana nolwimi oluphezulu nomthetho osemthethweni ophuhliswayo. Olu nxunguquluko luye lwaqhubela phambili uphuhlisomGaqonga-siseko waseMelika kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo.

Abaseki abakhokelayo babeneembono ezahlukeneyo kulwalamano phakathi kwemigaqo yenqanaba kunye namalungiselelo angqalileyo oMgaqo-siseko. UJames Madison, osoloko ebizwa ngokuba nguYise woMgaqo-siseko, waphikisa kwi-Federalist Papers ukuba isakhiwo sikarhulumente owenziwe ngumGaqo-siseko sasiza kukhusela okusesikweni ngokuthintela nayiphi na into enye ekhoyo ekulawuleni abanye. UAlexander Hamilton wabona ukusekwa komgwebi ozimeleyo wejaji ozimeleyo njengoyimfuneko ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu ngokuchasene nomthetho-mthetho-siseko. UGeorge Washington wakujonga okusesikweni njengokungavisisani nokusinda kweRhulumente ngokwayo. Kodwa akukho namnye waba baququluneli bakhuthaza ukuphelwa kobukhoboka kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, betyhila umsantsalo phakathi kweenjongo ababezimisela kunye noopolitiko.

Okusesikweni Kwisiqalo: Intsingiselo Nendaleko

Ibinzana elithi " iSekela-mthetho esimiselweyo" kumgangatho omninzi. Esona sibalulekileyo, libhekisela ekudalweni kwenkqubo yokugweba esebenzayo enokucombulula iimpikiswano, isohlwaye, ikhusele amalungelo abantu. UMgaqo-siseko wadala iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neSigunya eligunyazisiweyo ukuseka iinkundla zesizwe eziphantsi, uqinisekisa ukuba kuya kubakho i-Form yesizwe yezobulungisa obunokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo izilangazelelo zikarhulumente. Umthetho kaJudicio ka 1789 wasungula lo mbono ngokuyila inkqubo yenkundla yesizwe ephakamileyo neNkuqululo yayo ephakamileyo. Lo mmiselo wokulawula umthetho wawuyimfuneko kuhlanga oluye lwasilela ukungaphumeleli kweMithethombo yeNklo, olunokuthi lungabi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi impikiswano yesizwe esemthethweni eshicineneyo.

Ubulungisa bemveli kunye neNkqubo elindelekileyo

Okusesikweni okuqhelekileyo, okanye ingcamango yokuba iinkqubo zomthetho kufuneka zibe nokusesikweni nokubonakala, zifakwe ngokunzulu kwindlela yoMgaqo-siseko yokumisela okusesikweni. IsiHlanzi seSihlanu siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uza kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Eli lungiselelo, kunye nesiqinisekiso seSithandathu soMmiselo-Mphetho-Mphetho-mda wetyala elikhawulezayo nowasekuhlaleni, inkundla engakhethi cala, ilungelo lokucebisa amangqina, kunye nelungelo lokujamelana namangqina, lidala isiseko setyala elingokwasemthethweni elibeka ityala elifanelekileyo. Inkundla ephakamileyo isoloko ibambelele kwinkqubo efanelekileyo yokuba urhulumente ayilandeli kuphela inkqubo emiselweyo kodwa ukuba loo nkqubo ilungele ukumiswa kwayo ngokwayo intle. Iimeko ezinjalo [[FLD] .[FDHPridge [127], iveliswa ngumdlalo wovavanyo wobucala obuzibontyala obubotshele ngoonele kurhulumente, kunye lwabiwo lwezimdlalelo lolawulo lolawulo olukhoyo, kunye luluvoluvo olusemthethweni.

Ulwandiso lwezikhuseli zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ngekota yeSicwangciso soLawulo seMphetho se-14'. Oku kuthetha ukuba akusenakuphinda kukhanyelwa kwegunya lomthetho-siseko waseMelika. I-Incorporation Doctrine, yaphuhliswa ngothotho lwezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, yasebenzisa ukhuseleko oluninzi lweBhili yamaLungelo kurhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba azimele aphinde aphikise abamangalelwa ilungelo lokucebisa, anyanzelele ukugxabelana, okanye abeke abantu abanokuwamkela ngokungekho ngqiqweqwele, phakathi kwezinye izikhuseli. Isigqibo seNkundla [[FT.]] [5]] i-Gideon. Wan v.[FLT] [12] phambi kokuba kuqondwe ukuviwe i-gconsoluel, i-odving, i-od qhaza i-irrensitiso.[3]

Okusesikweni Okuphambili Nokukhuselwa

Ngaphezu kokusesikweni okuthe ngqo, inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika iye yakuqonda ngokuya icaca ukubaluleka kokugweba okungaphantsi, okuthetha ukuba iziphumo zenkqubo yomthetho mazibe zisesikweni kwaye zingabi nakwabethwa. UMthetho woLawulo lweSimendo we-144th We-Wesamente Living Sitence Clause, ogunyazisiweyo ngo-1868, umela ingummiselo ocacileyo wokuzibophelela kokulawula okungacacingiyo kokusesikweni. Le mithetho iyakuthintela ukungaphiki na umntu okwigunya lakhe lokukhusela okulinganayo kwemithetho, ifuna ukuba abantu abakwimeko efanayo baphathwe ngokufanayo ngurhulumente. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iphuhlise imigangatho emininzi yokuhlola imilinganiselo elinganayo yokuzikhusela, ngokucalula okusekelwe kwimvelaphi yesizwe, okanye amalungelo angundoqo okwamkela ngokungqongqo, imithetho esekelwe ekulandelelwa ngokwamanani amanani alinganayo, nezinye izizinzibo ezingqine.

Umzabalazo wobulungisa obuncinci uqhubele phambili eminye yemibutho ebalulekileyo yentlalo-ntle eMelika. Imo ye-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 kunye no 1960 icela ngokucacileyo izithembiso zomGaqo-siseko zokusesikweni nokulingana ukuvavanya ucalucalulo. UMartin Luther King Jr.''s I-Lect ukusuka kuBirmingham Jail[[[FLLT:]]] ithetha ukuba imithetho engekho semthethweni ayiyo yonke, isebenzisa kuzo zombini izithethe zomGaqo-siseko kunye nolwimi lwe-Rhulumente. Umthetho wamaLuntu wowe-19649, kunye nemithetho eguqulelweyo yemithetho eguqulele imigaqo-mthetho eyaguqula uluntu ukuba lunyusombululo. Le mithetho yalwa ukuba kungabikho ukuhla kwemithetho ye-omatiko-mthetho, nokuvota, intsingiselo yentebo yesivumelwano se-octive.[FFoctivestions] [2]

Iingxoxo zakutshanje ziye zandisa umgangatho wobulungisa obungathanga ncam ukuquka imibandela enjengeyokuhlaziywa kwemithetho yezobulungisa, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokusesikweni okusesikweni. Umbutho wokuphendula ityala lamapolisa ubungaqiniseki ukuba inkqubo yokugweba iphatha bonke abantu baseMerika ngokulinganayo, isalatha ekudibeni, iinkolelo, kunye nezigwebo ezichaseneyo namaqela amaqela esizwe. Le migaqo yezezoqoqosho ibonise ukuba idinga lobulungisa liquka ukufikelela kwimfuno esisiseko njengezindlu, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nemfundo. Abameli bezobulungisa bezendalo baye babala neendawo eziphantsi koluntu. Le mikhosi ibonisa ukuba umbono wezentengiselwano zokusesikweni uhlala ukho, uyaqhubeka ukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo oluqhubekayo lwezimeko-Merika kunye neengxaki ezintsha.

Indlela yomgangatho: Ukusuka kwisiqalo ukuya kuMphetho-mda we-14

Ngeli xesha isiqalo singathethi ngokuphandle ukulingana, ingcamango icacile ngolwimi lwaso kunye nolwakheko. Ibinzana elithi " Thina bantu" siqinisekisa ukulingana okusisiseko phakathi kwabemi, ubuncinane ngokwendlela abanayo yokuba nenxaxheba kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Abaquluneli babephenjelelwa kakhulu ziinkcuba - buchopho zoluvo olufana noJohn Locke, owayephikisa ukuba bonke abantu banelungelo lendalo lobomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Isibhengezo se-Inkululeko sathi bonke abantu badalwa kwaye banikwe nguMdali wabo abanamalungelo angenakuphindaphindwa. Olu manyano lwentandabulumko, ukuba babenolwazi olungafezekiyo, lubonelelwa kwisimilo, olulungiselelwe isiseko somthetho womthetho.

UmGaqo-siseko Wantlandlolo Nokulingana

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe aneemeko zokulingana. Ulungiselelo loxwebhu ngokuphathelele ubukhoboka, ukumela, kunye novota lwabangela ukungalingani okubalulekileyo phakathi kwabemi. Kodwa isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko, ingakumbi ukusekwa kwawo urhulumente wesizwe onamagunya adwelisiweyo kunye nokhuseleko lwawo lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye, lwadala iimeko apho ukulingana korhulumente ngamnye kwakunokuqinisekiswa ukuba akukho rhulumente onokuthi ekugqibeleni amisele ulawulo oluphezulu kwiGatyani le-I, iCandelo 9 libonisa ukwaliwa kwezikhulu ezizimeleyo ezihambisana nemigaqo elungeleneyo. Imfuneko yemithetho yeBhunga lorhulumente eqinisekisa ukuba akukho rhulumente urhulumente olinganayo okanye ulawulo olunokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho rhulumente lungamisela ulawulo okanye ulawulo oluphezulu oluneenkqubo ukulingana nolulo lwezobupolitiko.

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi zomGaqo-siseko, ezagunyaziswa ngowe-1791 njengeBhili yamaLungelo, zanikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo oluxhasa ukulingana. Ukhuseleko loMyezo Wokuqala wokuHlaziya intetho, ukucofa, ingqungquthela, kunye nonqulo lwaqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi babenokuba nenxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala nakunqulo ngokwezazela zabo. Ilungelo lesibini lokuthwala izixhobo laqondwa njengokukhusela amandla abemi ukuzikhusela ngokwabo namaqela abo. ISihlanu, iSihlanu, iSihlanu, iSibe seSibe, kunye neSisibhozo soMbende sanikela ukhuseleko lwe-procedtural esetyenziswa kubo bonke abantu, kungekhona nje kwiklasi ekhethekileyo. Ngoxa ezi zingezo zizenziwa zize zibangele ukulingana okusemthethweni nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na indlela, baseka inkqubo esemthethweni yokuzichaza ngendlela efanayo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kohlaziyo Nokutshintsha Komgangatho

Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye neNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeMigaqo-siseko yaguqula ulwalamano lwamaZiko ngokusisiseko lwamayela nolulungelelwaniso. IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesithathu, esagunyaziswa ngo1865, saphelisa ubukhoboka nobukhoboka, ekugqibeleni sazisa umGaqo-siseko ukuba ulungelelanise iSindululo seNkomfa seSivumelo soLawulo lweNgqibo yokuba bonke abantu balingana. IsiHlamso seshumi elinesine, esagunyaziswa ngo1868, sahambela phambili ngokuseka ubumi bobuzibulo, siqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho, kwaye sinika iBhunga-Candelo amandla okunyanzelisa laloo malungiselelo afanelekileyo ngomthetho omthetho ofanelekileyo. ISindululo seshumi elinesihlanu, sagunyazisa ukucalulwa kocaluvo, sandisa isithembiso sokulingana kwezobupolitika kumadoda aseAfrika aseAfrika kunye. Zonke ezi zimpingathathu zazimela utshintsho olubonisa ukuchasana kobuhlanga oluthiyomGantluko wobuGantluko wakuqala.

Umzabalazo wokufumana isithembiso sokuVuselelwa kweZigqibo kuye kwaba nzima. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo [FOLT:0] v. Ferguson (1896) waxhasa ukuthatyathwa kohlanga phantsi kwemfundiso eyahlukileyo kodwa elinganayo, ngokuphumelelayo ukuphelisa uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus ephantse kube iminyaka engamashumi amathandathu. Amazwe aseMazantsi asebenzisa ugonyamelo, ukonakalisa, kunye nokusebenzisa ngokusemthethweni ukuchasa i-Afranchite yaseMelika ngokuchasene noMgaqo-siseko weSinyuko se-tumbu. Kwakungenjalo de kube yiNkungaxesha iNkungameli yamaLungelo kaNombolo yeNtlanga yeNkathi yeNka yeNkatho-Adream-Adromentine [124] ku-Applievey [F] kunye neAsgroutems Alawulayongangendla yakwa-ogne ye-Emplican. [ast]

Ukwandisa Umgangatho Ongaphaya Kohlanga

Ummiselo womgaqo-siseko wokulingana uye wanwenwa kakhulu nangaphaya kwendlela yokusebenza yohlanga. Inkundla ePhakamileyo egcinwe kwi ibuye ivuleke kwi v. IReed (1971] ukuba uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus lwalela ucalucalulo olungenangqiqo, iqala inkqubo yokusebenzisa uhlolo oluphezulu kwimithetho esekelwe kwisondo. Izigqibo ezifakelweyo kwimithetho ekwahlulele abafazi kwinkonzo yejaji, yanika ikhethe kumadoda njengabalawuli bemiwo, yazamamela namabhinqa atshatileyo ilungelo lokuzibandakanya kwishishini ngaphandle kwemithetho. Isigqibo seNkugqibelelana kwezezo. [[FLT:] i-FLT] VFLD [5] ezinziwa phantsi kwezimeko zobunkundlo ezininzi zoMthetho-Mkhosi we-Claspolus] [ivoike]

Iingxoxo ezingendlela yokulingana zigxininisa ngokukhula kwimiba yesakhiwo nenkqubo. Abahlalutyi bathi ukulingana okusemthethweni akukwanelanga ukusingatha ukungalingani okuqhubekayo kwemfundo, ubutyebi, indawo yokuhlala, kunye neziphumo zempilo ezibangelwa lucalucalulo olungokwembali kunye nemiqobo eqhubekayo. Ezi mpikiswano ziye zakhokelela ekuxhaseni ukuvuma, ukucalucalucalulo, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezicetyiweyo ezilungiselelwe ukufikelela umgangatho ophezulu kunokufumana ukulingana okusesikweni. Le ngxoxo ingqina ukuba izivumelwano zoMgaqo-siseko zokukhusela ifuna ukungavumelani nocalucalulo kodwa ifuna amanyathelo asebenzayo okulungisa iziphumo zocalucalucalulo. Abagxeki baphendula ngokuthi umGaqo-siseko uyalulela ukuba ucalucalucalucalucalulo kodwa akufuni ukulingana okanye ukulingana. Oku kubonisa ukuphikisana oku kuqhubeka phakathi kolwimi oluqhelekileyo noludala uluntu.

Indima yentshayelelo kwiZiko loNtlalo lwamaMerika

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, intsebenziswano yentlalo iye yacela intsebenziswano yolwimi nemigaqo yokuqhubela phambili iziphumo zayo. Isiqinisekiso soMgaqo-siseko sokuba umGaqo-siseko wamiselwa ukuba [u-FLT:0]" uqinisekise iintsikelelo zeNtshukumo kuthi ngokwethu kunye namalungelo eePosterity yethu"[ ibaluleke kakhulu, inika inkqubo yokuphikisa ukuba ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko luye lwanwenwela kumaqela lawo aye akhutshwa. Imikhosi yokuphelisa, amalungelo emisebenzi, amalungelo oluntu, amalungelo omsebenzi, kunye nokulingana komtshato kuye kwatsala wonke umbono wePreging enziwe ngokugqibeleleyo kwe-Uni epheleleyo ukuphikisa ulwando lwemiGwa.

Umhambisi wokwahlukana kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba wathelekisa ulwamkelo lokuqala lomGaqo-siseko ngokuzinikela kobukhoboka ngokusesikweni nangenkululeko. UFrederick Douglass wagxininisa ngamandla ukuba umGaqo-siseko, oqondwa kakuhle, yayiluxwebhu oluchasene nobukhoboka olunokuchazwa ngokulula kwintshayelelo yawo kunokuba lucalulwe ngokungqalileyo kunye nobukhoboka. Nangona yayingebo bonke abachasi bomGaqo-siseko ababenelo olunolwahluleleneyo, ingcebiso lokuba umGaqo-siseko ufanele unike isiseko isiseko esinesiseko esinamandla sobukhoboka obulucelomngeni. Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, le ndlela yokutolika yanceda ukuthethelela ukuhlazinziswa kombono wokuqala njengokwakomGaqo-siseko kunokuba uphambuke kuwo.

Umbutho wamabhinqa ngokufanayo wacela imigaqo yeNkqutyana yokuphikisa ukuzimisela komGaqo-siseko ukulwela amalungelo okuvota. USusan B.Anthony noElizabeth Cady Stanton baphikisa ngelithi ukubhekisa kweNgqongqo kwiWe Abantu ngoko ke, ekufuneka inandiphe onke amalungelo namalungelo obumi. Ukhokelo lweqela lwadibanisa ngokucacileyo ukulwela amalungelo amabhinqa kulawulo olubanzi lomthetho-mthetho kubulungisa nolinganayo. Xa uGawulayo lweshumi elinesithoba lokugqibela lwaqinisekiswa ngo-1920, lwandisa i-frankase kumabhinqa kulo lonke ilizwe, luzalisekisa isithembiso esiye sabonakala ngokucacileyo ekuqaleni. Ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, oluye lwaphikisanayo ukususela ngo-19202017 kodwa olungakaqinisekiswanga, lumela umgudu oqhubekayo wokwenza imigaqo-siseko ocacileyo ngokwesini.

Intetho yamalungelo abantu eNtshona Koloni yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeSikhundla saMalungelo eSikhundla sangonyaka ka1963, yasebenzisa ngokunamandla nangempumelelo intetho yolwimi lweSindululo. UMartin Luther King Jr.'s inephupha intetho, enikezelwe kwiSikhumbuzo seSikhundla seLincoln sonyaka ka1965, ngokucacileyo yacela umGaqo-siseko kunye noSindululo lwenkululeko njenge phetshana elingazange lihlonelwe ngokupheleleyo. [ukumkani uProputement:] kwiSikolo saseAfrika saseAfrika sazalelwa ukuzalisekiswa kombono woMbutho woMgaqo-o-o-o-onke. Oku kusetyenziswa kweZiko zaMandla zaBanga, ukusetyenziswa kweZiko-Ondlo, ukusetyenziswa kweZiko zaMalini ezingo zaMandla ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuhlaleni, njengendawo eetheth'uthoba phambili kwezente yoNtethothothotholo. [2] [F]

Ukuvuselelwa kweMigaqo yeQonga

Ubuchule bokusungula ubuchule bokwenza ingeniso budlulele ngaphaya kohlalutyo lwembali kwingxoxo yale mihla emalunga nolawulo lwaseMelika kunye nokwaziwa kwayo. Kwixesha lokumanyana kwezobupolitika, iGama elinika iseti yeenjongo ezahlulweyo ezinokudibanisa amaMelika kukwahlulwa ngokweengcamango. Iinjongo zokuseka ubulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthomalalisa amakhaya, ukulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, nokukhusela inkululeko yezizukulwana ezizayo azinanjongo ziphendulile kodwa umnqweno wendalo wonke onokuthi uxhase. Oku kwenza ukuba ungeniso olubalulekileyo lwentetho kawonke, kunikezele kumhlaba omnye apho ingxoxo yemithetho ekhethekileyo inokuqhubekeka khona.

Ibinzana " lichaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele" libaluleke kakhulu kwiingxoxo zale mihla zomgaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda kwantlandlolo kweli binzana kwakusikelwe umda, nabaDarby[FLT] [[43]] (1941] kunye [FLT:] ne-[FLT]] Wickard. Filburn ) unikezelo olubalulekileyo kwigunya lokuTyelela uGciso lweNkusebenza kweNkusebenza kweNkundla kaCwalethi yoluntu kwiimeko ezikhoyo. (1942) unikeze uBhunganiso olubalulekileyo olunjengolulo lwentlalo lwentlalo-ntlalo. Umthetho lwangoku kuquka ulawulo lwe-MEculced, kunye noludiyolwazi oluthe kratyayo loluntu, ulawulo lwezenyusomelo loluntu, ulawulo lwegunya elingurhulumente loluntu, uninzi lwemeko oluthelela phambili loluntu, lwegunyazwe loluntu, lwendawo oluthelelaniso oluthelelaniso

Isithembiso seSihlomelo sokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko kwisizukulwana esiya kuzalwa siphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nokulunga nokuzinziswa kwemozulu. Utshintsho lwemozulu, ngokukodwa, lulucel ’ umngeni uhlanga ukuba luqwalasele iimbopheleleko ezilufaneleyo kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Abaxhasi bendalo baphikisa ngelithi ukuzimisela kwezizukulwana zethu ukukhusela inkululeko kufuna isizukulwana sangoku sithathe inyathelo elibalulekileyo ukusingatha utshintsho lwemozulu nokugcina oovimba bendalo abaza kuza emva. Le ngxoxo iphakamisa umlinganiselo okhoyo, iqonda ukuba uluntu lwemithetho-siseko somthetho-siseko asiquki nje kuphela oluphilayo kodwa nabo baza kudla ilifa ilizwe kwixesha elizayo. Nangona iinkundla zingakhange zinike esi simo sobunzima obubalulekileyo, imela into entsha nebalulekileyo yokusebenza kwemigaqo yePregageduction.

Iingxubusho eziphathelele ukufuduka, ubumi, kunye nokuzichaza kwesizwe zikwabandakanya ibinzana lokuqala, " Thina bantu. Imibuzo malunga nokuba ngubani ongowamaMelika, omele alawule ukungeniswa kobumi, kwaye nawaphi amalungelo angengobango kufuneka anandiphe ubumi obusisiseko malunga nentsingiselo yobuso bolawulo oluqhelekileyo. Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo kwimeko ezifana no eUnited States v. ISibonke iSixhobo esimele sibonise ukuba abantwana abangengobangenisi-i-i-i-PGrayi [18], esimisela ubumi bobuhlanga obungabo bazalwayo bemi kumhlaba waseMelika, kunye nembono wobuGeneshophu obungasayi-Antaradenti. [FT]

Isiphelo: Amandla Ahlala Ehleli Embonweni Wesiqalo

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States siseyintetho ebalulekileyo nenamandla yeenjongo zaseMerika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini emva kokuba ibhaliwe. Isiqinisekiso sayo sokuba urhulumente ufumana igunya lakhe ebantwini, uludwe lweenjongo awayemiselwe ngazo umGaqo-siseko, kunye nokuzibophelela kwakhe kokusesikweni, inkululeko, kunye nentlalo-ntle eqhelekileyo iyaqhubeka ibumba intetho yezopolitiko yaseMelika kunye nenkcazelo yomGaqo-siseko. Ulwimi lwaseMerika lukhuthazwe ngoomongameli, ngabagwebi, abaxhasi, nabemi abaqhelekileyo abafuna ukuqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwabo oko kumele kube kuko uhlanga.

Imbali yokutolika kwengcaciso yeSihloko ibonisa amandla ahlalayo embono yalo kunye nokuzama okuqhubekayo ukuliqonda ngokupheleleyo. Ukwamkelwa komGaqo-siseko wokuqala ngobukhoboka nokususwa kwamabhinqa, amaMelika Omthonyama, kunye nokungabikho komqobo kumalungu apheleleyo kwingingqi yezobupolitika kwadala umsantsa phakathi kwemilinganiselo yezakhono zoluntu kunye nezenzo zohlanga eziye zathatha izizukulwana ukuya ekuvaleni. Ukrunyuso lwamanyuselo, iNguquko loMgaqo-siseko, kunye nokwanda kokhuseleko lwamaqela ngaphambili oludityaniswe kwimibutho ekwakhe inteko yezantsi epheleleyo. Kodwa ukungaboni kunye nokuqhubeka kwengxoxo ngezobulungisa, inkululeko, kunye nokulinganisa okuthelekisayo ukuba lo msebenzi uyaqhubeka.

Ubuchule bokuqalisa buxhomekeke kumanyano lwawo lombono nomnqweno. Inika ukhokelo olwaneleyo lokubumba utoliko lomgaqo-siseko ngeli xesha luhlala luvulekile ngokwaneleyo ukuhlalisana neemeko ezitshintshileyo kunye nokuqonda okuguquguqukayo kokusesikweni kunye nokulingana. Oku kuvumela umGaqo-siseko ukuba unyamezele ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ukulungelelanisa ucelomngeni olutsha ngexa uqhubeka nombono wabaseki. Njengoko amaMelika eqhubeka ephikisana ngentsingiselo yokusesikweni, umlinganiselo wokulingana, kunye nohlobo lwenkululeko, iPregingsty yaya kuhlala ilikhuthazo lale le ngxoxo, ikhumbuza uhlanga lwemigaqo echaza indlela yayo esesikweni kunye nezilangazelelo eziqhubeka ziqhubela phambili ekuphuhliseni kwayo kwinkqubo egqibeleleyo yomanyano.

Ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko yamaMerika ngokuzibophelela ngokusesikweni nangokulinganayo asiyonto nje engokwembali kodwa ngumgaqo ophilayo oqhubeka ukwazisa ukucaciswa komgaqo-siseko kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Amazwi ayo avavanya oko kufunwa bubulungisa, oko kuthethwa kukulingana, noko kufunwa yinkululeko kumongo walo xesha layo. Abaseki beSihlomelo ababhale iNqalo babengayi kucinga ukuba inkxalabo yayo yokusebenza, ukusukela ekuphelisweni kobukhoboka bomtshato, ukususela ekugqalisweni kwamalungelo okulinganayo, ukususela ekukhuselweni kwamalungelo okunokuvota ukuya ekukhuselweni kwemithombo yendalo kwisizukulwana sexesha elizayo. Kodwa ulwimi abalusebenzise ngokwaneleyo ukuze bafeze ezi ziganeko, banikela amagama omgunya-mthetho oziqhutyelwayo. Umthetho uyaqhubeka kuba uklo lwenzele naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi na usuku, ukufikelela kwinkululeko yoluntu, ulawulo lorhulumente, urhulumente, urhulumente, ulusebenze ebantwini, urhulumente walo.