Ukuqonda Izakhiwo Zegunya EUnited States

Isakhiwo segunya eUnited States yinkqubo elungiselelwe ngobunono esasaza amandla kumgangatho omninzi karhulumente. Kubemi, abafundi, nakumntu nabani na obandakanyeka kubomi bezentlalo yaseMelika, ukuqonda indlela eli gunya elilungelelaniswe ngayo kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho, enyanzeliswa ngayo, nechazwayo. Inkqubo ye-U.S. idibanisa ulawulo kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya, ukudala, okanye ujonge ulwahlulo olulungelelanisa umanyano lwesizwe nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Eli nqaku linciphisa umaleko wegunya elilawula uhlanga, ukusuka kurhulumente olawula kuMasipala wasekuhlaleni, kwaye lichaza imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko egcina lamanqanaba alungelele. Nokuba ngaba ungummi omtsha, umfundi karhulumente, okanye ujonge nje ukunyusa ulwazi lwakho, ukuqonda okulungele ukufikelela kwegunya le mithetho ye-Melika.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela amasebe amathathu karhulumente ahlukeneyo kumgangatho worhulumente. Olu lwahlulo lwenzelwe ukuthintela nawuphi na umzimba omnye ekunikeni ingqalelo ngamandla amakhulu. Isebe ngalinye linomsebenzi walo ongundoqo, kwaye kunye liyila inkqubo yokuphathana.

Isebe Elilawulayo

ISebe eliLawulayo linembopheleleko yokuqinisekisa nokumisela imithetho karhulumente. Kwintloko yalo kukho uMongameli weUnited States, okhonza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nenkomfa yomphathi-mikhosi exhobileyo. UMongameli unyulwa rhoqo kwiminyaka emine kwaye unegunya lokutyobela okanye lokukhupha umthetho odluliswe yiBhunga, umisela abagwebi kunye namalungu equmrhu lobukhabha, kwaye uqhuba inkqubo yangaphandle. Isebe eliphetheyo likwaquka uMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, kunye namasebe amaninzi asekuhlaleni kunye namasebe anjengesebe loMgaqo-siseko, iSebe leJaji, kunye neSebe leSebe leMicimbi yeMpilo-Msebenzi. Le mithetho idluliselwe yiBhunga leMbutho yezo-Rhulumente, kunye neSebe Lezethu.

Isebe Elisemthethweni

ISebe loMthetho linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. LineBhunga leBhunga, isiko le-baobalral elahlulwe ngokweeNdlu zeNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli. I-Stenate iyilwe ngabameli ababini abavela kwiphondo ngalinye, isebenza amabinzana eminyaka emithandathu, ngelixa iNdlu yabameli inikwe amalungu asekelwe kubemi besizwe, ekhonza amagunya eminyaka emibini. IBhunga libamba amandla okwenza imposiso nokudlulisa umthetho, ukulawula imfazwe, ukulawula ulawulo kunye nokuhlawula irhafunxa yorhulumente. Indlu ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ikwanegunya elikhethekileyo lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ze-ravingles. Esi sakhiwo sombini se-cambreversi siqinisekisa ukuba omabini nabemi bawumelo oweyo umthetho, abantu bawulawula ngqo kwinkqubo yomthetho.

Isebe Eligwebayo

ISebe lezeeJaji lichaza imithetho lize liqinisekise ukuba imigaqo ihambelana nomgaqo-siseko. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States yeyona nkundla iphakamileyo kwelo lizwe, eqanjwe ngabagwebi abasithoba abamiselwe ukuba baphile nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiBhanile. Ngaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ziinkundla zezomthetho kunye neenkundla zesithili. Isebe eligweba linamandla okuhlola ikomiti, elivumela ukuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezingagunyazi-mthetho. Eli gunya lisebenza njengelixanduva elibalulekileyo kwamanye amasebe amabini, liqinisekisa ukuba loo mthetho nezenzo zolawulo zihambelana nemithetho yesiseko somthetho. Ityala elifana [[FLT:] [FLD]] umbhilit.[FLD [FL: 1] limisela lomgaqo wokuhlola, ukuqinisekisa umlinganiselo wegunya le-justidia.

Ulawulo lwesizwe

Ngapha koko kwahlulwa amagunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu, igunya e-U.S. likwahlulwe phakathi korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye noorhulumente belizwe. Eli candelo laziwa njenge-constatistism, kwaye lilelona litye lesiseko lenkqubo yaseMerika. UmGaqo-siseko unika amagunya athile kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente lo gama ugcina amanye kumaphondo. Ukuqonda lo mahluko kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ulawulo olusebenza ngayo kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo.

Igunya lomanyano

Urhulumente wesizwe unegunya kwimicimbi echaphazela uhlanga lonke. Ezi ziquka ukukhusela ilizwe, imicimbi yamanye amazwe, inkqubo yokufuduka, inkqubo yezorhwebo, kunye nenkqubo yeposi. UmGaqo-siseko ubala la magunya kwiGatya I, iCandelo 8, kwaye kwakhona unika iBhunga igunya lokwenza imithetho eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo yokuphumeza la magunya. Umthetho woMgaqo-siseko uphakamiso uphakamile kumthetho wesizwe xa imfazwe emibini, njengoko imiswe nguSupremacy Clause kwiSidiso seSisomgaqo-siseko VI. Oku kuthetha ukuba loo nto ithetha ukuba ayinakukhupha imithetho ephikisana nomthetho wolawulo kwimimandla apho urhulumente worhulumente unegunya lomgaqo-siseko.

Ulawulo lwezolawulo

Oorhulumente banegunya kwimibandela yendalo yasekuhlaleni. Ezi ziquka imfundo, ezothutho, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ulawulo lonyango, kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Ama-orhulumente anamandla okuqhuba unyulo, ukuseka oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, nokulawula urhwebo kwimida yabo. UMthetho-siseko weshumi leSindululo uchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba amandla angagunyaziswanga eUnited States ngenkqubo yesikolo, okanye awalelwanga yiyo kumazwe, agcinelwe kumazwe ngokulandelelana, okanye kubantu.

Amandla ahlukeneyo nawahlukeneyo

Amanye amagunya ahlanganyelwa ngoorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente kunye nabo. La magunya aziwa njengamagunya akhoyo. Imizekelo iquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukuseka iinkundla, nokunyanzelisa imithetho. Kwimimandla yegunya elikhoyo, umthetho karhulumente udla ngokuthatha inyathelo eliphambili ukuba kukho ingxabano engqalileyo. Esi sithuba sabelwanayo ngamanye amaxesha sisenokukhokelela kwinkxwaleko nengxoxo, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nomthetho olawula indalo, ukhuseleko lwempilo, kunye nokunyanzelelwa komthetho. Ukulungelelanisa kwamandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe kuye kwavela ngexesha elingexesha elithile ngemithetho-mvila-mthetho, izigqibo, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye nezenzo zomthetho.

Izakhiwo zorhulumente wangaphakathi

Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, oorhulumente banikela iinkonzo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi. Oorhulumente bengingqi badalwa ngamaphondo yaye bahluka-hlukene kakhulu kwizakhiwo nakwigunya. Banoxanduva oluqhelekileyo ngeemfuno zoluntu ezinjengokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko logutyulo-nkqubo, ukuhlahlela, kunye nezibonelelo zasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zorhulumente wasekuhlaleni kunceda kucace indlela igunya elihamba ngayo ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kumgangatho webutho.

Ii-Colories

Amacandelo olawulo kumaphondo asebenza njengeenkundla zolawulo. Asingatha uluhlu lwemisebenzi yolawulo, kuquka ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ngesebe lomphathi-mikhosi, ukuqokelelwa kwerhafu yempahla, ukugcina imisebenzi nemitshato, kunye nolawulo lweenkonzo zoluntu. Kumaphondo amaninzi, ubalo lwangabezo iinkundla, iintolongo, kunye nolawulo lonyulo. Oorhulumente bephondo bakhokelwa liqumrhu labameli okanye abalawuli, kwaye basenokuba nomphathi ophezulu onyuliweyo okanye omiselweyo. Ukwakhiwa korhulumente wephondo kuyahluka kumazwe ngamazwe, kubonakalisa iimfuno nezithethe ezahlukeneyo zemimandla.

Urhulumente

Oorhulumente, kuquka izixeko needolophu, balawula iindawo ezisemadolophini nasemadolophini. Ziquka iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ezinamagunya akhethiweyo kunye negunya lawo lolawulo. Izixeko zibonelela ngeenkonzo ezininzi, kuquka amapolisa kunye nokhuseleko lomlilo, izithuthi zikawonke-wonke, iinkqubo zokuhamba kwamanzi nezokuchitha ukungcola, kunye nezokuzonwabisa, kunye neendawo zobulali, kunye nolawulo lwengingqi lwengingqi. Isakhiwo sorhulumente wesixeko singenza iintlobo eziliqela, njengenkqubo yedolophu yekhomputha, inkqubo yebhunga lebhunga, okanye inkqubo yengingiswano-omatilo-mbane. Kwinkqubo yeBhunga lomphathi-compulam, usebenza njengomlawuli wesizwe, usebenza njengomlawuli webhunga lomthetho-okrwelo-oksi.

Imimandla

Iidolophu neelokishi zimbalwa kakhulu ezidla ngokubakho kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni okanye kumaphondo anesithethe esiqinileyo solawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Zinikela iinkonzo ezisisiseko ezinjengokugcinwa kwendlela, ukususwa kwekhephu, nokusetyenziswa kwelizwe lasekuhlaleni. Kwamanye amazwe, iidolophu zineentlanganiso zaminyaka le apho abemi balapho bavota ngokuthe ngqo kwiimali nemithetho yasekuhlaleni. Olu hlobo lwedemokhrasi luphawu lwesithethe sedolophu yaseNew England, apho abemi bahlanganisana khona ukuxoxa nokugqiba kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Ngoxa amalokishinane engaphantsi kwegunya kunezixeko, badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumeleni izilangazelelo zabemi kwimimandla engahlali abantu.

Izidibi ezizodwa

Ukongeza kumanani noomasipala, iindawo ezininzi zineziphakamiso ezikhethekileyo ezinikela iinkonzo ezithile. Ezi ziquka izithili zesikolo, izithili zamanzi, isithili somlilo, kunye namagunya ezothutho. Isithili esikhethekileyo sidalelwe ukusingatha imfuno ethile kwaye sineebhodi ezilawulayo, ezinokunyulwa okanye zimiselwe. Zinegunya lokuhlawula irhafu okanye iindleko zokuxhasa imisebenzi yazo. Amaphondo akhethekileyo avumela ukuhlawuliswa, ukuphunyezwa okunempumelelo kweenkonzo ezinqamleza imida yesebe, kwaye zingumsebenzi oqhelekileyo karhulumente wasekuhlaleni eUnited States.

Iingqinipho - bume Nokulungelelana Okuqheliselwayo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela luphawu oluchazayo lorhulumente wase-U.Isebe ngalinye linamandla okumisela ezinye izenzo, liqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linamandla kakhulu. Le nkqubo isebenza ngothotho lweenkqubo zomgaqo-siseko ezifuna intsebenziswano nonxibelelwano phakathi kwamasebe.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

IBhunga linegunya elibalulekileyo lokuvelela kwiSebe eliLawulayo. Lingawususa umgangatho womongameli kunye nevoti yoninzi olubini kwezintathu emagumbini omabini. IKhomishini ikwalawula uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente kwaye kufuneka ivumele ukusetyenziswa kwemali, eyinika igunya phezu kwezinto eziphambili. Ngaphezu koko, iNdlu yeNdlu iqinisekisa ukutyunjwa komongameli kwikhabhile, kwiinkundla zephondo, nezinye iindawo ezingundoqo. IBhunga liyakwazi ukuqhuba uphengululo nokuvalwa ukuze lijonge amatyala aphezulu. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, iNdluneli iyakwazi ukuvala ityala isikhululo okanye amanye amagosa karhulumente, kwaye iNdlundlu.

Icandelo Elilawulayo Lihlola Umthetho

UMongameli unamandla okubeka umthetho weveto odluliswe yiNgqungquthela. Ngoxa iBhunga linokuwulawula umgaqo-siseko, isisongelo sikaveto ngokufuthi sibumba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunye nemikhosi yokulalanisa. UMongameli ukwanegunya lokukhupha imiyalelo yegunya, elathisa indlela amaqumrhu alawulayo amisa ngayo imithetho. Noko ke, imiyalelo elawulayo mayihlale ingaphakathi kwemida yomthetho okhoyo kunye nomGaqo-siseko. UMongameli ukwacebisa umthetho kwiBhunga kwaye unokubiza iBhunga ukuba libe kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo xa kuyimfuneko.

Ukukhangela Amanye Amasebe Okugweba

ISebe lezeejaji linamandla okuhlola ikomiti, elivumela iinkundla ukuba zivakalise imithetho okanye izenzo ezilawulayo ezingekho mgaqweni. Oku kusebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumasebe owiso-mthetho nawolawulo oluphezulu. Imithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwimicimbi yomgaqo-siseko iyabotshwa kuzo zonke iinkundla namanye amasebe karhulumente. Kwangaxeshanye, isebe lezomthetho ngokwalo likhangelwa limi amanye amasebe. UMongameli akanazigwebo zolawulo lwamagunya, kwaye iNdlunqena iyaziqinisekisa. IBhunga likwanokuguqula igunya lenkundla yowiso-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho kunye nokuqulundlo lomgaqo-siseko okungasokuze kuphendule umthetho oya kuwiswe umthetho ophezulu.

Iingxelo Kwisebe Eligwebayo

Ngoxa ijaji inegunya elibalulekileyo, ikwaphantsi kokuhlola kumasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nawolawulo oluphezulu. UMongameli umisela abagwebi, aze angqine iNdlu yeeNtsimbi, enika omabini amasebe impembelelo ekuqanjweni kwejaji. IBhunga linamandla okumisela ubungakanani beNkundla ePhakamileyo nokumisela isakhiwo seenkundla ezisezantsi. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga lingacebisa ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko ukubhukuqa iinkcazelo zomGaqo-siseko. Isebe eliphetheyo linyanzela ukuba kuwiswe imithetho yenkundla, ngoko ke ikomiti yejajingameli ixhomekeke kwamanye amasebe ukuzalisekisa izigqibo zayo.

Indima YomGaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Umisela isakhiwo sikarhulumente, uchaza amagunya esebe ngalinye, ukhusela amalungelo abemi. UmGaqo-siseko uye wasebenza njengoxwebhu olusisiseko lolawulo lwamaMelika ukususela ekuthatyatheni kwawo indawo ngo-1788. Luxwebhu oluphilayo oluye lwalungiswa amaxesha angama-77 ukuqhelanisa neemeko kunye namaxabiso aguqukayo.

Amanqaku omGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko wahlulwe wabe ngamanqaku asixhenxe. Inqaku leSicwangciso seSebe loMgaqo-siseko, elichaza isakhiwo kunye namagunya eBhunga. Inqaku II liyila iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu, lichaza amagunya nemisebenzi kaMongameli. IGatya III limisela iSebe leJaji lize lichaze ulawulo lweenkundla zesizwe. Inqaku leII lixubusha ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe norhulumente norhulumente wesizwe, kuquka ukholo olupheleleyo kunye nengxelo yetyala kunye nesiqinisekiso sohlobo lorhulumente weRiphabliki-Riphabliki. Inqaku le-V linika inkqubo yokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko. Inqaku le-Ceatrulasi-omthetho-o-o-omgaqo-siseko liqulethe i-omkhulu, limisela umGaqonga woMgaqo-siseko njengowona-onke njengomthetho wezwe. IGcimbiso uchaza inkqubo yokwenziwa kweRomatisi-VI. Inqaku ngalinye lidlala indima ekhethekileyo ekudalweni korhulumente nolungelela urhulumente.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Namalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi, ezaziwa ngokuba yiBhili yamaLungelo, zikhusela inkululeko esisiseko enjengenkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, kunye noondaba-ndaba, kwakunye nelungelo lokuthwala iingalo, ukukhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni, nelungelo lokufumana ityala elifanelekileyo. Kamva indululo zinyuse amalungelo okuvota, ziwayekise amakhoboka, zimisele irhafu yengeniso, kwaye zenze ezinye iinguqu ezibalulekileyo. Inkqubo yokuzinzisa ngokwayo iyinxalenye engundoqo yenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa, ifuna ii-supermajectrories kwiBhunga kunye namalungelo amathathu alo mazwe. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iinguquko zengeniso zibonakalise umGaqo-siseko ukulungelelaniso kulo lonke ilizwe.

Isenzo Somanyano

Umanyano aluyongcamango emileyo. Luguquka ngesenzo sowiso-mthetho, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye nokutshintsha kwempucuko yezobupolitika. Ulungelelwano phakathi kwegunya lorhulumente nelorhulumente luye lwancitshiswa ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa ukuza kuthi ga kule mini. Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente esebenza ngayo kuyanceda ekucaciseni ubugosa obunamandla kwinkqubo ye-U.S.

Umanyano lwamaPhondo

Ngokwendlela abasebenza ngayo oorhulumente besizwe kunye norhulumente basoloko besebenza kunye ukucombulula imiba entsonkothileyo. Oku kwaziwa njengentsebenziswano yentsebenziswano yorhulumente. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yomanyano enika inkxaso-yonke, njengeyokwakha umgaqo-ndlela, inkcubeko yempilo, kunye nemfundo, ikhuthaza oorhulumente ukuba balungelelanise izinto eziphambili zikarhulumente ngeli xesha begcina ubuchule ekuzalisekisweni. Urhulumente umisela imigaqo ebanzi, kwaye urhulumente unika iinkqubo. Le ndlela yomanyano ivumela imigangatho yobuzwe ukuba ilungelelanise ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Imizekelo iquka umanyano olunolawulo lwesizwe eMedicaid, apho urhulumente anika inkxaso kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo ephantsi kolawulo lwemithetho yolawulo.

Indima Yeenkundla Ekuncomeleni Igunya

INkundla ePhakamileyo iphumeze indima ephambili ekuchazeni imida yegunya lesizwe nelombuso. Iimeko ezifana ne Mcloch v. Maryland wamisela umgaqo wobukhulu borhulumente kunye namandla acetyisiweyo eBhunga. Ngokwahlukileyo, iimeko ezifana United States v. Butler kunye nemithetho yakutshanje iye yamisela imiqathango yamandla karhulumente kwimimandla efana norhwebo kunye nolawulo lwempilo. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zichaza ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kohlanga namazwe, zisenza ulawulo lwesizwe lunamandla kunye nolulo maxa wambi.

Impikiswano

Iingxoxo zale mihla eziphathelele uburhulumente ezichaphazela imiba efana nenkqubo yonyango, imiqathango yemekobume, imilinganiselo yemfundo, kunye nokuhlaziywa komthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho. Abanye baphikisa indima eyomeleleyo kurhulumente ekuqinisekiseni imilinganiselo yesizwe eqinileyo, ngoxa abanye bekhuthaza ukuba ubuchule obungakumbi borhulumente bazame iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Uxanduva phakathi komanyano lwesizwe nozimele-lulo lwasekuhlaleni lusoloko lungumxholo wezopolitiko zaseMelika, kwaye isigqibo sale mpikiswano siyaqhubeka siguqula ukwabiwa kwegunya kwi-U.S.

Ukuguquka Kwegunya Ngexesha

Isakhiwo segunya eUnited States siye saguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekusungulweni. Ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko, umthetho wesiphawuli, kunye neziganeko zembali konke kulungise ulwahlulo lwamandla. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kunika imeko-mongo yenkqubo yangoku kwaye kunceda ekulindeleni iinguqulelo zexesha elizayo.

IXesha Lokufumana Imvelaphi

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala wadala urhulumente wesizwe olinganiselweyo onamagunya adwelisweyo. IBhili yamaLungelo ihlahlela igunya lorhulumente ngokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Irepublic yangaphambili yayibalaseliswa ngokugxininisa ngamandla kumalungelo karhulumente, kwaye urhulumente wesizwe wadlala indima encinane kubomi bemihla ngemihla benkoliso yabemi. Ingxoxo phakathi kwamaFederali, axhasa urhulumente onamandla, kunye nabaxhasi besizwe, ababethanda ulawulo lukarhulumente, ababebumba ukusekwa kohlanga.

Imfazwe Yamakhaya Nokwakhiwa Kwakhona

Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo kwatshintsha ngokusisiseko ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe. Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesithathu, lweshumi elinesine nolweshumi elinesihlanu lwaphelisa ubukhoboka, ukuseka ubumi bobuzibulo, ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo okuvota kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi uhlanga. Ezi zindululo zandisiwe ukukhusela amalungelo orhulumente ngamanye kwisenzo sikarhulumente. Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine, ngokukodwa, luye lwaba sisiseko sezigwebo ezininzi zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ezisebenzisa iBhili yamaLungelo kumazwe.

Ishishini Elitsha Noluntu Olukhulu

Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Koorhulumente kwakhokelela kukwanda okuphawulekayo kwegunya likarhulumente. UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deferet iinkqubo ze-odore zimisele ukubandakanyeka korhulumente kwiindawo ezifana noKhuselo lweNtlalo, ulwalamano lwezempangelo, kunye nomthetho wezoqoqosho. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala yabetha iinkqubo ze-New Develop kodwa kamva yazixhasa, ilungiselela indlela yokuba nendima esebenzayo. Ngoo 1960, uMongameli Lyndon Johnson's iinkqubo ezithe nangakumbi zegunya lesizwe kwizempilo, imfundo, namalungelo abantu. Eli xesha labona urhulumente ekwamkele iimbopheleleko ebezigcinelwe kumaphondo ngaphambili.

Iinguqu Zangoku

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, bekukho imibutho yokubuyisela igunya kwiimeko ngemiqathango kunye nezithintelo. Utshintsho lwezentlalo-ntle ngo-1990 ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wokutshintsha uxanduva kurhulumente worhulumente wesizwe ukuya kumazwe. Kwangaxeshanye, igunya lorhulumente liye lakhula kwiindawo ezifana nokhuseleko lwesizwe, umgaqo wemekobume, kunye nolawulo lwezempilo. UMthetho woKhuselo lweSithintelo kunye noNteko oluBambeleko, umzekelo, umela ulwandiso olubalulekileyo lwento yezonyango. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngokubaluleka kwamandla orhulumente olawulayo ibonisa ukuxinezeleka okuhlala kusentliziyweni yorhulumente waseMelika.

Isiphelo: Ukuqonda Amagunya Kubomi Besityalo SaseMerika

Isakhiwo segunya eUnited States sisenkqubo egqunywe ngamandla. Ukusukela kumasebe amathathu karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ukuya kumazwe, ubalo, oomasipala, kunye neesithili ezikhethekileyo, umgangatho ngamnye unoxanduva olukhethekileyo kunye namandla. UmGaqo-siseko unika isiseko sale nkqubo, ukumiselwa kokwahlula amagunya, urhulumente, kunye nokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso. Le migaqo isebenza kunye ukusasaza igunya, ukukhusela amalungelo, ukukhusela, nokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho lungu ngalinye lifumana igunya elingathintelwanga. Ngokuqonda imigangatho yegunya ku-U.S., abemi banokubandakanye norhulumente wabo, bakhuthaza izilangazelelo zabo, baphumele iimbopheleleko zabo zoluntu. Ukuphawula iindima ezahlukileyo zesizwe, noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, njengoko kuqinisekisa nokulungelena kwabo, ngokuqondana nangazenziwa, nangabazi ukuba balungelena nabani nabani na olungeleneyo ukulawula.